K. Ong, Lauryn K. Stafford, Susan A. Mclaughlin
et al.
Summary Background Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Christopher J L Aleksandr Y Peng Cristiana Kaja M Mohsen Foad Murray Aravkin Zheng Abbafati Abbas Abbasi-Kangeva, C. Murray, A. Aravkin
et al.
Summary Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
In this presentation, I will discuss the principles of biomedical and Islamic medical ethics and an interfaith perspective on end-of-life issues. I will also discuss three cases to exemplify some of the conflicts in ethical decision-making.
In this presentation, I will discuss the principles of biomedical and Islamic medical ethics and an interfaith perspective on end-of-life issues. I will also discuss three cases to exemplify some of the conflicts in ethical decision-making. http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/43-3-8476 Video
This paper examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance for Islamic banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region over the period 2000–2014 by generating CSR-related data through disclosure analysis of the annual reports of the sampled banks. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between CSR disclosure and the financial performance of Islamic banks in the GCC countries. The results also show a positive relationship between CSR disclosure and the future financial performance of GCC Islamic banks, potentially indicating that current CSR activities carried out by Islamic banks in the GCC could have a long-term impact on their financial performance. Furthermore, despite demonstrating a significant positive relationship between the composite measure of the CSR disclosure index and financial performance, the findings show no statistically significant relationship between the individual dimensions of the CSR disclosure index and the current financial performance measure except for ‘mission and vision’ and ‘products and services’. Similarly, the empirical results detect a positive significant association only between ‘mission and vision’ dimension and future financial performance of the examined banks.
Islamic religious education is very important for the formation of one's personality. Guidance and direction are religious doctrines designed to make people believe in the existence of God and religion wholeheartedly, comply with religious orders in the form of worship, and have noble morals. Through studying Islamic religious education, the author hopes that someone can have good values in himself so that he can turn them into good behavior in everyday life. In addition, Islamic religious education can also enable a person not to do things that are not allowed in religion. The application of Islamic education is carried out by increasing piety to Allah SWT, and noble character is the embodiment of the faith that is believed by everyone. Therefore, combining happiness and piety in one person will avoid destructive, slanderous, and socially detrimental behavior, and is very dangerous for the unity and integrity of the nation in the future.
The research aims to comprehensively explore challenges and opportunities in developing a holistic curriculum for Islamic education. By analyzing existing research, the review identifies key themes, trends, and best practices related to integrating traditional Islamic teachings with modern educational practices. It encompasses a wide range of sources, including academic journals, books, and conference papers, to underscore the significance of curriculum integration, pedagogical strategies, community involvement, technological advancements, and policy reforms in promoting a holistic educational experience in Islamic schools. The review explores factors contributing to successful curriculum design, common challenges faced by educators and institutions, innovative practices, and recommendations for future research and initiatives. Overall, it seeks to advance knowledge in the field of Islamic education, providing insights to inform educators, policymakers, and stakeholders in enhancing the quality and effectiveness of holistic curriculum design in Islamic schools. Research Highlights: Integration of Traditional and Modern Educational Practices: The review highlighted the importance of integrating traditional Islamic teachings with modern academic subjects such as mathematics, science, languages, and humanities. Schools that successfully achieved this integration demonstrated improved student engagement, deeper understanding of Islamic principles, and enhanced academic performance. Role of Community Involvement: Strong partnerships with parents, local mosques, and community organizations emerged as a critical factor in supporting holistic education initiatives. Schools with robust community involvement reported enhanced resources, support networks, and opportunities for students to engage in community service and leadership roles. Technological Integration: The review underscored the significant role of technology in enhancing educational experiences in Islamic schools. Digital resources, online platforms, and educational apps were found to facilitate personalized learning, interactive engagement, and access to diverse educational materials, thereby preparing students for digital literacy and success in a globalized world. Policy Reforms and Advocacy: The systematic review emphasized the impact of policy reforms and advocacy in promoting holistic education in Islamic schools. Governments and policymakers play a crucial role in creating an enabling environment through regulatory frameworks, funding initiatives, and educational policies that support curriculum flexibility, teacher training, and overall educational quality.
This study focused on a current study on Islamic finance and financial technology as well as prospective topics for future research. As a bibliometric and visualization tool for the Web of Science core collection database and viewer-based literature, 918 papers dealing with Islamic finance and financial technology authored between 1999 and 2022 were analyzed. Cluster analysis, all-keyword co-occurrence analysis, and bibliographic coupling mapping are all investigated in the study. This research enables us to propose future research paths that may be useful in reflecting on the significant impact that technology will have on the growth of Islamic finance and financial technology. The survey discovered four main research trends: the first trend shown is “Financial Inclusion and Corporate Governance in Islamic Fintech”. The second trend focuses on “information technology and future financial Islamic services”. The third trend is “The Transformation of Islamic Finance: How Fintech is Changing the Game”. The fourth trend is related to “Islamic Finance: A Growing Force in the Digital Age”. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of research trends at the intersection of Islamic finance and financial technology, identifying future research directions.
Azizah Putri Irmayanti, Zulheldi Zulheldi, Duski Samad
et al.
Pendidikan Agama Islam memiliki peran strategis dalam membentuk kepribadian dan karakter muslim seutuhnya. Hukum Islam tidak terlepas dari tujuan maqashid syari’ah itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguraikan urgensi pemahaman hukum Islam berlandaskan maqashid syari’ah dalam konteks pendidikan agama islam. Melalui lima elemen krusial yaitu menjaga agama, menjaga jiwa, menjaga akal, menjaga harta dan menjaga keturunan, diidentifikasi sebagai pilar utama yang harus dilindungi dan ditingkatkan. Metode penelitian adalah studi kepustakaan melalui kajian terhadap literatur terkait hukum Islam dan maqashid syari’ah. Hasil penelusuran pustaka menemukan konsep maqashid syari’ah sejalan dengan visi, misi, dan tujuan pendidikan agama Islam dalam membentuk kepribadian muslim paripurna. Pemahaman hukum Islam yang merefleksikan maqashid syari’ah sangat penting diintegrasikan dalam pendidikan agama Islam agar dapat membekali generasi muslim dengan kesadaran syari’ah yang komprehensif. Dengan memahami hukum islam dan maqashid syari’ah, diharapkan dapat memperkuat pondasi pendidikan agama islam sebagai sarana pembentukan karakter dan moral peserta didik sesuai dengan nilai-nilai Islam.
This research examines the main question regarding the validity of substitute heirs from the perspective of Islamic legal philosophy, which has sparked debates among scholars concerning the application of justice and welfare principles in inheritance. The background of this issue stems from the absence of explicit provisions regarding substitute heirs in the Qur'an and hadith, while this phenomenon frequently occurs in modern inheritance practices. The novelty of this research lies in the legal-philosophical approach that links the concepts of justice, welfare, and continuity in inheritance distribution, exploring the views of both classical and contemporary scholars. This study uses a literature review method with a normative and comparative approach, analyzing Sharia principles and interpretations by Islamic jurists regarding substitute heirs. The findings reveal that while the concept of substitute heirs is not explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an, some scholars allow its practice based on principles of justice, welfare, and societal needs. This reflects the flexibility of Islamic law in addressing social dynamics without compromising core Sharia principles. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of considering social context and welfare in the application of Islamic inheritance law, while adhering to the justice principles taught by Sharia.
En los últimos años se han planteado varias críticas al modelo de orientalismo propuesto por Edward Said. Entre ellas destacan, por ejemplo, las advertencias acerca de la existencia de discursos orientalistas en fecha muy anterior a la señalada por Said o de corrientes orientalistas, como las ibéricas, que no encajan en el modelo antagonista propuesto por aquél. Este trabajo partirá de los textos sobre el Sáhara argelino elaborados por Yves Alliaume en las décadas centrales del siglo XX para ofrecer una reinterpretación de la relación entre los discursos orientalistas y la práctica de la colonialidad en Argelia. Para ello, se centrará en las nociones de lo “bereber” y del estatus del islam entre las poblaciones locales para mostrar como la caracterización de las sociedades en el periodo colonial no partía de unas distinciones culturales netamente definidas, sino que se articulaba a través de valoraciones sociales que conectan el ámbito colonial con el metropolitano. De todo ello surge una dimensión de la antropología del norte de África raramente advertida hoy día, pero que ya fue señalada en su momento por Franz Fanon y que aparece recurrentemente en los textos del Yves Alliaume. Esta relectura social puede servir para recomponer la noción del orientalismo dentro de la noción foucaultiana de discurso que la inspiró, así como para explorar su compleja relación con la práctica de la colonialidad desde una perspectiva glocal.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Language and Literature
AbstractThe field of ‘Islamic Studies’, like ‘Religious Studies’, is a broad-church. It includes a number of epistemological and ontological positions associated with a range of disciplines. The diversity inherent in a category such as ‘Islamic Studies’ is challenged by a bifurcation of two predominant approaches found within the field, the textual and the sociological. In this paper, I seek to propose a new concept for contemporary Islamic studies, that of Anglophone Islam, which will allow a broader range of scholarship to be contextualised in relation to each other. The concept also opens a new set of questions to be explored by scholars of Islamic studies. It will be of particular interest to scholars involved in contemporary Islamic studies in fields such as American Muslim studies, British Muslim studies and European Muslim studies, but will also have utility to theological, historical and philosophical scholars of Islam working in the English language.
Düşünce tarihi boyunca ilk insanın nasıl var olduğu ve varlığının anlamı zihinleri hep meşgul etmiştir. İnsanın nasıl ve niçin yaratıldığı konusu varlığını anlamlı kılma açısından insan için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda en eski uygarlıklarda yaratılışa dair anlatıların olduğunu görmekteyiz. Çeşitli kültür ve coğrafyalarda toplumsal zihnin inşa ettiği bu yaratılış mitoslarında farklılıklar olduğu gibi benzer noktalar da tespit etmek mümkündür. İlahî dinlerde de ilk insanın yaratılış anlatıları ayrı bir önemi haizdir. Bu çalışmada mitolojilerle ilahî dinlerin yaratılış anlatıları arasındaki benzerliklerin ortaya konması ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada yöntem olarak öncelikle Sümer, Babil, İran ve Türk mitolojilerindeki yaratılış anlatıları incelenmiş daha sonra Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet’te ilk insanın yaratılışı ortaya konarak benzerlikler tespit edilmiş ve değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Sümer, Babil, İran ve Türk mitolojilerinde ilk insanın yaratılışında kullanılan en temel maddenin toprak olduğu görülmektedir. Bazı mitolojilerde toprakla birlikte tanrılara ait kan ve gözyaşı insanın yaratılışında hammadde olmuştur. İlahî dinlerde de ilk insan topraktan yaratılmış ve ona Tanrı tarafından ruh üflenmiştir. Hem mitolojilerde hem de dinlerde ilk insanın yaratılış gayesi en genel anlamda Tanrı’ya ya da tanrılara hizmet etmektir. Mitolojilerle ilahî dinlerin yaratılış anlatıları arasındaki benzerlikleri Allah’ın her topluma elçiler göndermesi dolayısıyla aynı kaynaktan bilgilendirilmiş olması gerçeğiyle açıklamak mümkün görünmektedir.
The difference is the living condition in society that makes a lot of benefits, even though many frictions still result in conflict. This paper describes good practices in religious moderation that occur in Gelangkulon Village, Sampung District, Ponorogo Regency. Two different beliefs in Gelangkulon Village live side by side, and there has never been a conflict in the community. The method in this paper uses descriptive qualitative data collection in the form of observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews. The results obtained are that the excellent practice of religious moderation is essentially regulated by the government and well implemented in the Gelangkulon Village community, which can be seen from four indicators including; 1) National Moderation, 2) Tolerance, 3) Anti-Violence, and 4) Accommodative. The conclusion shows that the four indicators each show positive results in Gelangkulon Village because of the excellent synergy between the community, government, and community groups, so from this excellent synergy can see that the practice of religious moderation in Gelangkulon Village is good.
Not infrequently humans ignore the obligations that have been imposed on them. Assuming obligations are just routine. In this paper, the author describes the concept of human obligations, and the implications of human obligations that Allah has determined in the Quran and Hadith for Islamic education. This research is library research by reviewing and analyzing the verses of the Quran, hadith, books, proceeding, and journals related to the concept of human obligation and its implications for Islamic education. The data collection technique is to review the data sources. The data obtained is then processed with data analysis techniques through the stages of analyzing the verses of the Quran and Hadith related to human obligations so as to find the concept of human obligations, understand and analyze the characteristics of Islamic education, analyze and find implications of the concept of human obligations towards Islamic education, and draw conclusions. Through this paper, it can be seen that humans have obligations to God, fellow humans, animals, and nature. To carry out all these human obligations, humans need direction and guidance from Islamic education which always encourages humans to fulfill their obligations properly according to what Islam wants, both in knowing Allah the Creator, forming noble character, and professionalism in managing nature.
Salah satu hal penting yang selalu dibutuhkan adalah kebutuhan air minum yang dapat diperoleh di depot air minum. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah memberikan informasi dan edukasi kepada pengusaha air minum isi ulang dan masyarakat tentang kualitas air minum yang layak dan tepat untuk dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat berdasarka Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No.:492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010. Metode yang digunakan adalah Service Learning dengan memberikan materi sosialisasi secara langsung. Hasil pengabdian memperlihatkan berjamurnya usaha depot air minum isi ulang di Kabupaten Bantaeng, maka kualitas air minum isi ulang sulit dikontrol dan mengakibatkan masyarakat sebagai konsumen tidak mendapatkan jaminan atas air minum yang layak konsumsi. Oleh karena itu, implikasinya sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kapasitas masyarakat agar dapat memilih depot air minum isi ulang yang sesuai standar kesehatan untuk dikonsumsi sehari-hari.
Aninda Aji Siwi, Robertus Pujo Leksono, Aninditya Sri Nugraheni
<p><em>This research describes the composition of Indonesian and Thai cultures in the book Sahabatku Indonesia for Thai Speakers. Research data in text and images contained in the book My Indonesian Friends for Thai Speakers. The data were analyzed using the framework of four cultural senses, namely: the aesthetic, the sociological, the semantic, and the pragmatic. The results show that the target culture is highlighted well in the book without leaving the local culture. This book can be an example of spreading culture by using the target language and local language.</em></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan komposisi budaya Indonesia dan Thailand dalam buku Sahabatku Indonesia untuk Penutur Thai. Data penelitian berupa teks dan gambar yang terdapat pada buku Sahabatku Indonesia untuk Penutur Thai. Data dianalisis menggunakan kerangka empat sense budaya, yakni: the aesthetic, the sociological, the semantic, and the pragmatic. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budaya target ditonjolkan dengan sangat baik di dalam buku tanpa meninggalkan budaya lokal. Buku ini dapat menjadi contoh buku yang menyebarkan budaya dengan menggunakan bahasa target dan bahasa lokal.</p>