Hasil untuk "Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania"

Boris Caroline A Andrew S Mari Amir Molla Oladimeji M Mo Bikbov Purcell Levey Smith Abdoli Abebe Adebayo Af, B. Bikbov, Caroline A. Purcell et al.

Summary Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Theo Christine Megha Ryan M Zulfiqar A Alexandria Austi Vos Allen Arora Barber Bhutta Brown Carter Casey C, T. Vos, Christine Allen et al.

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Adedamola Adetiba

Putri Yasmin

Tradisi ngubur ari-ari sudah ada sejak dahulu, bagi masyarakat Sunda mengubur ari-ari sebagai rasa syukur karena telah membantu melindungi bayi selama di dalam kandungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pemaknaan dalam tradisi ngubur ari-ari masyarakat Sunda di Desa Mekar Kondang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan penelitian ini dilakukan pada masyarakat Sunda di wilayah Desa Mekar Kondang, Kecamatan Sukadiri, Kabupaten Tangerang. Dalam proses ngubur ari-ari terdapat 9 tahap yang harus dilakukan secara sistematis, terdapat satu proses yang menarik dan berbeda dengan wilayah lainnya yaitu sang Ayah menggunakan kopiah atau kerudung berdasarkan jenis kelamin bayi. Terdapat pemaknaan yang menarik dalam setiap proses yang dilakukan saat ngubur ari-ari. Kata kunci: Ngubur Ari-Ari, Antropolinguistik, Semantik Kultural

Elliot M. Mncwango

An analysis of the use of demonstratives in isiZulu (izabizwana zokukhomba) has shown that they go beyond the known deictic functions of demonstratives as used in other languages like English. In isiZulu, demonstratives tend to also denote specificity, a function normally performed by the definite article in English. This article, therefore, compares the functions of articles in English to those of demonstratives in isiZulu, with the aim to demonstrate the similarities in terms of use between the two languages. This added function of demonstratives, it is argued, may account for some of the errors in English second language learners’ use of articles, as evidenced by data from written exercises of learners whose first language is isiZulu. The findings suggest that second language learners of English tend to confuse articles because of the differences between the two languages, especially during their (learners’) interlanguage stage. Contribution: The article highlights a significant difference in the use of demonstratives between English and isiZulu due to the added function of specificity in isiZulu demonstrative (isabizwana sokukhomba) which is performed by the definite article in English. It also demonstrates how, without an article system, isiZulu can convey meaning like any language with an article system.

Moffat Sebola

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s fiction, namely, Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sun, Americanah and The Thing Around Your Neck generally reflects an intersection of black women’s experiences in a variety of contexts. In Adichie’s fiction, motifs that feature in the domain of identity politics and gender discourse are brought into critical focus. Among these motifs are appraisals of African names, stereotyping complexions, racialisations of hair and other themes such as the commodification of the female body. In Adichie’s fiction, these aspects are thematised as key features of black women’s identity and therefore worth considering in identity politics and gender discourse. In this article, Adichie’s Dear Ijeawele or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions is relied upon as a summary of her authorial vision, ideology and feminist outlook. This article appreciates how Adichie seeks to reposition postcolonial hermeneutics on black women’s identity by bringing to light some challenges that are faced by these women in her fiction. Adichie’s fiction is appraised for its aim to widen the contemporary African critique-scape on racial, gender and identity issues.

آرزو پوریزدان پناه کرمانی

یکی از موضوعات مهم زندگی بشر امروز و به تبع آن یکی از مهم‌ترین مختصّات پسامدرنیسم، عدم قطعیت است. نفوذ این اصل به حوزة ادبیّات و تأثیرپذیری رمان از آن سبب جذّابیت هرچه بیشتر رمان‌های مدرن و پست‌مدرن برای خواننده و مشارکت هرچه بیشتر خواننده در خوانش رمان شده‌است. رمان «دیلمزاد» اثر محمّد رودگر یکی از رمان‌های برگزیدة دفاع مقدّس است که در آن از عوامل گوناگونی برای ایجاد تشکیک و عدم قطعیت بهره‌گرفته شده‌است و ساخت‌مایة اصلی آن را عدم قطعیت تشکیل می‌دهد.در جستار حاضر، جلوه‌های متفاوت عدم قطعیت در رمان «دیلمزاد» با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی بررسی و از این رهگذر تمهیدات نویسنده برای ایجاد عدم قطعیت و قراردادن خواننده در مرز باور و ناباوری تحلیل شده‌است. یافته‌های تحقیق حکایت از آن دارد که در این رمان، عدم قطعیت در سطوح زبانی، روایت، شخصیّت‌پردازی، زاویة دید و زمان و مکان داستان نمود یافته و از این میان، در سطح زبانی رمان از برجستگی خاصّی برخوردار است. همچنین نویسنده با داستانی‌کردن واقعیت و آمیختن خیال و واقعیت به همراه بی‌توجّهی به رابطة علّت و معلولی در داستان، بر تشکیک مخاطب و عدم قطعیت داستان افزوده است.

刘念

本研究基于 Lakoff & Johnson (1980) 关于本体隐喻的观点，在 Link (2013) 观察到的英语中名词偏好与汉语中动词偏好的基础上，选取两种语言中的代表性报纸建立语料库进行比较研究，结果证实了两种语言对于名词与动词的偏好显著不同：汉语文本中的名词相对于动词的比例显著低于英语中的比例，显示了与英语名词偏好相迥异的汉语动词偏好。此外，本研究进一步考察了以英语为母语的汉语学习者的汉语写作，探究其汉语写作是否因受到母语英语的影响而显示出不同于汉语母语者动词偏好的语言使用。结果表明，这些汉语学习者在汉语写作中使用动词的比例明显低于汉语母语者，表现出较低的动词偏好。本研究通过语料库研究和统计分析，用实证的方法验证了汉语与英语中动词与名词偏好不同的理论假设，同时也揭示出对外汉语教学中也会遇到的此类词性偏好问题，并对如何改进教学提出了具体的建议。

van Doorslaer, Luc

This contribution first explores the position of Journalistic Translation Research within the discipline of Translation Studies and, subsequently, describes the relevance of relating it to imagological approaches. It presents a case study that analyses how journalistic discourse in current Dutch-language newspapers (both from the Netherlands and Belgium) represents South Africa(ns). Five recurring images and topical fields are distinguished. They do not only build the imageme, i.e. the imagological range of presentations for South Africa(ns) in Dutch-language journalistic representations, but also confirm the constructed character of national and cultural image-building.

Bernard Odendaal

Justin Eduviere Agheyisi, Iro Aghedo

There is a climate of insecurity in Nigeria owing to pervasive violent crime across the country. Although the wide socio-economic gap between the rich and the poor, high rate of unemployment, and governance deficit are blamed for rising insecurity, analysts often neglect the role of the built environment. Informal housing and unplanned neighborhoods are often stigmatized as spaces of crime in the global South. Drawing from the conceptual framework of permeability and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), we investigate the vulnerability of residential neighborhoods to security threats in Benin City. Vulnerability was interrogated at two levels. At the neighborhood level, our findings showed that environmental risk factors associated with informal housing and incremental development render the neighborhoods permeable and limit crime policing. At the residential level, our findings revealed that inappropriate target hardening limits natural surveillance and communal use of outhouse facilities renders homes indefensible. Situational crimes such as burglary and robbery are high in the absence of regular police patrols and neighborhood watch. Conclusions point to the need to incorporate informal housing and environmental risk factors into CPTED literature in the context of the cities in the global South, establishment of neighborhood or community policing to partner with the Nigerian police in crime fighting, and settlement upgrading to enhance natural surveillance, police patrol and rapid response to distress calls in the event of criminal attacks.

Ryan Eka Rahmawati, Nurul Awaliyah Mukhlis, Ida Laila

Artikel ini membahas Penerapan Pembelajaran Mendengarkan Berbasis Karakter di Pondok Pesantren Kelas IV MI Unggulan Roudlotul Ulum Pilang Sidoarjo (Pra-Covid-19 dan Selama Pandemi Covid-19). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan penelitian kualitatif. Serta teknik analisis data menggunakan Miles dan Huberman Model. Teknik analisis data terdiri dari beberapa tahap, yaitu pengurangan data, tampilan data, dan verifikasi data. Mata pelajaran penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa kelas empat di Pondok Pesantren Uggulan Roudlotul Ulum Pilang Sidoarjo. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan di Pondok Pesantren Kelas IV MI Unggulan Roudlotul Ulum Pilang Sidoarjo tentang Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Mendengarkan Berbasis Karakter sebelum pandemi dan selama pandemi Covid-19, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Pertama, pelaksanaan pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia berbasis karakter di masa pra pandemi dan selama pandemi Covid-19 menekankan dua hal, yaitu aktivitas sumber daya manusia dan pencapaian proses pembelajaran. Kedua, mengenai kendala yang dihadapi guru selama proses pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia berbasis karakter, yaitu pada masa pra-pandemi (offline) muncul kendala dalam hal bahan ajar yang guru tidak memaksimalkan internet. Sementara online (masa pandemi) guru memaksimalkan internet namun tidak memantau keseriusan siswa. Keywords: Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Keterampilan Mendengarkan, Pendidikan Karakter

Joy O. Uguru, Chukwuma O. Okeke

This study centres on reflecting the pronunciation of lemmas in a proposed multilingual dictionary of Lukumi, Olukumi and Yoruba. It shows how the differences and similarities in their pronunciation can be displayed in the proposed dictionary. Lukumi is spoken in Cuba while Olukumi and Yoruba are spoken in Nigeria. The parent language, Yoruba, was used as a reference point to highlight the etymology of Lukumi and Olukumi as well as to buttress their similarities. Two downloaded Lukumi wordlists making up 134 words were used to elicit information on Olukumi equivalents through oral interview. Twenty-two words are used as sample entries. Following Mashamaite's method of promoting the compilation of bilingual dictionaries between African languages, the study presents Lukumi as the source language while Olukumi and Yoruba are the target languages; English translations of the lemmas are shown. The pronunciation of the lemmas is given alongside their meanings and grammatical categories. No dictionary of any Nigerian language has pronunciation of headwords given; hence this study is a positive innovation; also, the display of pronunciation provides evidence of the similarities shared by the three languages. The transcription of the lemmas serves as a good learning aid for the language learners. The dictionary will go a long way to preserve the endangered Lukumi and Olukumi languages.

Mojapelo, Mampaka Lydia

This article discusses one of the meanings expressed by the associative copulative construction with -na le, ‘have’ in Northern Sotho, namely to ‘physically experience discomfort’, ‘suffer from’ or ‘be ill with’ something. In light of alternative available verbs that are employed to express the same concept in specific ways, this article aims to investigate the occurrence of such alternative verbs, their semantic relationship with -na le ‘have’ and with each other. A lexical semantics investigation involving verb classes, selectional restrictions and paradigmatic sense relations reveals that -na le ‘have’ functions as a superordinate in a troponymy relationship with these verbs. It also shows that these verbs are not on the same level in the hierarchical scheme, placing -bolaya ‘kill’, -tshwenya ‘trouble’ and -swara ‘catch’/ ‘hold’ just below -na le ‘have’ as they select both body-part and affliction arguments. The rest of the verbs are positioned on a lower level, selecting either body-part or affliction.

Hiroshi KIYOMATSU

Saburo Ikeda was a cartoonist who played an active role in pre-war Japan. He preferred a manga manbun style, which combines cartoon with prose, and his many works reference both financial circles and the literary world. In 1939, he travelled to China, where he worked as a war correspondent. His reports appeared in many magazines alongside various titles, cartoons, and writings. The purpose of this study is to analyze and review Ikeda’s reports and to clarify their significance in the context of wartime media regulations. Comparing Ikeda’s articles, we found that they each have different features. The flexibility of Ikeda’s reports is such that they can be reconstituted to play different roles according to the context (e.g., popular entertainment magazines, financial magazines, and women’s literary magazines). Ikeda’s reports about the Dading rural area were requested during the Pacific War as a form of wartime propaganda presenting Japan in a positive light in Mainland China. Results indicate that the reports, as a function of their diversity, held a special position in the spectrum of contemporary photographs, cartoons, and reportage regarding China.

Jeffrey Murray

The contemporary Afrikaans poet Charl-Pierre Naudé is one of the most promising voices in South African poetry today. Following two award-winning Afrikaans collections, Naudé s debut collection in English, Against the Light (2007), demonstrates learned intertexual references to classical literature, particularly the Roman poets Horace and Catullus. These Latin poets become competing models for Naudé’s own poetics, either passionate and personal, or political and pastoral. In post-apartheid South Africa, after a period of dramatic social change, ultimately Catullus offers himself as the more compelling poetic model for this South African writer.

Annika Mouton

Gallelli, Beatrice

Following the profound changes in the Chinese socio-economic structure in the Post-Mao era (1976-), Chinese political language is also undergoing rapid changes – it is becoming more abstract and depoliticised. Alongside the Marxist-Leninist rhetoric, political language has enhanced its power by using concepts and linguistic forms which belong to traditional Chinese culture. The ‘Chinese dream’, the concept fostered by the current Chinese leadership, is a clear expression of this trend. In the view of the fifth generation of Chinese leaders, with president Xi Jinping at its ‘core’, the ‘Chinese dream’ is a grand process of ‘national renaissance’ following a century of ‘humiliation’ at the hands of the West and Japan, and is about to be realized. From this perspective, it is shared by all Chinese people and it will satisfy the dreams of all Chinese. But what exactly does this ‘common Chinese dream’ mean, and what does the metaphor of the dream obscure? In order to answer these questions and scrutinise the ideology which upholds Chinese political discourse, one of the most interesting levels of analysis is that of its figurative language, particularly metaphor. In light of Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) important contribution, the analysis of the meaning of the ‘Chinese dream’ is conducted through the examination and interpretation of the conceptual metaphors as used by Xi Jinping in two of his speeches, where he explains this concept. Metaphor is one of the most powerful persuasive means used by politicians, hence, its analysis is a useful tool for discovering and understanding the current Chinese leadership’s rhetoric strategy and its principal goals.

Leendert Dekker

No abstract available

Eziakor Michael Obiora