In early January 2026, media reports indicated that Hungary had granted political asylum to Zbigniew Ziobro, Poland’s former Minister of Justice and Prosecutor General and a leading figure of the Law and Justice (PiS) government, who is currently facing criminal investigations in Poland. The granting of political asylum by one EU Member State to a citizen of another Member State is not merely unusual; it is structurally exceptional under EU law.
The RFamide peptide family is a group of proteins that share a common C-terminal arginine–phenylalanine–amide motif. To date, the family comprises five groups in mammals: neuropeptide FF, LPXRFamides/RFamide-related peptides, prolactin releasing peptide, QRFP, and kisspeptins. Different RFamide peptides have their own cognate receptors and are produced by different cell populations, although they all can also bind to neuropeptide FF receptors with different affinities. RFamide peptides function in the brain as neuropeptides regulating key aspects of homeostasis such as energy balance, reproduction, and cardiovascular function. Furthermore, they are involved in the organization of the stress response including modulation of pain. Considering the interaction between stress and various parameters of homeostasis, the role of RFamide peptides may be critical in the development of stress-related neuropathologies. This review will therefore focus on the role of RFamide peptides as possible key hubs in stress and stress-related psychopathologies. The neurotransmitter coexpression profile of RFamide-producing cells is also discussed, highlighting its potential functional significance. The development of novel pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of stress-related disorders is an ongoing need. Thus, the importance of RFamide research is underlined by the emergence of peptidergic and G-protein coupled receptor-based therapeutic targets in the pharmaceutical industry.
Barbara Tuska-Szalay, Sándor A. Boldogh, Róbert Farkas
et al.
Among vector-borne protozoa Hepatozoon felis and Cytauxzoon europaeus are considered emerging species in felids in Europe. To investigate the presence of these two protozoa 127 domestic cats and 4 wildcats were screened by PCRs targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon spp. and piroplasms, as well as the cytb gene of Cytauxzoon spp. The samples were collected inside and outside a region of Hungary, where both protozoan groups are endemic in wildcats. Among domestic cats, one proved to be infected with H. felis. Furthermore, spleen samples of four wildcats were also examined, among which three tested positive for H. felis, and one had co-infection with C. europaeus. Importantly, H. felis from the co-infected wildcat belonged to genogroup II, similarly to H. felis from the positive domestic cat. Based on phylogenetic evidence, this genogroup probably represents a separate species from genogroup I of H. felis, which was hitherto reported from Mediterranean countries in Europe. The two other wildcats also harbored H. felis from genogroup I. Neither Hepatozoon nor Cytauxzoon infections were detected outside the recently discovered endemic region. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time in Europe that H. felis from genogroup II may emerge in free-roaming domestic cats in regions where this protozoan parasite is endemic in wildcats.
Dora Aczel, Bernadett Gyorgy, Peter Bakonyi
et al.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, including an increased oxidative state, deposition of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein. The formation of amyloid plaques is considered one of the first signs of the illness, but only in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, results indicate that AD is not just localized in the brain but is also found in organs distant from the brain, such as the cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, liver, testes, and kidney. These observations make AD a complex systemic disorder. Still, no effective medications have been found, but regular physical activity has been considered to have a positive impact on this challenging disease. While several articles have been published on the benefits of physical activity on AD development in the CNS, its peripheral effects have not been discussed in detail. The provocative question arising is the following: is it possible that the beneficial effects of regular exercise on AD are due to the systemic impact of training, rather than just the effects of exercise on the brain? If so, does this mean that the level of fitness of these peripheral organs can directly or indirectly influence the incidence or progress of AD? Therefore, the present paper aims to summarize the systemic effects of both regular exercise and AD and point out how common exercise-induced adaptation via peripheral organs can decrease the incidence of AD or attenuate the progress of AD.
Markus Brahms, Stephan Heinzel, Michael Rapp
et al.
Cognitive resources contribute to balance control. There is evidence that mental fatigue reduces cognitive resources and impairs balance performance, particularly in older adults and when balance tasks are complex, for example when trying to walk or stand while concurrently performing a secondary cognitive task.We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify eligible studies and performed a random effects meta-analysis to quantify the effects of experimentally induced mental fatigue on balance performance in healthy adults. Subgroup analyses were computed for age (healthy young vs. healthy older adults) and balance task complexity (balance tasks with high complexity vs. balance tasks with low complexity) to examine the moderating effects of these factors on fatigue-mediated balance performance.We identified 7 eligible studies with 9 study groups and 206 participants. Analysis revealed that performing a prolonged cognitive task had a small but significant effect (SMDwm = −0.38) on subsequent balance performance in healthy young and older adults. However, age- and task-related differences in balance responses to fatigue could not be confirmed statistically.Overall, aggregation of the available literature indicates that mental fatigue generally reduces balance in healthy adults. However, interactions between cognitive resource reduction, aging and balance task complexity remain elusive.
The purpose of (public) administrative activity is to take decisions and, within this framework, to produce certain legal effects. In order to take effective decisions, public administrations, whether they are governmental or public authorities, need information first and foremost. Today, technological progress enables public administrations to take decisions quickly, with the support of electronic tools, and to process large amounts of data at a high level. However, the impact of the use of advanced ICT tools and technology goes beyond the boundaries of public administration and raises a number of questions that need to be answered. The complexity of the problem is illustrated by the fact that legal (strategic), technological, social and financial aspects and challenges are all at stake.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Public law
Recent years have seen a surge in interest in humanitarian logistics (HL) research. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 894 HL-related studies. The publications were chosen using a combination of keywords from their titles, abstracts and author-supplied keywords from the leading database Scopus. The publications were classified according to their publication year, country of origin, type of publication, most relevant journals, and most influential authors. The review’s findings indicate that over a four-decade period, HL research progressed through three distinct stages. In terms of national contribution, the United States of America leads with the most studies published on HL. Additionally, the HL literature is advanced primarily through academic journal articles. The Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management is the leading journal in the field, with 148 articles published. The study makes a significant contribution by providing relevant analysis that may inform and guide scholars and researchers as they explore the evolution of HL research and foster networking and collaboration opportunities across multiple institutions.
It is difficult to estimate the contribution of individual sources to the total CO<sub>2</sub> efflux from soil with vegetation. Long-term experiments with bare soil will provide useful conclusions. In this study, we aimed to mathematize the effect of soil temperature and soil moisture content on bare soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux in a four-season semiarid region to assess the adequacy of different models and to enable future predictions by seasons. We proved that the exponential model adequately described the relationship between the CO<sub>2</sub> efflux and the soil temperature. The model calculations showed no significant relationship in the case of an additional quadratic exponential function, while, in the case of the linear model, the homoscedasticity criteria were not met, and the accuracy of the estimation was found to be dependent on the level of CO<sub>2</sub> efflux. When the soil moisture content with either an exponential function or power was added to the exponential formula, the models did not provide more accurate results. Our findings confirm that the best-fitting models are dependent on the local environmental conditions, and there are areas in which the moisture content does not significantly affect the CO<sub>2</sub> efflux of bare soil. Using trends in historical hourly temperature data in the exponential model, the CO<sub>2</sub> emission was estimated to be in the range 772–898 g m<sup>−2</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> in 2050 in the location we used. Trends in climate change are expected to have considerable effects on the processes that govern the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of soil.
Hairy root cultures are genetically and biochemically stable, and they regularly possess the same or better biosynthetic capabilities for specialized (secondary) metabolite production compared to the intact plant. Ononis species are well-known herbal remedies in ethnopharmacology and rich sources of isoflavonoids. Besides isoflavones, less prevalent isoflavones and pterocarpans with valuable biological effects can be found in Ononis species as well. As these plants are only collected but not cultivated, biotechnological methods could play a role in the larger-scale extraction of Ononis isoflavonoids. Regarding this information, we aimed to establish Ononis spinosa and Ononis arvensis hairy root cultures (HRCs) and analyze the isoflavonoid profile of hairy root cultures qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to define their capacity to produce biologically valuable isoflavonoids. During the qualitative description, beside isoflavonoids, two new phenolic lactones, namely, bulatlactone 2″-O-β-D-glucoside and ononilactone, were isolated, and their structures were characterized for the first time. Altogether, 29 compounds were identified by the means of UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. Based on UHPLC-UV-DAD measurements, the isoflavonoid spectrum of the Ononis HRCs differed markedly from wild-grown samples, as they produce a limited range of the scaffolds. The most abundant compounds in the HRCs were medicarpin glucoside and sativanone glucoside. The overall isoflavonoid production of the cultures was comparable to wild-grown O. arvensis and approximately twice as high as in wild-grown O. spinosa samples. As the overall content of wild-grown samples include more isoflavonoid derivatives, the HRCs contain structurally less divergent isoflavonoids but in higher quantity.
Miközben Oroszország, legkésőbb a második világháború óta, mindig Amerikához képest határozta meg magát, az orosz külgazdaság és külpolitika súlypontja hagyományosan Európa volt és maradt. Ez az ellentmondás a kétezres években a posztmodernitás és a 19. századi egyensúly-politika kettősével társul. Az írás - történeti átteknitéssel - azt igazolja, hogy a megoldás a kül- és belpolitikai megszokottól eltérő viszonya révén ragadható meg. Míg a legtöbb országban a külpolitika a belpolitika meghosszabbítása, Oroszországban ez fordítva volt, és jelenleg is fordítva van. A külpoilitika a belső, nemzet- és államépítő törekvések eszköze, és csak ekként érthető.
Attila Molnár V., Viktor Löki, Marc Verbeeck
et al.
In order to explore their orchid flora, we performed surveys of 96 Azerbaijani burial places in 2018 and 2019. Altogether, 28 orchid taxa were found in 37 visited cemeteries. In the orchid diversity a remarkable pattern was observed: geographic latitude was significantly and positively related to the number of taxa and number of individuals. The most widespread and abundant orchids in Azerbaijani graveyards were <i>Anacamptis pyramidalis</i> and <i>A. papilionacea</i> (found in 23 and 8 cemeteries, respectively). Azerbaijani cemeteries can be important refuges for rare and threatened orchids, e.g., <i>Himantoglossum formosum</i> (three cemeteries), <i>Ophrys sphegodes</i> subsp. <i>mammosa</i> (eight), <i>Orchis adenocheila</i> (two), <i>O. punctulata</i> (three), <i>O. stevenii</i> (one) and <i>Steveniella satyrioides</i> (one). <i>Epipactis turcica</i>, detected in a single locality, was previously unknown to the flora of Azerbaijan. Additionally, we documented orchid tuber (salep) collection in two cemeteries.
In this paper, we analyze whether work values differ between three dimensions of time (age, birth cohort, period). Using data of five waves of the World Values Survey and the European Values Study from more than forty countries and hierarchical age-period-cohort regression models, we did not find relevant gaps between birth cohorts with respect to the relative importance of work or with respect to work values. Thus, we claim that, in European and Euro-Atlantic countries, birth cohorts, on average, do not differ significantly with regard to their work values. Our results suggest, however, that the relative importance of work is significantly higher in the middle-age groups than among the younger or older groups. Regarding work values, we found that the importance of having an interesting job, good pay, and good hours decreases with age, and that job security is equally important at every age, whereas the importance of having a useful job increases with age.
The rocking motion of two-wheeled suitcases is investigated. A rigid body mechanical model of the suitcase is constructed. All of the possible motion states (both wheels on the ground, one wheel on the ground, none of the wheels on the ground) are taken into account. The switching between the motion states is accomplished by a simple impact model. The motion of the suitcase is investigated through numerical simulations, furthermore the domain of the attraction of the stable rectilinear motion is identified. The model is partly validated by experiments.
den Boer Jan, Kobel Przemysław, Dyjakon Arkadiusz
et al.
Food waste is an important issue in the global economy. In the EU many activities aimed at this topic are carried out, however in Central Europe is still quite pristine. There is lack of reliable data on food waste quantities in this region, and not many preventive actions are taken. To improve this situation the STREFOWA (Strategies to Reduce and Manage Food Waste in Central Europe) was initiated. It is an international project (Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland), founded by the Interreg Central Europe programme, running from July 2016 to June 2019. Its main purpose is to provide solutions to prevent and manage food waste throughout the entire food supply chain. The results of STREFOWA will have positive economical, social and environmental impacts.
A turisták számára vonatkozó adatokat felhasználva a szerző megpróbálja a bűnözéssel kapcsolatos adatok objektív elemzését elvégezni a magyarországi turisztikai központokban.
Political institutions and public administration (General)