Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Galina Ulianova

The article explores an important aspect of daily life for merchant families in the 19th century as the initial literacy training of the younger generation. The question arises about the age at which merchant's children were introduced to the alphabet and learning to read, as well as the forms of interaction between mothers and fathers with children to implement this social practice. The analysis focuses mainly on the memoirs, and less on epistolary documents covering the period from the 1820s to the early 1870s. This range of sources include the following: “The Journal of life and adventures of Ivan Tolchёnov”, “The merchant family Vishnyakovs’ Tale” (documents of the 1820s – 1840s), “The Memorable book” by Gerasim Khludov (records from the 1830s to 1866), “Memories of what was seen, heard and experienced” by N.A. Naidenov (notes on childhood in the 1830s and 1840s), memoirs by A.I. Volkova (notes on 1850s) and V.N. Kharuzina (notes on 1860s and early 1870s). Through analysis of the autobiographical narratives, the functioning and evolution of private spaces and intimate relations between parents and children in the process of introducing younger generations to reading are shown. The study concluded that in some Moscow merchant families, children started learning to read at the ages of four or five. The phenomenon of early literacy was directly linked, first of all, to the literacy of both parents. Usually, initial literacy training took place at home with family members such as mothers and aunts, before continuing classes with professional teachers. Exploration of the presented texts forces us to reconsider previous assessments, according to which in historiography the pre-Reform merchants were primarily seen as semiliterate, uneducated and narrow in their intellectual horizons. However, a more detailed analysis of historical sources reveals that among the upper stratum of merchants, the desire to educate children arose and was realized in a number of families already in the pre-Reform period, that is, in the late 1820s – 1850s.

Simon Malmenvall

Hermenevtiko drugega vatikanskega koncila kot »reforme v kontinuiteti« je utemeljil papež Benedikt XVI. Omenjeni dogodek papež presoja v luči skladnosti s prejšnjimi koncili in doktrinarnim izročilom Katoliške cerkve. Prvi del tega članka je posvečen konceptualnim izhodiščem pisanja zgodovine drugega vatikanskega koncila na podlagi izpeljave Benediktove hermenevtike, zlasti s pomočjo koncilske pastoralne konstitucije Gaudium et spes in razprav izbranih sodobnih rimskih teologov, ki pretežno delijo papeževo stališče. Drugi del članka se posveča reprezentativnim primerom refleksije slovenskih katoliških voditeljev in mislecev o namenu in posledicah koncila. Tako pri obravnavi mednarodnega konteksta kakor tudi slovenske refleksije se v luči Benediktove hermenevtike odraža napetost med »plemenitimi« nameni in včasih »odklonskimi« posledicami, ki jih Katoliška cerkev po koncilu ni rešila. Dojemanje dediščine drugega vatikanskega koncila se torej kaže kot nedokončan proces, na katerega vplivajo notranja razhajanja in potreba po nadaljnjem dialogu v Katoliški cerkvi sami.

Daniele Dominici

The history of the Arcetri Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. Thanks to the arrival of Garbasso in 1913, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, but also hosted brilliant young physicists such as Rita Brunetti, Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti in the '20s and Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah in the '30s, engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This internationally renowned Arcetri School dissolved in the late 1930s mainly for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other Italian or foreign universities. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics is concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods, these studies enjoyed a new expansion in the sixties thanks to the arrival of Raoul Gatto who created in Arcetri the first Italian school of theoretical physics.

Ənvər Mustafayev

Nasirəddin Əbu Səid Abdullah ibn Ömər ibn Məhəmməd əl-Bey­za­vi­nin məşhur təfsir əsəri olan “Ənvar ət-tənzil və əsrar ət-təvil”  yazı üs­lu­bu baxımından ecazkarlıq nümunələrindən hesab edilir. İslami elm­lər­lə bağlı bir çox əsər yazan alim dərin elmi biliyə malik olmuşdur. O, fiqh və fiqh üsulu kimi əqli elmlərdə də məşhur olmuşdur. Bu ba­xım­dan, alim ibadət, davranış, əxlaq, halal və haram kimi mövzuları əhatə edən fiqhi, yaxud  ehkam ayələrinin təfsirində  öz bacarığını gös­tər­miş­dir. Mənası hər kəs tərəfindən aydın olan, heç bir təfsirə və izaha eh­ti­yac olmayan ehkam ayələrinin sayı haqqında müxtəlif fikirlər səs­lən­di­ri­lir.          Təmizlik və ibadət kimi ayinlər insanın Yaradıcı qarşısında yerinə yetirməsi vascib olan önəmli öhdəliklərindən hesab edilir. Məhz bu mə­qa­lədə  ehkam ayələri baxımından Beyzavi təfsirində yer alan dəs­tə­maz, qüsl və təyəmmüm kimi təmizlik, eləcə də ibadətlərin əsası və sü­tu­nu olan namaz mövzularına toxunulub. Mövzuların işlənməsində təs­vi­ri üslubdan istifadə edilmiş, müfəssirin təmizlik və ibadət kimi mə­sə­lə­lər­lə bağlı təfsiri tədqiqat obyektinə çevrilmişdir.          Beyzavi bu kimi ayələri təfsir edərkən özündən əvvəl gələn alim­lə­rin metod və yolunu izləmiş, mənsubu olduğu şafei məzhəbinə üs­tün­lük vermişdir. Müfəssir ayələrin təfsirində hər hansı məsələdə  digər alim və məzhəb imamlarının fikir və düşüncələrini nəql edərkən, on­la­rın dəlillərini də qeyd etmişdir (Beyzavi bu kimi düşüncə və dəlilləri nəql edərkən “qilə”  (deyildi), “ruviyə” (rəvayət edildi) səpkili feilləri məc­­hul növdə işlətmiş, həmin məzhəb və ya alimlərin adlarını qeyd etməmişdir.  Bundan başqa o, qeyd edilən ehkam ayələrinin təfsirində fi­kir­lərini təsdiqləmək üçün digər ayələrdən, eləcə də hədis, icma və qi­yas kimi önəmli mənbələrdən nümunələr gətirmişdir. Beyzavi, həm­çi­nin  kəlmələrin tələffüzündə müxtəlif qiraət imamlarının oxunuşuna da to­xunmuş, təfsir etdiyi ayələrə zənginlik gətirmişdir.

Sienna R. Craig

Behzad Vasigh, roghayeh moosavi

Decorations in Iranian architecture refer to both aesthetic and infrastructural aspects such as social beliefs and religions. These sources have been effective in the way of decorations in Islamic architecture, so that the content of the image and the way of expressing that narrative are related to these tendencies. However, this process has undergone changes in different periods. Qajar period tiling is an important example of how to express the ideas and life of the people of that period. By recognizing these images, a clear and significant understanding of the cultural situation of that historical period can be obtained. It should be noted that these works of art are in danger of destruction and with their destruction an important part of Iran's cultural heritage will be lost. Iconography is that branch of the history of art which concerns itself with the subject matter or meaning of works of art, as opposed to their form. Originally, iconography referred to the description and classification of religious or artistic objects/images, while iconology referred to the interpretation of their meanings, but these two terms now tend to be used interchangeably or as closely interwoven. In order to systematise the process, Edwin Panofsky constructed an integrated frame of three levels of primary, secondary and tertiary analyses. Primary level (factual description of representations): the purpose of this is to enable the researcher to see all aspects of the object/image in order to prepare for the next level. Secondary level (iconographical analysis at a more abstract level): seeks the meanings of the signs/symbols/images presented. Tertiary level (iconological interpretation): involves seeking the deepest meaning through clarifying how the signs/symbols/images reflect the underlying principles or period in which the object/ image was created). Although Panofsky did not suggest this, an overall alternative analysis can often help by giving you another perspective through which to view the image. Topics such as feast, religious Quranic, epic, political figures, soldiers, martial themes, poetry, hunting scene, erotic, special motifs, single frame, daily life, battle, decorative motifs and Slimmi (arabesque) were examined in these images. Even as the new hybrid forms of Euro-Persian design grew more prominent in court circles, the older traditions of vegetal, geometric, and calligraphic ornament remained in use. The latter two types predominated in the decoration of Qajar religious architecture, and the arabesque was frequently engraved on metalwork during the 17th-19th centuries. In this age, this industry had unique features and characteristics. Moreover, the cities of Isfahan, Qashan, Yazid, Mashhad, Shiraz and Kerman were among the greatest ceramic centers in Iran during this period. The purpose of this study is to find the components affecting the image formation in the tiling of historical houses in Shiraz during the Qajar period. The main question of the research is to know what are the visual values ​​of iconographic designs of Shiraz’s tile decorations? The research method in this article is based on library and field methods and based on Panofsky's iconographic method. The method of collecting information is through field observation and personal perception of historical houses and library-documentary studies. In this study, 15 houses with intact tiling were examined. Image analysis was performed based on iconographic method. The houses names are Forough Al-Molk, Saadat, Tavalaee, Salehi, Modarressi, Tawhidi, Atrwash, Basiri, Owji, Tavakoli, Javaheri, Ardakani, Dokhanchi, Ziaeyan, Manteghinejad. The studied houses are located in the historical context of Shiraz and the researchers have done the research based on the photography and analysis of each photo. The study area includes a collection of eleven old neighborhoods. It can be seen that there is a clear method and a coherent narrative process in the pictures drawn on the tiles of the historical houses of the Qajar period in Shiraz. This shows that there are three trends in how the image is formed and expressed in these works. Adherence to public culture due to the use of national-lyrical and religious images, the tendency of the homeowner to modern thoughts such as images of European mansions or jobs centered on industrial technology as well as the inner desires of the individual are three major trends shaping these images. These three tendencies can be seen, not only in the general form of the image, but also in determining the color and type of expression of each narrative. Human paintings represent the highest percentage of the researched study pieces. They have been found to be highly varied and rich. In addition to including various age groups, the human paintings carried different body features, costumes and themes. Human images were used on the pieces represented by some tiling; while another tiling included portraits represented only general themes. The researched ceramic ones reflected distinguished paintings of birds, horses, fish and some animal like those which were depicted in paintings.

Bérénice Bernard

Fay Dowker, Rafael D. Sorkin

Relativistic causality (RC) is the principle that no cause can act outside its future lightcone, but any attempt to formulate this principle more precisely will depend on the foundational framework that one adopts for quantum theory. Adopting a histories-based (or "path integral") framework, we relate RC to a condition we term "Persistence of Zero" (PoZ), according to which an event $E$ of measure zero remains forbidden if one forms its conjunction with any other event associated to a spacetime region that is later than or spacelike to that of $E$. We also relate PoZ to the Bell inequalities by showing that, in combination with a second, more technical condition it leads to the quantal counterpart of Fine's patching theorem in much the same way as Bell's condition of Local Causality leads to Fine's original theorem. We then argue that RC per se has very little to say on the matter of which correlations can occur in nature and which cannot. From the point of view we arrive at, histories-based quantum theories are nonlocal in spacetime, and fully in compliance with relativistic causality.

Neelam Bano, Humaira Ahmad, Javaria Hassan et al.

Religious pluralism is growing in significance because of increasing religious diversity and increasing religious conflicts, which cause unrest in contemporary society. Muslim perennialists represent one of many groups advocating for the common goals of religious pluralism and the reaffirmation of perennial wisdom, which lies at the heart of all primordial religious traditions. The purpose of the study is to explore the principles of religious pluralism advocated by Muslim perennialist philosophers. Using the discourse analysis methodology, this study analyzed the theological validity of the Muslim perennialist perspective for articulating interfaith dialogue and co-existence in multicultural societies. By conducting this critical analysis, the study concludes that the principles of religious pluralism advocated by Muslim perennialists are the means of bringing interfaith peaceful co-existence to society.

Sergei Ivanov

This publication introduces into scientific circulation a new archival source on the history of the renovationist schism in the Russian Orthodox Church — the protocols of the meetings of the commission of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On values" under the leadership of a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Republic L.D. Trotsky. The documents were identified among the protocols of other commissions in the affairs of the Revolutionary Military Council, stored in the Russian State Military Archive. The decisions of the "On Values" Commission make it possible to reasonably judge the leading role of L.D. Trotsky in the preparation and conduct of a large church schism, including the consolidation of clergy loyal to Soviet power, sending him to provocative negotiations with Patriarch Tikhon, the issue of an opposition magazine, the organization of trials against Christians, the convening of an renovationist "local council", agitation support for schismatics, etc. The activities of the commission were conspiratorial in nature and still remained unknown to historical science. Meanwhile, it was this camouflaged structure that preceded the succession of it in October 1922 and the well-studied Commission of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on the separation of the church from the state. The texts offered to readers confirm and detail the fact of the well-managed control of secret work on the decomposition of the Russian Church by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), that is, its criminal attitude to Soviet law in the policy of planting atheism among the people of Russia.

Anton Anashkin

This work includes a translation from Latin of the epistle of Pope Sixtus (Xistus) III to Archbishop Proclus of Constantinople (437), as well as an introductory article and historical and philological commentaries. There is an information about the author and the addressee of the epistle at the beginning of the article; then its analysis is given. The epistle sheds light on the relationships between the Roman See and the See of Constantinople and the See of Thessalonica in the 430s, and also provides a better understanding of the role of the Vicariate of Thessalonica in its relationship with the Churches of Rome and Constantinople. The text was probably written as a reaction to the appeal of the Illyrian bishops to the see of Constantinople, bypassing Anastasius of Thessalonica. Turning to Proclus, Sixtus defends the jurisdictional rights of the Archbishop of Thessalonica as papal vicar in Illyricum. At the same time, Illyricum is considered by Sixtus as a region subordinate to the See of Thessalonica, as the Pope stated in his other letters. The work emphasizes the connection of the epistle with other letters of Pope Sixtus (among them Si quantum, Gratulari potius and Doctor gentium). Sixtus reminds Proclus about an incident with bishop Idduas of Smyrna as well as about his support for the judgment of the Primate of Constantinople. It seems that by this Sixtus hoped to induce Proclus to act similarly in such situations when the Illyrian bishops could turn to Constantinople looking for its support. Sixtus calls on Proclus to support Anastasius in his rights and not to accept the bishops of his region without official letters (formatae).

Roberto Casalbuoni, Daniele Dominici, Massimo Mazzoni

The history of the Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is traced from the beginning of the 20th century, with the arrival of Antonio Garbasso as Director (1913), to the 1960s. Thanks to Garbasso's expertise, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, where the Astronomical Observatory was already located, but it also formed a brilliant group of young physicists made up of Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti, Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah, who were engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This Arcetri School disintegrated in the late 1930s for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other universities, for the environment created by the fascist regime and, to some extent, for the racial laws. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics was concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods these studies enjoyed a new expansion towards the end of the 1950s, with the arrival of Giacomo Morpurgo and above all, that of Raoul Gatto, who created the first real Italian school of Theoretical Physics at Arcetri.

Irina Vorontsova

The next year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of the Renovationist schism in the Russian Church. The question of whether post-revolutionary Renovationism was a continuation of the reform movement in the Russian Church at the beginning of the 20th century is still debated among historians, and this fact forces us to turn to poorly studied primary sources. One of sources is the journal Soborny Razum. Created in 1917 by the future leaders of the Renovationist schism, the All-Russian Union of Orthodox Democratic Clergy and Laity did not have its own press, and in 1918 the journal Soborny Razum began to be published on the basis of the Association of Spiritual Writers. It published articles by both the reformers of the beginning of the century and the post-revolutionary Renovationists, who in 1922 became the central fi gures of the Renovationist schism. In this journal, the principles of church renewal that belonged to the left-wing reformers of the early 20th century and remained relevant for the postrevolutionary renovationism were laid down. The article presents the results of a study of the issues of the journal for 1918 and off ers an answer to the questions: “whether reformism and post-revolutionary renovationism were one movement”, and “whether it is possible to agree that post-revolutionary renovationism is an exclusively political phenomenon”.

Mari Jože Osredkar, Aljaž Kranjc

The article presents the Quran and hadiths as two sources for Islamic religious teachings and also introduces the translations of these two sources into the Slovene language. The article then focuses on the problems brought upon Slovenian theologians and religious scholars in their scientific treatment: so far, there have been no rules for quoting from the Quran and hadiths sources in scientific works. The authors of the article, in agreement with and consent of prof. Grabus, who is the highest authority on Islamic teaching in Slovenia, present the rules for transliterating and domesticating Arabic into Slovene and for quoting the Quran and hadiths. This article grounds the rules for the scientific discussions of Islamic sources in Slovenian.

Yael Naze

With Cyrano, Voltaire, and Verne, France provided important milestones in the history of early science fiction. However, even if the genre was not very common a few centuries ago, there were numerous additional contributions by French-speaking writers. In this paper, we review two cases of interplanetary novels written in the second half of the eighteenth century and sharing a rare particularity: their authors were female. Voyages de Milord Ceton was imagined by Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert whereas Cornelie Wouters de Wasse conceived Le Char Volant. While their personal lives were very different, and their writing style too, both authors share in these novels a common philosophy in which equality -- between ranks but also between genders -- takes an important place. Their works thus clearly fit into the context of the Enlightenment.

Mustafa Kara

Bu makalede “Teklîf ve Tahammül Kavramları Ekseninde Bakara Sûresi 286. Âyetin Muhtevasına Yönelik Bazı Mülahazalar” konusu işlenmektedir. Makalenin temel proble-mi, “Bakara sûresi 286. âyette ‘Allah hiç kimseye taşıyamayacağı bir yük yüklemez’ buy-rulduğu halde, aynı âyette ‘Ey Rabbimiz! Bizden öncekilere yüklediğin gibi bize de ağır bir yük yükleme! Ey Rabbimiz! Bize gücümüzün yetmediği şeyleri yükleme!’ şeklinde dua edilmesinin gerekçesi ne olabilir?” sorusudur. Makalenin amacı, çalışmanın temel proble-mini oluşturan soruya cevap bulmaktır. Araştırmanın temel hipotezi, Kur’ân’da bir âyeti incelerken, o âyeti hem siyâk-sibâk ilişkisi içerisinde ve -varsa- sebeb-i nüzûl rivayetleri ile birlikte değerlendirmek hem de bağlantılı olduğu başka âyetlerle beraber yorumlamak ge-rektiğidir. Bu hipotez, ilgili âyetin tüm yönleriyle açıklığa kavuşturulmasının önemini de or-taya koymaktadır. Makalenin kapsamı, Bakara sûresi 286. âyetle sınırlı tutulmaktadır. Araştırmanın yöntemi, literatür taramasına dayanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, başta Kur’ân âyetleri ve Hz. Peygamber’in (s) hadisleri olmak üzere, Bakara sûresi 286. âyetle ilgili tefsir külliyatında yer alan bilgiler ve yapılan diğer çalışmalar sentezlenerek değerlendirilmekte-dir. Makale, Giriş kısmını takip eden üç alt başlıktan meydana gelmektedir. Bu alt başlık-lar şunlardır: i. Kavramsal Çerçeve. ii. Bakara Sûresi 286. Âyetin Tahlili. iii. Makalenin Temel Sorusunun Tartışılması. Makalenin temel problemi doğrultusunda, âyetin ilk cümle-sindeki “Allah hiç kimseye taşıyamayacağı bir yük yüklemez” ifadesinin teklîf, devamın-daki “Ey Rabbimiz! Bizden öncekilere yüklediğin gibi bize de ağır bir yük yükleme! Ey Rabbimiz! Bize gücümüzün yetmediği şeyleri yükleme!” duasının ise tahammül türünden sorumluluklar içerdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Alessio Rocci

In June 1888, Oliver Heaviside received by mail an officially unpublished pamphlet, which was written and printed by the American author Willard J. Gibbs around 1881-1884. This original document is preserved in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. Heaviside studied Gibbs's work very carefully and wrote some annotations in the margins of the booklet. He was a strong defender of Gibbs's work on vector analysis against quaternionists, even if he criticized Gibbs's notation system. The aim of our paper is to analyse Heaviside's annotations and to investigate the role played by the American physicist in the development of Heaviside's work.

Günel Mustafayeva

Psixoanalizin qurucusu hesab edilən Ziqmund Freyd psixologiya tarixində olduqca böyük izlər qoymuşdur. Z.Freyd insanı tanımaq mənasında əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə hesab olunan təsbitlər etmişdir. Bu məqalədə isə Ziqmund Freydin din haqqında fikirləri, dinin mənşəyi, insan psixologiyası, həmçinin cəmiyyət həyatında dinin daşıdığı mövqeyi təhlil olunmuşdur. Buna görə dəməqalənin tədqiqat obyektinin əsasını Z.Freydin qurucusu olduğu psixoanalizvə din təşkil edir. Mövzunu daha dərindən təhlil etmək məqsədilə məqalədə Freydin yaşadığı mühit, psixologiyaya gətirdiyi yeniliklər, habelə din haqqındakı nəzəriyyələrini əhatə edən mənbələrdən istifadə olunmuşdur. Onun dinlə əlaqəli fikirləri “Totem və tabu” başda olmaqla bir çox əsərində öz əksini tapmışdır. Məhz bu mənada, “Totem və tabu” əsərinin seçilməsinin də xüsusi səbəbi vardır. Yazıldığı tarixdən yüz ildən artıq vaxt keçməsinə baxmayaraq, “Totem və tabu” əsəri bu gün də psixoanalizin klassik kitablarından sayılır. Freydə görə, tabular tanrılardan da qədim tarixə malikdir. O, bəşəriyyətin zaman içində üç əsas-animistik, dini və elmi mərhələlərdən keçdiyini iddia edirdi. Freyd bu əsərində özünün psixoanalitik nəzəriyyəsinə əsaslanaraq, insan cəmiyyətinin, mədəniyyət və sivilizasiyanın mənşəyini araşdırmağa çalışmış, habelə əxlaqi, dini və hüquqi normaların yaranması ilə bağlı özünün yeni nəzəriyyəsini yaratmışdır. Məqalədə əsas məqsəd bu fikirlərin doğruluğu, yaxud yanlışlığını ortaya qoymaqdan ibarət deyil, Freydin özünəməxsus şəkildə din ilə psixoanaliz arasındakı əlaqəni görməkdir. Bu məqsədlə də Z.Freydin psixoanalitik nəzəriyyəsi tam obyektiv olaraq təhlil edilməyə çalışılmışdır.

Hasan Yerkazan

Bu çalışmada, Ali b. Abdullah Tebrîzî (ö. 746/1346) tarafındankaleme alınan el-Kâfi fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ isimli eser örnekliğinde hicrî VIII. yüzyılda hadîs usûlününserencamı incelenmiştir. Bahse konu eser, hicrî IV. yüzyılda Râmhürmüzî’nin (ö. 360/971) el-Muḥaddis̱u’l-fâsılbeyne’r-râvi ve’l-vâʿî isimli eseri ilebaşlayan ve hicrî VII. yüzyılda İbnu’s-Salâh Şehrezûrî’nin (ö. 643/1245) ʿUlûmu’l-hadîs̱’i ile sistematik hale gelen hadîsusûlü çalışmalarının devamı niteliğindedir. Ancak bu eser, kendisinden öncekaleme alınan hadîs ilimlerinin üzerine bina edilmesine rağmen yeterincetanınmamıştır. Araştırma kapsamında müellifin hayatı hakkında bilgi verildiktensonra el-Kâfi fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ adlı eserin hadîs usûl geleneğindeki yeri, yazılış gayesi,muhtevası, kaynakları, sistematiği gibi konulara yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca bahsekonu eserin kendisinden sonra yazılan hadîs usûl çalışmalarına katkısı tetkikedilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde hadîs usûl tarihinin olgunlaşma döneminde yazılanbu eserin, birçok hadîs ilimleri ile alakalı konuyu özlü bir şekilde takdimettiği, bazı meselere geleneksel bakış açısından farklı yorumlarla zenginlikkattığı ve kendisinden sonra hadîs usûl çalışmalarını etkilediği görülmüştür.

Jacqueline H. Fewkes

This article is based on a series of interviews with a group of female Islamic scholars—alima—in Leh, Ladakh, who were the first four women from the region to receive a religious education in a formal madrassa (religious school). The women interviewed attended Jamiatus Salehat, a Deobandi religious boarding school located in Malageon Maharashtra (India), in the late 1980s. They graduated in 1991, returning to Ladakh to teach religion in the area. Today, these four women conduct public religious teachings for women in both Leh and Nubra valleys, and educate their family members about Islam as well. Segments of interviews conducted in 2012 with three of these alima of Ladakh are provided here to create portraits of the women that reflect their thoughts and experiences in their own voices. While these interviews illustrate the ways that local and global practices of 'being Muslim' are mutually constitutive, they suggest many other narratives as well. Unedited interview transcripts are therefore the focal point of this perspective piece to provide readers with a sense of other possibilities of interpretation and resist the formation of a dominating unified narrative.