Semantic Scholar Open Access 2023 2410 sitasi

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

K. Ong Lauryn K. Stafford Susan A. Mclaughlin E. Boyko S. Vollset +495 lainnya

Lihat Sumber DOI

Abstrak

Summary Background Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Topik & Kata Kunci

Medicine

Penulis (500)

K. Ong

Lauryn K. Stafford

Susan A. Mclaughlin

E. Boyko

S. Vollset

Amanda E Smith

Bronte E Dalton

J. Duprey

Jessica A Cruz

Hailey Hagins

Paulina A Lindstedt

Amirali Aali

Yohannes Abate

Melsew Dagne Abate

M. Abbasian

Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari

M. Abbasi-Kangevari

S. ElHafeez

Rami Abd-Rabu

Deldar Morad Abdulah

A. Abdullah

V. Abedi

H. Abidi

R. Aboagye

Hassan Abolhassani

Eman Abu-Gharbieh

A. Abu-Zaid

T. D. Adane

Denberu Eshetie Adane

Isaac Yeboah Addo

O. Adegboye

Victor Adekanmbi

Abiola Adepoju

Q. Adnani

R. Afolabi

G. Agarwal

Z. Aghdam

Marcela Agudelo-Botero

Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada

Williams Agyemang-Duah

B. Ahinkorah

Danish Ahmad

Rizwan Ahmad

Sajjad Ahmad

Aaminah Ahmad

A. Ahmadi

K. Ahmadi

Ayman Ahmed

Ali Ahmed

L. Ahmed

Syed Anees Ahmed

Marjan Ajami

R. Akinyemi

H. A. Hamad

S. Hasan

T. AL-Ahdal

T. Alalwan

Z. Al-Aly

Mohammad T. Albataineh

J. Alcalde-Rabanal

Sharifullah Alemi

Hassam Ali

T. Alinia

S. Aljunid

Sami A. Almustanyir

R. Al-Raddadi

N. Alvis-Guzmán

Firehiwot Amare

E. Ameyaw

S. Amiri

G. Amusa

C. Andrei

R. Anjana

A. Ansar

Golnoosh Ansari

A. Ansari-Moghaddam

A. Anyasodor

J. Arabloo

A. Aravkin

D. Areda

H. Arifin

Mesay Arkew

B. Armocida

J. Ärnlöv

A. Artamonov

Judie Arulappan

R. T. Aruleba

Ashokan Arumugam

Z. Aryan

Mulu Tiruneh Asemu

M. Asghari-Jafarabadi

Elaheh Askari

Daniel Asmelash

T. Astell‐Burt

Mohammad Athar

S. Athari

M. Atout

L. Ávila-Burgos

A. Awaisu

S. Azadnajafabad

B. DarshanB

Hassan Babamohamadi

Muhammad Badar

A. Badawi

A. Badiye

N. Baghcheghi

N. Bagheri

S. Bagherieh

S. Bah

S. Bahadory

Ruhai Bai

A. Baig

Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu

H. Baradaran

M. Barchitta

Mainak Bardhan

N. Barengo

T. Bärnighausen

M. Barone

Francesco Barone-Adesi

Amadou Barrow

Hamideh Bashiri

A. Basiru

S. Basu

A. Batiha

K. Batra

Mulat Tirfie Bayih

N. Bayileyegn

A. Behnoush

A. Bekele

M. A. Belete

U. Belgaumi

L. Belo

D. Bennett

I. Benseñor

Kidanemaryam Berhe

Alemshet Yirga Berhie

S. Bhaskar

A. Bhat

Jasvinder Singh Bhatti

B. Bikbov

Faiq Bilal

B. S. Bintoro

Saeid Bitaraf

V. Bitra

V. Bjegović-Mikanović

V. Bodolica

A. Boloor

Michael Brauer

J. Brazo-Sayavera

H. Brenner

Z. Butt

D. Calina

L. A. Campos

Ismael Campos-Nonato

Yin Cao

Chao Cao

J. Car

M. Carvalho

C. Castañeda-Orjuela

F. Catalá-López

E. Cerin

J. Chadwick

E. Chandrasekar

Gashaw Sisay Chanie

J. Charan

Vijay Kumar Chattu

Kirti Chauhan

H. Cheema

E. Abebe

Simiao Chen

N. Cherbuin

Fatemeh Chichagi

S. Chidambaram

W. C. Cho

Sonali Gajanan Choudhari

Rajiv Chowdhury

Emon Kalyan Chowdhury

D. Chu

I. Chukwu

S. Chung

Kaleb Coberly

A. Columbus

D. Contreras

Ewerton Cousin

M. Criqui

N. Cruz-Martins

S. Cuschieri

Bashir Dabo

O. Dadras

X. Dai

A. Damasceno

R. Dandona

L. Dandona

Saswati Das

A. Dascălu

N. Dash

M. Dashti

C. Dávila-Cervantes

V. D. L. Cruz-Góngora

G. R. Debele

Kourosh Delpasand

Fitsum Wolde Demisse

G. Demissie

Xinlei Deng

E. Denova-Gutiérrez

S. Deo

Emina Dervišević

Hardik D. Desai

Aragaw Tesfaw Desale

A. Dessie

F. Desta

Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan

Sourav Dey

K. Dhama

M. Dhimal

N. Diao

Daniel Diaz

M. Dinu

Mengistie Diress

S. Djalalinia

L. Doan

Deepa Dongarwar

F. W. S. Figueiredo

B. Duncan

S. Dutta

A. Dziedzic

H. Edinur

Michael Ekholuenetale

T. Ekundayo

I. Elgendy

Muhammed Elhadi

W. El‐Huneidi

Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy

Mohamed A. Elmonem

Destaw Endeshaw

Hawi Leul Esayas

Habitu Birhan Eshetu

Farshid Etaee

I. Fadhil

A. Fagbamigbe

A. Fahim

Shahab Falahi

M. Faris

Hossein Farrokhpour

F. Farzadfar

A. Fatehizadeh

G. Fazli

Xiaoqi Feng

T. Y. Ferede

F. Fischer

David Flood

A. Forouhari

Roham Foroumadi

M. F. Koudehi

A. Gaidhane

Santosh Gaihre

A. Gaipov

Yaseen Galali

B. Ganesan

M. García-Gordillo

R. Gautam

Mesfin Gebrehiwot

Kahsu Gebrekidan

T. G. Gebremeskel

Lemma Getacher

F. Ghadirian

S. Ghamari

M. Nour

Fariba Ghassemi

Mahaveer Golechha

Pouya Goleij

D. Golinelli

S. Gopalani

Habtamu Alganeh Guadie

Shiyang Guan

T. Gudayu

R. Guimarães

Rashid Abdi Guled

R. Gupta

Kartik Gupta

Veera Gupta

Vikrant Gupta

B. Gyawali

Rasool Haddadi

N. Hadi

T. Haile

Ramtin Hajibeygi

A. Haj-Mirzaian

R. Halwani

S. Hamidi

G. Hankey

M. A. Hannan

S. Haque

Hamid Harandi

N. I. Harlianto

S. M. M. Hasan

S. Hasan

H. Hasani

S. Hassanipour

Mohammed Bheser Hassen

Johannes Haubold

Khezar Hayat

G. Heidari

Mohammad Heidari

K. Hessami

Y. Hiraike

R. Holla

S. Hossain

Md Shakhaoat Hossain

Mohammad-Salar Hosseini

M. Hosseinzadeh

H. Hosseinzadeh

Junjie. Huang

M. N. Huda

Salman T. Hussain

H. Huynh

B. Hwang

S. E. Ibitoye

Nayu Ikeda

I. Ilic

M. Ilic

L. Inbaraj

Afrin Iqbal

S. Islam

R. Islam

N. Ismail

Hiroyasu Iso

G. Isola

Ramaiah Itumalla

M. Iwagami

C. C. Iwu

I. Iyamu

Assefa N. Iyasu

L. Jacob

A. Jafarzadeh

H. Jahrami

Rajesh Jain

C. Jaja

Zahra Jamalpoor

E. Jamshidi

Balamurugan Janakiraman

K. Jayanna

Sathish Kumar Jayapal

S. Jayaram

R. Jayawardena

R. Jebai

Wonjeong Jeong

Yinzi Jin

Mohammad Jokar

J. Jonas

N. Joseph

Abel Joseph

Charity Ehimwenma Joshua

F. Joukar

J. Jozwiak

B. Kaambwa

Alia Kabir

R. H. Kabthymer

Vidya Kadashetti

Farima Kahe

R. Kalhor

Himal Kandel

Shama D. Karanth

I. Karaye

Samad Karkhah

P. Katoto

Navjot Kaur

Sina Kazemian

Sewnet Adem Kebede

Yousef S. Khader

H. Khajuria

A. Khalaji

Moien A. B. Khan

Maseer Khan

A. Khan

S. Khanal

M. Khatatbeh

A. Khater

Sorour Khateri

Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh

J. Khubchandani

Biruk Getahun Kibret

Min Seo Kim

R. Kimokoti

A. Kisa

M. Kivimäki

Ali-Asghar Kolahi

Somayeh Komaki

F. Kompani

H. Koohestani

O. Korzh

K. Kostev

Nikhil Kothari

A. Koyanagi

K. Krishan

Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy

B. K. Defo

M. Kuddus

Rakesh Kumar

Hriday Kumar

Satyajit Kundu

M. D. Kurniasari

Ambily Kuttikkattu

C. Vecchia

T. Lallukka

B. Larijani

A. Larsson

K. Latief

B. Lawal

T. Le

T. T. Le

Shaun Wen Huey Lee

Mu-Ho Lee

W. Lee

P. Lee

Sang-Woong Lee

S. Lee

Samson Mideksa Legesse

J. Lenzi

Yongze Li

Ming-Chieh Li

Stephen S. Lim

L. Lim

Xuefeng Liu

Chaojie Liu

Chun-Han Lo

G. Lopes

S. Lorkowski

R. Lozano

G. Lucchetti

A. Maghazachi

P. Mahasha

Prof. Dr. Soleiman Mahjoub

M. Mahmoud

R. Mahmoudi

Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh

A. Mai

A. Majeed

Pantea Majma Sanaye

K. Makris

Kashish Malhotra

A. A. Malik

Iram Malik

T. Mallhi

D. Malta

A. Mamun

B. Mansouri

H. Marateb

Parham Mardi

S. Martini

Miquel Martorell

R. Marzo

Reza Masoudi

Sahar Masoudi

E. Mathews

A. Maugeri

G. Mazzaglia

Teferi Mekonnen

M. Meshkat

T. Meštrović

J. M. Jonasson

T. Miazgowski

I. Michalek

Minh H. N. Le

GK Mini

J. Miranda

R. Mirfakhraie

E. Mirrakhimov

Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari

A. Misganaw

Kebede Haile Misgina

Manish Mishra

B. Moazen

N. Mohamed

Esmaeil Mohammadi

M. Mohammadi

A. Mohammadian-Hafshejani

M. Mohammadshahi

Alireza Mohseni

Hoda Mojiri-Forushani

A. Mokdad

S. Momtazmanesh

L. Monasta

Mohammed Moniruzzaman

U. Mons

Fateme Montazeri

A. M. Ghalibaf

Yousef Moradi

Maryam Moradi

M. M. Sarabi

N. Morovatdar

S. Morrison

J. Morze

Elias Mossialos

E. Mostafavi

U. Mueller

F. Mulita

Format Sitasi

APA MLA BibTeX

Ong, K., Stafford, L.K., Mclaughlin, S.A., Boyko, E., Vollset, S., Smith, A.E. et al. (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6

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Bagherieh and S. Bah and S. Bahadory and Ruhai Bai and A. Baig and Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu and H. Baradaran and M. Barchitta and Mainak Bardhan and N. Barengo and T. Bärnighausen and M. Barone and Francesco Barone-Adesi and Amadou Barrow and Hamideh Bashiri and A. Basiru and S. Basu and S. Basu and A. Batiha and K. Batra and Mulat Tirfie Bayih and N. Bayileyegn and A. Behnoush and A. Bekele and M. A. Belete and U. Belgaumi and L. Belo and D. Bennett and I. Benseñor and Kidanemaryam Berhe and Alemshet Yirga Berhie and S. Bhaskar and A. Bhat and Jasvinder Singh Bhatti and B. Bikbov and Faiq Bilal and B. S. Bintoro and Saeid Bitaraf and V. Bitra and V. Bjegović-Mikanović and V. Bodolica and A. Boloor and Michael Brauer and J. Brazo-Sayavera and H. Brenner and Z. Butt and D. Calina and L. A. Campos and Ismael Campos-Nonato and Yin Cao and Chao Cao and J. Car and M. Carvalho and C. Castañeda-Orjuela and F. Catalá-López and E. Cerin and J. Chadwick and E. Chandrasekar and Gashaw Sisay Chanie and J. Charan and Vijay Kumar Chattu and Kirti Chauhan and H. Cheema and E. Abebe and Simiao Chen and N. Cherbuin and Fatemeh Chichagi and S. Chidambaram and W. C. Cho and Sonali Gajanan Choudhari and Rajiv Chowdhury and Emon Kalyan Chowdhury and D. Chu and I. Chukwu and S. Chung and Kaleb Coberly and A. Columbus and D. Contreras and Ewerton Cousin and M. Criqui and N. Cruz-Martins and S. Cuschieri and Bashir Dabo and O. Dadras and X. Dai and A. Damasceno and R. Dandona and L. Dandona and Saswati Das and A. Dascălu and N. Dash and M. Dashti and C. Dávila-Cervantes and V. D. L. Cruz-Góngora and G. R. Debele and Kourosh Delpasand and Fitsum Wolde Demisse and G. Demissie and Xinlei Deng and E. Denova-Gutiérrez and S. Deo and Emina Dervišević and Hardik D. Desai and Aragaw Tesfaw Desale and A. Dessie and F. Desta and Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan and Sourav Dey and K. Dhama and M. Dhimal and N. Diao and Daniel Diaz and M. Dinu and Mengistie Diress and S. Djalalinia and L. Doan and Deepa Dongarwar and F. W. S. Figueiredo and B. Duncan and S. Dutta and A. Dziedzic and H. Edinur and Michael Ekholuenetale and T. Ekundayo and I. Elgendy and Muhammed Elhadi and W. El‐Huneidi and Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy and Mohamed A. Elmonem and Destaw Endeshaw and Hawi Leul Esayas and Habitu Birhan Eshetu and Farshid Etaee and I. Fadhil and A. Fagbamigbe and A. Fahim and Shahab Falahi and M. Faris and Hossein Farrokhpour and F. Farzadfar and A. Fatehizadeh and G. Fazli and Xiaoqi Feng and T. Y. Ferede and F. Fischer and David Flood and A. Forouhari and Roham Foroumadi and M. F. Koudehi and A. Gaidhane and Santosh Gaihre and A. Gaipov and Yaseen Galali and B. Ganesan and M. García-Gordillo and R. Gautam and Mesfin Gebrehiwot and Kahsu Gebrekidan and T. G. Gebremeskel and Lemma Getacher and F. Ghadirian and S. Ghamari and M. Nour and Fariba Ghassemi and Mahaveer Golechha and Pouya Goleij and D. Golinelli and S. Gopalani and Habtamu Alganeh Guadie and Shiyang Guan and T. Gudayu and R. Guimarães and Rashid Abdi Guled and R. Gupta and Kartik Gupta and Veera Gupta and Vikrant Gupta and B. Gyawali and Rasool Haddadi and N. Hadi and T. Haile and Ramtin Hajibeygi and A. Haj-Mirzaian and R. Halwani and S. Hamidi and G. Hankey and M. A. Hannan and S. Haque and Hamid Harandi and N. I. Harlianto and S. M. M. Hasan and S. Hasan and H. Hasani and S. Hassanipour and Mohammed Bheser Hassen and Johannes Haubold and Khezar Hayat and G. Heidari and Mohammad Heidari and K. Hessami and Y. Hiraike and R. Holla and S. Hossain and Md Shakhaoat Hossain and Mohammad-Salar Hosseini and M. Hosseinzadeh and H. Hosseinzadeh and Junjie. Huang and M. N. Huda and Salman T. Hussain and H. Huynh and B. Hwang and S. E. Ibitoye and Nayu Ikeda and I. Ilic and M. Ilic and L. Inbaraj and Afrin Iqbal and S. Islam and R. Islam and N. Ismail and Hiroyasu Iso and G. Isola and Ramaiah Itumalla and M. Iwagami and C. C. Iwu and I. Iyamu and Assefa N. Iyasu and L. Jacob and A. Jafarzadeh and H. Jahrami and Rajesh Jain and C. Jaja and Zahra Jamalpoor and E. Jamshidi and Balamurugan Janakiraman and K. Jayanna and Sathish Kumar Jayapal and S. Jayaram and R. Jayawardena and R. Jebai and Wonjeong Jeong and Yinzi Jin and Mohammad Jokar and J. Jonas and N. Joseph and Abel Joseph and Charity Ehimwenma Joshua and F. Joukar and J. Jozwiak and B. Kaambwa and Alia Kabir and R. H. Kabthymer and Vidya Kadashetti and Farima Kahe and R. Kalhor and Himal Kandel and Shama D. Karanth and I. Karaye and Samad Karkhah and P. Katoto and Navjot Kaur and Sina Kazemian and Sewnet Adem Kebede and Yousef S. Khader and H. Khajuria and A. Khalaji and Moien A. B. Khan and Maseer Khan and A. Khan and S. Khanal and M. Khatatbeh and A. Khater and Sorour Khateri and Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh and J. Khubchandani and Biruk Getahun Kibret and Min Seo Kim and R. Kimokoti and A. Kisa and M. Kivimäki and Ali-Asghar Kolahi and Somayeh Komaki and F. Kompani and H. Koohestani and O. Korzh and K. Kostev and Nikhil Kothari and A. Koyanagi and K. Krishan and Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy and B. K. Defo and M. Kuddus and M. Kuddus and Rakesh Kumar and Hriday Kumar and Satyajit Kundu and M. D. Kurniasari and Ambily Kuttikkattu and C. Vecchia and T. Lallukka and B. Larijani and A. Larsson and K. Latief and B. Lawal and T. Le and T. T. Le and Shaun Wen Huey Lee and Mu-Ho Lee and W. Lee and P. Lee and Sang-Woong Lee and S. Lee and Samson Mideksa Legesse and J. Lenzi and Yongze Li and Ming-Chieh Li and Stephen S. Lim and L. Lim and Xuefeng Liu and Chaojie Liu and Chun-Han Lo and G. Lopes and S. Lorkowski and R. Lozano and G. Lucchetti and A. Maghazachi and P. Mahasha and Prof. Dr. Soleiman Mahjoub and M. Mahmoud and R. Mahmoudi and Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh and A. Mai and A. Majeed and Pantea Majma Sanaye and K. Makris and Kashish Malhotra and A. A. Malik and Iram Malik and T. Mallhi and D. Malta and A. Mamun and B. Mansouri and H. Marateb and Parham Mardi and S. Martini and Miquel Martorell and R. Marzo and Reza Masoudi and Sahar Masoudi and E. Mathews and A. Maugeri and G. Mazzaglia and Teferi Mekonnen and M. Meshkat and T. Meštrović and J. M. Jonasson and T. Miazgowski and I. Michalek and Minh H. N. Le and GK Mini and J. Miranda and R. Mirfakhraie and E. Mirrakhimov and Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari and A. Misganaw and Kebede Haile Misgina and Manish Mishra and B. Moazen and N. Mohamed and Esmaeil Mohammadi and M. Mohammadi and A. Mohammadian-Hafshejani and M. Mohammadshahi and Alireza Mohseni and Hoda Mojiri-Forushani and A. Mokdad and S. Momtazmanesh and L. Monasta and Mohammed Moniruzzaman and U. Mons and Fateme Montazeri and A. M. Ghalibaf and Yousef Moradi and Maryam Moradi and M. M. Sarabi and N. Morovatdar and S. Morrison and J. Morze and Elias Mossialos and E. Mostafavi and U. Mueller and F. Mulita}, title = {Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021}, year = {2023}, journal = {Semantic Scholar}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/915c3663364c3af36c7724c1eb33d828552104f5}, }

Akses Cepat

Lihat di Sumber doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6

Informasi Jurnal

Tahun Terbit: 2023
Bahasa: en
Total Sitasi: 2410×
Sumber Database: Semantic Scholar
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6
Akses: Open Access ✓