Hasil untuk "Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania"

مهسا امجدی, ابراهیم اقبالی, ابراهیم رنجبر et al.

مقاله حاضر نگاهی به پدیده حس‎آمیزی از دیدگاه نظریه استعاره مفهومی است و به تحلیل حس‎آمیزی‎های موجود در شعر سهراب سپهری پرداخته‎است. بعضی از پژوهشگران علوم شناختی، با پیش چشم داشتن سلسله‎مراتب حواس اولمان، حس‎آمیزی را گونه‎ای از استعاره مفهومی دانسته‎اند؛ همچنان‎که در ساخت استعاره مفهومی، یک حوزۀ مفهومی عینی بر یک حوزۀ مفهومی انتزاعی افکنده می‎شود تا آن را روشن سازد، در حس‎آمیزی نیز عناصر مربوط به حواس ضعیف‎تر به حیطه حواس قوی‎تر برده می‎‎شوند تا موجب درک بهتری از مفهوم شوند. این مقاله با روش توصیفی‎تحلیلی کوشیده‎است از منظر متفاوتی به صنعت پرتکرار حس‎آمیزی در شعر سپهری نگاه کند و جسمانیت مستتر در ظاهر انتزاعی آثار او را نشان دهد. نتیجۀ حاصل از بررسی حدود 100 نمونه در اشعار سپهری، نشان می‎دهد که تقریباً تمام حس‎آمیزی‎های موجود در شعر او، استعاره‎هایی مفهومی هستند که از سلسله‎مراتب حواس اولمان تبعیت می‎کنند. به عبارت دیگر، سپهری همواره در حس‎آمیزی‎هایش مفهوم انتزاعی را به عینیت و تجسم نزدیک کرده‎است. این نکته نمایانگر آن است که شعر او برخلاف ظاهر انتزاعی، باطنی جسمیت‎یافته و کاملاً زمینی دارد.

Gervas A Kasiga

Imebainika kuwa tasnia ya muziki wa kizazi kipya wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania imetekwa na utamaduni wa nje hususani wa Kinigeria (Mrikaria, 2007; Kasiga, 2022). Athari zake zimebainika katika vipengele kadhaa vya kibunifu (Kasiga, 2021). Pia, misukumo mbalimbali inayowasukuma wasanii kutumia U-Nigeria imebainishwa (Kasiga, 2022). Kimsingi, hali hii inatishia utambulisho wa Kitanzania katika sanaa. Hivyo, makala hii imetoa mapendekezo ya kiuboreshaji dhidi ya U-Nigeria katika video za nyimbo za muziki wa kizazi kipya wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Mapendekezo yaliyotolewa yamehusisha: kufanyika uwekezaji wa muziki wa asili wa Kitanzania, kufanyika kwa usimamizi maalumu katika vyombo vya habari, kuwepo kwa sheria na kanuni za kulinda uasili wa muziki wa kizazi kipya, na uanzishwaji wa semina, warsha pamoja na madarasa maalumu kwa wasanii. Isitoshe, makala imependekeza kuwepo kwa agenda mahususi ya kitaifa kujenga uzalendo, kumakinikia mitindo ya sanaa za Kitanzania katika utengenezaji wa muziki, kuharakisha upatikanaji wa vazi la taifa, kuanzishwa kwa vipindi vya uchambuzi wa nyimbo, na wasanii kushawishiwa kutumia mandhari ya Kitanzania katika video zao. Zaidi, imependekezwa kuanzishwa kwa matamasha na tuzo za muziki, asasi za elimu kutengeneza mitaala ya biashara, lugha ya Kiswahili, na utamaduni wa Kitanzania, na kuwe na muumano kati ya biashara, utamaduni na teknolojia.

Alex Nelungo Wanjala

Hossain Gorji, Mohammad Jorfi, Seyyed Abolfazl Sajadi et al.

Introduction: Seyed Mohammad Saeed Al-Haboubi is one of the contemporary poets who was born in Najaf in 1266 AH and died in 1333 AH. Al-Habubi's poetic themes were a description of nature and the sincere praise of religious friends and elders. His poetic genius along with the classical culture of Najaf granted his poetry a high position while avoiding degeneration. The present study examines the foregrounding in the divan of Mohammad Saeed Haboubi and helps the audience to better understand the concept of temporalization, stylistics and semantics. To express the ability and the art of grain in foregrounding poetic themes, verbal and semantic constructions are used. One of the aims of this research is to acquaint the audience with the formalistic aspects of the poet's poems, on which no research has been done yet. The poet, on the basis of imagination and emotion, brings up the repetitive words of the standard language to which the audience is accustomed in a new and fascinating way in the form of poetry. In his poetry, the change in the structure of syntactic sentences and devices gives new life to ordinary speech.The words acquire music and allitration that have a greater impact on the audience. Defamiliarization takes place in language too. The change in the prosodic weight of classical poetry to new poetry is one of the signs of abnormality. Poetry is a kind of de-familiarization in language, which, according to formalist theories, is divided into two categories: deviation and extra regularity. Jeffrey Leech has categorized these norms into two types: linguistic and semantic. According to Leach's theory, which novel element in Bean's poems has a higher value in semantic deviation?, what forms of stylistic and temporal familiarization have appeared in Habubi's poetry?, and how has the semantic novelty foregrounded the ambiguous words in his poetry? Methodology: No research has been done on the foregrounding in Habubi's poems so far. So, this article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the poet's abnormality in constructing forms of aesthetics and reviving words based on Leach's theory. The research method of this research is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis, which is done to objectively and qualitatively explain the content and concept of written texts in a systematic way. In the present article, the studied components are foregrounding, semantic deviation, deviation, extra regularity, and semantics of Seyed Mohammad Saeed Haboubi's poems based on Leach’s theory. Due to the importance of foregrounding in the literature, this research is of significance. Results and Discussion: The subject of this research in the field of extra regularity is how the poet describes some elements of novel such as "ambiguity", "proportionality" and "repetition" to define "polysemy", "semantic network" and "phonology". In terms of rule-making, how did the poet use "archaism" to relate the text to ancient culture, and how did he use the words of astronomy to improve the music and the image? The research findings can be reviewed in several areas. The result of the research refers to the function of different types of "Equivoque "in explaining ambiguous words, motivating the reader and foregrounding the relationship between words and meanings. The poet has also used "archaism" in both literary and religious forms, using a variety of Arabic terms in the field of symbolism and astronomy to create poetic images. Lexically, the result of this research on "Al-Haboubi" poems refers to the dual relationship between word and meaning. The choice and arrangement of words in a poetic sentence indicates the semantic connection of the words with the history of the language of poetry. According to Leech's theory, "temporal deviation" in the form of "archaism" in his poetry has two religious and literary forms. The use of ancient words, in addition to recalling historical events in the reader's mind, has refreshed repetitive words. Regarding religious archaism, the common affairs of Muslims, such as Hajj, have a higher percentage than the other religious issues, such as the religion of the poet and the signs of unity among Muslims in monotheism. In literary archaism, he has referred to the words of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, such as Amr al-Qays and Zuhair ibn Abi Aslami. He also refers to the brilliant history of Arabic poetry and uses its methods to create novelty in the repetitive words of his time. Haboubi uses the words Arabic grammar and astronomy more than anything else in "Stylization". He used these words to create an imaginary rhyme array. In "Semantic Abnormality", he has used novel method for imaginative illustration and polysemy for the audience. Using an array of repeated letters and consonants, the poet has foregrounded the allitration of letters in his poem. He used observance better in poetry. In most verses, he has used a proportional array. It has become a semantic network of words to create a picture of a subject in the mind of the audience. Seyed Haboubi has used these devices to do foregrounding in poetry.

Elizabeth Williams-Oerberg

In September 2016, hundreds of thousands of devotees gathered in Ladakh to celebrate the millennial anniversary of Naropa (1016- 1100 CE), an Indian Buddhist scholar-saint who is widely revered in the Himalayas. Deemed ‘Naropa 2016,’ this Himalayan Buddhist festival centered on the ritual of na ro gyen druk (Tib. na ro rgyan drug), the ‘Six Bone Ornaments of Naropa.’ What was announced as a sacred Buddhist ritual of revealing these ornaments, also included evening performances by renowned Bollywood performers with booming sound and impressive light shows enjoyed by large crowds of monks and laity until late in the night. This was one of the first occasions that popular Bollywood artists came to perform in Ladakh, and the first time that Bollywood and Buddhism were combined to such a large degree. In this article, I take a closer look at the spectacular Naropa 2016 festival. Based on ethnographic participation and recording of the festival through fieldwork, I consider this Buddhist festival as an important site for negotiating social change. Especially due to heightened modernization processes in Ladakh, the role of Buddhist institutions has been undergoing swift changes. Under the leadership of the Gyalwang Drukpa, the Drukpa organization pushes against processes of secularization, which have entailed a lessening of the importance of monasteries in the swiftly transforming Ladakhi society. In organizing a large monastery festival and incorporating elements such as Bollywood performances, the Drukpa Kagyü organization presented a vision of their religious institution as adapting to the current times and relevant for modern, 21st century Ladakhi lives. Hence, the Naropa 2016 festival, I argue, worked as an attempt to introduce alternative cultural understandings of the role of Drukpa Kagyü monastic institutions, and in particular, the role of the Gyalwang Drukpa.

F A Vosloo

Katarina Turpeinen

This paper contributes to the study of Tibetan oracles by analyzing a distinctive case of a contemporary Tibetan oracle living in exile in India. The oracular practice and personal history of Lhamo, or ‘Goddess,’ present several unusual features compared to other ethnographic accounts of Tibetan oracles. The ritual of possession is performed behind closed doors hidden from clients, and the medium typically engages in oracular ingestion multiple times during every trance. Her trance sessions also appear orderly and lack an intermediary figure who decodes the oracle’s enigmatic statements. What do these features of her oracular activities illustrate? How do they feature in her life story and relationships to other religious specialists in the area and the surrounding community? This paper outlines my ethnography of Lhamo’s practice and situates it in the context of Tibetan oracles, arguing that Lhamo’s oracular possession, which is a practice of a village oracle often regarded as involving mainly mundane and pragmatic ends, is conspicuously integrated with the soteriological, supramundane orientation of Buddhism.

Hennie Stander

Cas Wepener

Prosper, Ancyfrida , Nomlomo, Vuyokazi

This paper reports on a literacy pilot project which investigated the use of multilingual reading books and the pedagogical strategies that were employed by one bilingual teacher and her assistant to teach literacy in a linguistically diverse Grade 1 classroom in a primary school in the Western Cape, South Africa. Data were collected by means of classroom observations and semi-structured interviews to understand the teacher’s literacy instruction, reflecting her understanding of the multilingual pedagogical approach as a means of fostering learners’ biliteracy skills. Through the lens of the social constructivist theory and the notion of biliteracy, this paper argues that bilingual competence does not necessarily translate to biliteracy if the teaching approaches and learning materials are not systematically and adequately used to support learners’ listening, oral, reading and writing skills in different languages in an integrated and holistic manner in multilingual classrooms. It concludes that, despite the progressive South African Language-in-Education Policy which supports additive multilingualism, classroom practices continue to reinforce monolingualism in English, which deprives the majority of learners of meaningful access to literacy in different languages as they do not exploit the socio-cultural and cognitive capital embedded in the learners’ home languages for additive bilingual and biliteracy competence.

Anna P. Maritz

Die artikel bied ’n eerste oorsig van die aard van die alternatiewe funksies van Swartafrikaans. Hierdie funksies realiseer wanneer Swartafrikaans deur Afrikaansmoedertaalsprekers nagemaak of nagepraat word. Die funksies van die alternatiewe gebruik van Swartafrikaans sentreer rondom: die sosiale aard van die variasie, sensitiwiteit as ’n bepalende rolspeler, identiteit, humor, inklusiwiteit en eksklusiwiteit, taalrepertoire en ooreenkomstige variasies. Weens die direkte verhouding tussen Swartafrikaans, Gepidginiseerde Afrikaans en die napraat van Swartafrikaans, word dié variëteite ook vergelyk om sodoende ’n aanvangsbeskrywing vir die napraat van Swartafrikaans daar te stel aangesien dié variëteit nog nie beskryf is nie.

Wilfrid Haacke

The present article instantiates types of lexical borrowing from Afrikaans and Dutch in Namibian Khoekhoegowab (also known as “Nama”/“Damara”), but occasionally also refers to borrowings in the opposite direction. Where evidence allows, loans are traced back beyond Afrikaans to the era of Cape Dutch and contemporary interethnic contacts. Various categories ranging from adoptions to phonologically integrated loans, hybrids and calques are presented and, where possible, historical inferences are offered. The high degree of translational equivalence between Khoekhoe serial verbs and Afrikaans compound verbs leads to the consideration of some grammatical aspects including replication and relexification. Finally, reference is made to a parallel between Afrikaans and<em> </em>“Khoekhoe Afrikaans” syntax pointed out by den Besten (2013): Afrikaans circumlocutions like <em>ek </em>/ <em>sy wat Anna is </em>(Khoekhoe: <em>Anna.<strong>ta</strong></em> / <em>Anna.<strong>s</strong></em>) are literal equivalents of the underlying phrasal structures of Khoekhoe surface nouns #stem.pgn# in first, second or third person, as accounted for by the “desentential hypothesis” (Haacke 2006). <br clear="all" /><div> </div>

John Linnegar

<p class="Abstract">In this article, the supportive role that mentoring relationships currently do and should play in the development and careers of text editors is described against the background of the particular circumstances of these service providers in a sector experiencing great organisational and technological changes. This is a group that is much neglected in the literature on mentoring. Since the mentoring of text editors is distinct from other forms of mentoring in a number of key respects, this article draws together what the literature has to say about both conventional and online or distance mentoring as performed in a range of contexts. I consider the application of Knowles’ (1970, 1984) adult learning theory and Bandura’s (1977) self-efficacy mechanisms to be important potential contributors to the success of mentorships, in particular those involving adult text editors. The article also critically analyses how mentoring for text editors can be distinguished from alternative development strategies such as coaching, training, teaching and counselling. It shows that mentoring is fundamentally different from these strategies according to ten criteria, and is better suited to text editors’ need for professional development as a form of lifelong adult e-learning. The lack of any form of assessment of mentees, in particular, is regarded as a weakness of the currently available mentorship programmes aiming to professionalise adult text editors through a process of lifelong learning.</p>

Carol A. Puhl

David Paton

Onlangse navorsingsprojekte en konferensies oor boekkuns het gereageer op Johanna Drucker se oproep in 2005 dat noodsaaklike navorsingswerk gedoen moet word om ’n deegliker teoretiese basis vir die terrein van boekkunsproduksie te vestig. Die deelname van kunstenaars en ander praktisyns van boekkuns veroorsaak dat gesprekke en besprekings noodwendig en voorspelbaar neig na die praktyk en weg van die teorie. In die lig van die behoefte aan die bepaling van ’n toepaslike visie waarvolgens die kunsboek meer eksplisiet, ook teoreties, ondersoek kan word, ondersoek hierdie artikel Stéphane Mallarmé en Marcel Broodthaers se Un coup de dés publikasies, Buzz Spector se simplifiserende Marcel Broodthaers, Ulises Carrion se For fans and scholars alike, en Helen Douglas en Telfer Stokes se Real fiction. Hierdie spesifieke voorbeelde, en hulle onderlinge verbande en dialoog met mekaar, word ondersoek vanuit die perspektief van die Russiese filosoof en literêre teoretikus Mikhail Bakhtin se werk oor dialogisme en heteroglossia (‘ander-tongigheid’). Hierdie begrippe demonstreer die dialogiese, multivokale en veeltongige wisselwerking tussen en binne historiese werke as kultuuruitings. Deur die analise toon ek aan dat hierde begrippe toepaslike en funksionele raamwerke uitmaak vir die analise van spesifieke aspekte wat die teenwoordigheid van kunstenaarsboeke aankondig in die wêreld: selfbewustheid en omvattende diskoers wat wederkerend toepaslik is. Ek stel voor dat Bakthin se idees oor dialogisme en heteroglossie gebruik word as die teoretiese begronding van die kunstenaarsboek as ’n dinamiese visuele taal wat in ’n netwerk van ander tekste staan en deel is van die proses van die eindelose herbeskrywing van die wêreld.

Herbert Ernst Wiegand

&lt;p&gt;ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: In diesem Beitrag werden die Begriffe eingeführt, die man benötigt, um das Datenakzessivitätsprofil von Printwörterbüchern genau beschreiben zu können. Es wird zwischen externer und interner Datenakzessivität unterschieden; erstere ist obligatorisch, letztere ist fakultativ. Die externe Datenakzessivität wird durch äußere, die interne Datenakzessivität durch innere Zugriffsstrukturen innerhalb von akzessiven Wörterbucheinträgen hergestellt. Es werden unterschiedliche Typen von äußeren Zugriffsstrukturen als lineare Ordnungsstrukturen, wie z.B. alphabetische äußere Zugriffsstrukturen, numerische mediostrukturelle Zugriffsstrukturen, Regis-terzugriffsstrukturen u.a., beschrieben und ihr Funktionieren erklärt. Weiterhin werden äußere Zugriffsstrukturen von Zugriffspfaden abgegrenzt, die durch die Ausführung externer Zugriffs-handlungen der Benutzer etabliert werden. Der Beitrag gibt insgesamt fünf Einblicke, aber keine zusammenhängende Übersicht über die vielfachen Ausprägungen der Eigenschaften der Wörter-buchform, die die Datenakzessivität sicherstellen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stichwörter: AKZESSIVER WÖRTERBUCHEINTRAG, ALPHABET, ALPHABETISCHE ÄU-ßERE ZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, ÄUßERER ZUGRIFFSPFAD, EXTERNE DATENAKZESSIVITÄT, EXTERNE ZUGRIFFSHANDLUNG, INNERE ZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, INTERNE DATENAKZES-SIVITÄT, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLES LEITELEMENT, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLE ZUGRIFFSSTRUK-TUR, MONOAKZESSIVES WÖRTERBUCH, REGISTER, REGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, POLY-AKZESSIVES WÖRTERBUCH, SCHNELLZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, ZUGRIFFSTEXTELEMENT&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;*****&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABSTRACT: On the Data Accessibility in Printed Dictionaries. Insights into Recent Developments of a Theory of the Form of Dictionaries. In this contribu-tion, concepts are introduced that are needed for a precise description of the data accessibility pro-file of printed dictionaries. A distinction is made between external and internal data accessibility, with the first being obligatory and the second being optional. The external data accessibility is pre-sented by means of external access structures and the internal data accessibility by means of inter-nal access structures in accessible dictionary entries. Distinctive types of external access structures as linear ordering structures, e.g. alphabetical external access structures, numerical mediostructural access structures and register access structures are described and their functions explained. Exter-nal access structures are furthermore distinguished from access routes, established by the user by means of the execution of external access procedures. The contribution gives a total of five insights but no coherent overview of the multiple manifestations of the characteristics of the form of dic-tionaries established by the data accessibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: ACCESS TEXTUAL ELEMENT, ACCESSIBLE DICTIONARY ENTRY, ALPHA-BET, ALPHABETICAL EXTERNAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, EXTERNAL ACCESS PROCEDURE, EXTERNAL ACCESS ROUTE, EXTERNAL DATA ACCESSIBILITY, INTERNAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, INTERNAL DATA ACCESSIBILITY, MEDIOSTRUCTURAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, MEDIOSTRUCTURAL GUIDING ELEMENT, MONO-ACCESSIBLE DICTIONARY, POLY-ACCESSIBLE DICTIONARY, RAPID ACCESS STRUCTURE, REGISTER, REGISTER ACCESS STRUCTURE&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p&gt;ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: In diesem Beitrag werden die Begriffe eingeführt, die man benötigt, um das Datenakzessivitätsprofil von Printwörterbüchern genau beschreiben zu können. Es wird zwischen externer und interner Datenakzessivität unterschieden; erstere ist obligatorisch, letztere ist fakultativ. Die externe Datenakzessivität wird durch äußere, die interne Datenakzessivität durch innere Zugriffsstrukturen innerhalb von akzessiven Wörterbucheinträgen hergestellt. Es werden unterschiedliche Typen von äußeren Zugriffsstrukturen als lineare Ordnungsstrukturen, wie z.B. alphabetische äußere Zugriffsstrukturen, numerische mediostrukturelle Zugriffsstrukturen, Regis-terzugriffsstrukturen u.a., beschrieben und ihr Funktionieren erklärt. Weiterhin werden äußere Zugriffsstrukturen von Zugriffspfaden abgegrenzt, die durch die Ausführung externer Zugriffs-handlungen der Benutzer etabliert werden. Der Beitrag gibt insgesamt fünf Einblicke, aber keine zusammenhängende Übersicht über die vielfachen Ausprägungen der Eigenschaften der Wörter-buchform, die die Datenakzessivität sicherstellen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stichwörter: AKZESSIVER WÖRTERBUCHEINTRAG, ALPHABET, ALPHABETISCHE ÄU-ßERE ZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, ÄUßERER ZUGRIFFSPFAD, EXTERNE DATENAKZESSIVITÄT, EXTERNE ZUGRIFFSHANDLUNG, INNERE ZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, INTERNE DATENAKZES-SIVITÄT, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLES LEITELEMENT, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLE ZUGRIFFSSTRUK-TUR, MONOAKZESSIVES WÖRTERBUCH, REGISTER, REGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, POLY-AKZESSIVES WÖRTERBUCH, SCHNELLZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, ZUGRIFFSTEXTELEMENT&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*****&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABSTRACT: On the Data Accessibility in Printed Dictionaries. Insights into Recent Developments of a Theory of the Form of Dictionaries. In this contribu-tion, concepts are introduced that are needed for a precise description of the data accessibility pro-file of printed dictionaries. A distinction is made between external and internal data accessibility, with the first being obligatory and the second being optional. The external data accessibility is pre-sented by means of external access structures and the internal data accessibility by means of inter-nal access structures in accessible dictionary entries. Distinctive types of external access structures as linear ordering structures, e.g. alphabetical external access structures, numerical mediostructural access structures and register access structures are described and their functions explained. Exter-nal access structures are furthermore distinguished from access routes, established by the user by means of the execution of external access procedures. The contribution gives a total of five insights but no coherent overview of the multiple manifestations of the characteristics of the form of dic-tionaries established by the data accessibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: ACCESS TEXTUAL ELEMENT, ACCESSIBLE DICTIONARY ENTRY, ALPHA-BET, ALPHABETICAL EXTERNAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, EXTERNAL ACCESS PROCEDURE, EXTERNAL ACCESS ROUTE, EXTERNAL DATA ACCESSIBILITY, INTERNAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, INTERNAL DATA ACCESSIBILITY, MEDIOSTRUCTURAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, MEDIOSTRUCTURAL GUIDING ELEMENT, MONO-ACCESSIBLE DICTIONARY, POLY-ACCESSIBLE DICTIONARY, RAPID ACCESS STRUCTURE, REGISTER, REGISTER ACCESS STRUCTURE&lt;/p&gt;