Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

Kamilla L. Lomborg, Carolina Cucart-Mora, Jan-Olaf Reschke et al.

In a world of drastic climatic and ecological changes, our knowledge of how the environment influenced hominin behaviour is of the utmost importance. Archaeology plays a key role in this domain, as it is the only discipline that studies empirical evidence of past societies’ responses to environmental change. Computational models generating predictions about past climatic and ecological conditions are vital for understanding the archaeological record and how these factors shaped the dispersal of hominins out of Africa and into Eurasia during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene. In this paper, various models for past reconstructions of climatic and ecological conditions and simulation techniques are presented to provide an overview of the diverse approaches, possibilities, advantages and constraints of using computational reconstructions in archaeological research. Focusing on studies of hominin dispersals out of Africa and into Eurasia during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene, this paper discusses the links between environmental factors and hominin dispersal behaviour. The use of simulation techniques to represent hominin populations, such as cellular automata or agent-based modelling, can contribute to connecting small-scale environment-induced influences on hominins to large-scale patterns, supported by ecological theories of species survival and spatial behaviour. Collectively, these approaches provide an elaborate foundation for understanding environmental influences on past hominin dispersals.

Guilherme Santos Gomes, Priscila Ribeiro Gomes, Leticia de Luna Freire

Este artigo analisa o impacto do Centro de Memória da Escola Municipal Friedenreich na prática pedagógica da instituição, destacando sua contribuição à educação patrimonial. A pesquisa adota abordagem qualitativa, com revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e observação de atividades educativas. O estudo contextualiza a resistência da escola à tentativa de remoção entre 2009 e 2013, durante os preparativos para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Palavras-chave: E. M. Friedenreich; prática pedagógica; centro de memória; identidade.

Mustakimov I.A., Abzalov L.F., Gatin M.S. et al.

Research objectives: To characterize the legal status of a basqaq, daruga and shihne in the Turkic-Mongol states during the epoch of the Mongol Empire and its uluses, as well as to prove of the authentication of these offices. Authors intend to clarify the basic rights and obligations of these officers and their position in the administrative structure on a base of legal monuments, official acts, chronicles, and historical works. The first part of the article is an analysis of shihne institution. Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are historical sources including decrees of rulers, historical chronicles and political treatises as well as results of previous researches. Authors use structure functional analysis historical legal method, comparative historical and comparative legal approach, institutional analysis, critical analysis of sources and researches. Scientific novelty: It is the first attempt at research of problem of correlation of the terms “basqaq” and “daruga” and as well as their Persian analogue “shihne” on a base of legal acts on the appointment for these office. Also, it is the first Russian translation of three yarlyks on the appointment of shihne from the “Dastur al-katib fi ta‘yin al-maratib” by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, which are studied using an interdisciplinary approach. Results of the research: The authors find that shihne was a special officer who represented the interests of the ruler (sultan, khan, ilkhan) in the certain region. His functions included providing stability for the region while ensuring the loyalty of its population using different ways including forced and procedural methods. This office could function at the different levels of administrations – from the region (vilayet, ulus) to smaller settlements. The second, forthcoming part of the article will be devoted to the comparative analysis of the status of shihne with that of basqaq and daruga and the evolution of these offices in the Turkic-Mongol states.

K. Mieliekiestsev

This article examines the role of auxiliary sciences of history in recording, documenting, and verifying the architectural heritage of cities in Donetsk Oblast amid the full-scale war of Moscow against Ukraine. It analyzes methods from historical geography, toponymy, heritage studies, photodocumentation, and source criticism, which allow the reconstruction of information on destroyed, transformed, or under-researched sites and counteract disinformation practices employed by occupying authorities. Using the examples of Kostiantynivka and the Kalmius district, the study highlights differences in data accessibility and the impact of digital resources on forming a comprehensive picture of the region’s cultural heritage. The article addresses the loss of authentic sites, transformations of memorial and sacred architecture, and challenges posed by outdated state registries, emphasizing the importance of independent documentation. The creation of a digital register of lost and preserved architectural sites in Donetsk region provides a platform for restoring local historical memory, supporting restoration initiatives, and countering information warfare methods. The research demonstrates that integrating auxiliary sciences of history with modern digital tools has both national and international significance, offering methodological approaches for cultural heritage preservation in conflict zones and serving as a model for the protection and restoration of historical environments globally.

E.V. Pchelov

The article reveals a number of aspects of research in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor R.A. Simonov (1929–2023). The author shows that the scientist has demonstrated the unpro- ductiveness of highly specialized knowledge when it is aimed at absolute self- sufficiency and isolation from other, even related sciences. Only the interaction of various auxiliary historical disciplines is relevant – chronology and metro- logy, paleography and emblematics, numismatics and heraldry, etc.

Andy Gale, S. Batenburg, R. Coccioni et al.

1 School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO13QL UK; *Corresponding author, E-mail:andy.gale@port.ac.uk 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD UK 3 Departament de Dinamica de la Terra i de l’Ocea, Facultat di Ciences de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Campus Scientifico “E. Mattei”, 61029 Urbino, Italy 5 Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02–089 Warszawa, Poland 6 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy 7 Geological Survey of Canada, 1500–605 Robson Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5J3 Canada 8 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma–machi, Kanazawa 920–1192, Japan 9 SNSB Jura Museum, Eichstatt, Germany 10 Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK 11 Department of Earth Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13AN, UK 12 Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30–059 Krakow, Poland 13 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX13PW, UK 14 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark 15 Institute of Geosciences, Goethe–University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 16 Department of Geology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, A–1090, Austria now at: Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” di Chieti–Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy

Xin Wu

The sacred landscape of Central Asia consisted of various religions and ritual practices that grew out of local traditions. The latest archaeological excavations of the Iron Age cultic structures in Central Asia reveal a diverse array of ritual and religious practices during the Achaemenid period. Textual and artefactual evidence confirms the coexistence of various belief systems in Bactria and Sogdia, with the Achaemenid form of Zoroastrianism (or Mazdeism) among the practiced religions. The deity of the Amu Darya/Oxus River held widespread reverence. The Achaemenid dominion over Central Asia left a lasting impact on the region’s sacred landscape, achieved not through direct imperial interference but through providing material support to the local religious institutions. Many traditions observed during the Achaemenid period endured over time, remaining fully operational throughout the subsequent Hellenistic era.

Osimjon T. Mirmukhamedov, B.P. Ashrapov

The article dwells on the issue concerned with semantical peculiarities and level of usage of nominal compound verbs with non-active auxiliary verbs on the example of a nominal archaic component in the historical writing entitled as “Ta`rikhi Bayhaqi”. There is noted a large considerable number of nominal compound verbs used as auxiliary verbs in terms of their original meanings. It is worth mentioning that such kinds of verbs were used as nominal components consisting of the following items: nominal base of certain simple nominal verbs; nominal base of a number of causative forms; verbs formed from on base of the present tense of verbs by dint of suffixes; adjectives and verb adjectives, etc. Adducing the result of the analysis concerned with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that the number of non-active auxiliary verbs is not less in terms of their usage. Some of them were active in verb-building appertaining to the Middle Persian language, but they lost this peculiarity in the new period of Tajik language development.

J. Aleksić

This study is a part of a doctoral research project entitled Life and Work of Milorad Ekmečić (1928-2015), during which we realized that this distinguished Yugoslavian and Serbian historian in the late stage of his scientific career had shown particular interest in the problems of modern methodology of history. Studying his methodological work, which was very significant in the sense of quality if not volume, we came to the conclusion that he managed to achieve considerable results in that field, applying particular multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach. With his intellectual calmness, but also with experiential concern, he observed the world around him and the new problems faced by historiography at the turn of the century. He detected them on several levels: matter of periodization of contemporary history; philosophy and the sense of history after finalization of the Cold War conflict; the consumer society as a syntagm for contemporary history; the lack of auxiliary historical sciences which would study reports of contemporary media; the alteration of the nature of historical sources; the need to strengthen the outer and inner criticism; and the censorship and auto-censorship phenomena. In this context, he tried to offer authentical answers to numerous challenges of contemporary methodology and open new horizons for further research of this demanding scientific matter.

Govindjee Govindjee

In August 1958, the late Robert (Bob) Emerson (19031959; see Rabinowitch, 1959) delivered a very important (i.e., of high significance) historical lecture where he presented his speculations concerning the synergistic role of light absorbed by accessory pigments (e.g., chlorophyll b, phycobilins, and fucoxanthol) and chlorophyll a in diverse groups of algae. It was published in the November 1958 News Bulletin of the Phycological Society of America, and is reproduced below (Emerson and Chalmers, 1958; note that his coauthor, Ruth Chalmers, was his highly talented technical assistant). Emerson had three brief abstracts on this topic, all presented at the annual meetings of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences (Emerson, Chalmers, Cederstrand, and Brody, 1956; Emerson, 1957; Emerson, 1958), and his key (highly recognized) paper on the synergistic effect of light absorbed in chlorophyll b on photosynthesis by light absorbed in chlorophyll a in the green alga Chlorella was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Emerson, Chalmers and Cederstrand, 1957).

Corinne Porte

Александр Владимирович Логинов, М.А. Щекочихина

В статье рассматривается возникновение метода критики источников в Раннее Новое время. Поскольку возникновение критики грамот было вызвано необходимостью определять юридическую подлинность документов, она испытала сильнейшее влияние права. Делается вывод о влиянии норм Corpus Iuris Civilis на дискуссии об определении подлинности документов в трактатах юристов и учёных-эрудитов, занимавшихся определением подлинности грамот как исторических источников. The article focuses on the emergence of the method of historical criticism in the Early Modern Age. Since the emergence of criticism was caused by the need to determine authenticity of documents, it experienced the strongest influence of law. The article concludes about the influence of the Corpus Iuris Civilis norms on the discussions regarding the determination of the authenticity of documents in the treatises of lawyers and scholars, who were specifically engaged in determining the authenticity of letters as historical sources.

R. Platonov

The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPhRAS), held in 2021. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of IPhRAS's contribution to the study of Aristotle's ethics within the framework of domestic Aristotelian studies, to note the main works of IPhRAS employees in this field. The material of the article is aimed not only at summing up the results to a significant date, but can be used as an auxiliary reference point in the domestic research literature by all those interested in the ethics of Aristotle. The article examines the articles and monographs of IPhRAS employees, makes brief descriptions of the most significant ideas expressed in them, analyzes the general process of development of Aristotle's ethics research in IPhRAS. The result of the conducted research is the identification of two directions in the study of Aristotle's ethics by IPhRAS employees – philosophical-theoretical and historical-philosophical. Within the framework of the first direction, two types are also distinguished: those aimed at the theoretical reconstruction of Aristotle's teaching on morality itself and those that turn to Aristotle's works in search of modern significant concepts. The second direction is represented by translation work, structural and comparative analysis of Aristotle's texts in order to reproduce them as accurately as possible and clarify individual concepts and statements. The main conclusion of the study is the statement that IPhRAS has not yet developed a holistic school in the approach to the study of Aristotle's ethics, and also that the two discovered areas of research are being implemented separately from each other. However, in both directions, researchers proceed largely from the analysis of the philosophical language of the Stagirite, which makes not only historical and philosophical works significant for philosophical and theoretical ones, but also vice versa. Also, despite a relatively short history, the study of Aristotle's ethics at IPhRAS has a systematic nature, all generations of employees are involved in it, which promises its further successful development.

Nicole Fuenzalida, Catalina Olivares-Del-Real

The purpose of this article is to present some of the considerations that arose following the development of an experience of caregiving for teams of professionals who support, investigate, and collect testimonies on human rights violations and the processing of Chile’s dictatorial past. The care experience was based on the psychodrama method, applied in workshop format, over three sessions of approximately two hours each, throughout the months when the interviews of the oral archive project “Resistir Recordando” (2019) were being designed and implemented. This process lasted a year. The project had an archaeological-anthropological approach, developed under the auspices of the Borgoño Memory Corporation, a collective dedicated to building a memorial site for the former secret detention, torture, and extermination center Cuartel Borgoño (1977-1989), located in Santiago, Chile. A qualitative analysis of the instruments used in the care workshop, especially letter writing, observation, and personal notes, is presented to explain the approaches, focus decisions, scopes, and projections. From a perspective that gathers the principles of Dussel’s ethics and multisite ethnography, and that understands the social actors as collaborators, the text discusses the notion of otherness implied in memory work. We conclude that, in general, memory work and research on human rights violations, focused on the testimonial-victim voice, deploy self-care actions that pathologize and individualize the problem. This article proposes that we should consider the figure of professionals and the field of memory as a working space susceptible of being cared for. This opens a new field of discussion on the practice of caring for professional teams, which implies considering other places of enunciation and listening, from the recognition of the density that acquires the treatment of “our catastrophe,” the otherness involved in memory work, and the unresolved nature of the violence it entails.

Serhii Olhovskyi

У статті аналізується рівень розвитку бронзоливарного ремесла у Північному Причорномор’ї у VI-V ст. до н.е. Автор дійшов висновку, що всупереч традиційній думці про виняткову роль античних колоній в історії місцевого населення, кольорова металооб-робка у грецьких колоніях поступалася скіфській за обсягом і складністю технологічних прийомів. Така точка зору сформувалася у результаті певної лакуни у дослідженні скіфських пам’яток осілого побуту, яка трималася до 50-х рр. ХХ ст., коли розпочалися широкі дослідження скіфських городищ лісостепової зони. Практично на кожному великому городищі виявлено яскраві сліди місцевої металообробки, які за кількістю й якістю значно перебільшують ольвійські. Аналіз решток металообробного ремесла в Ольвії й у Нижньому Побужжі в цілому дає можливість стверджувати, що у зазначений час в Ольвії і на поселеннях її хори, на Березанському й Ягорлицькому поселеннях здебільшого працювали бродячі майстри – вихідці із варварського середовища – Балкано-Карпатського басейну, лісостепової зони України, Північного Кавказу і, навіть, Волго-Уралля та Західного Сибіру.

Nanette Paz Liberona Concha, Evelyn López San francisco

El año 2007 se instala el programa de Refugio en Iquique, debido al aumento de solicitudes en la región de Tarapacá. En 2010 se dicta la Ley de Refugio en Chile, no obstante, a partir de entonces, tanto las solicitudes de asilo como las concesiones de protección comienzan a disminuir, alcanzando cifras irrisorias en 2012. Nuestra participación en el Programa Refugio y un Diagnóstico Participativo con mujeres colombianas solicitantes de refugio, han dilucidado algunos aspectos al respecto. Se identifica que en la región existe una instancia preliminar al proceso de solicitud de asilo, de “pre admisibilidad”. El ingreso irregular es un motivo determinante para la inadmisibilidad al proceso. El principal factor que propende el ingreso irregular es la negación del ingreso a Chile. Como consecuencia, los solicitantes de asilo no admitidos en el proceso, optan por la permanencia clandestina en el país. Quienes son reconocidos como solicitantes o refugiados quedan sujetos al asistencialismo desmovilizador del sistema humanitario internacional o al desconocimiento de su condición por parte de instituciones claves y de la comunidad en general, situación que se traduce en discriminación y racismo...

Mónica Amparo Ayala Esparza, Galo Fernando Gallardo Carrillo, Miguel Molina-Alarcón

In Ecuador, bottles as containers for liquids appeared in the Late Formative period at the end of the Machalilla culture (1600 BC to 800 BC). Whistle bottles were created and perfected during the Chorrera culture (900 BC to 100 BC), and finally evolved into polyphonic bottles during the Bahía culture (500 BC to 650 AD). During the Chorrera phase, moulded aesthetic elements were developed and incorporated:, such as zoomorphs and anthropomorphs, phytomorphs, architectural forms, whose animated references were related to the acoustics they produced, giving 'onomatopoeic' sounds of nature (e.g. birds, monkeys, frogs). The current research focused on the structural and systematic study of a double ellipsoid ornithomorph bottle with a whistle from the Chorrera-Bahía culture (900 BC to 100 BC), an object that is currently in the National Archaeological Reserve of the Ministry of Culture in the city of Quito, Republic of Ecuador (Ch-B-1-38-69) (Figure 1). Two replicas and the original were investigated in situ by the Universidad Central del Ecuador and it was possible to determine that both blowing into and moving the objects when filled with water produced the sound. We interpret this as a need to 'automate' the sound production, and the acoustics derived from the movement of water is what possibly motivated Crespo (1966) to call them 'magical objects'.

Софија Лазаревић

Овај рад износи основне поставке теорије Ајрис Јанг која, насупрот идеалу универзалног грађанства и једнакости жена истиче неопходност структурне и историјске анализе положаја различитих категорија жена. У њеним размишљањима се могу наћи елементи феминистичких теорија, политичке филозофије, марксизма и афроамеричке филозофије истичући важност и анализу положаја жена, структурно, али и историјски. Први део рада се бави темом одговорности и права где Јанг позива своје читаоце да размишљају о одговорности и обавезама друштва у стварању правде/исправљању неправде. У другом делу рада се говори о универзалном грађанству и остваривању једнаког права за све у друштву. Следећи део рада се тиче партиципативне демократије и хетерогене јавности. Уместо универзалног грађанства залаже се за групно диференцирано грађанство и хетерогену јавност. Јангова се не задржава само на критици споменутих теорија, него нуди и алтернативно решење засновано управо на њеним ставовима који представљају комбинацију феминизма, марксизма и теорија парципативне демократије.

Isabel Pombo Cardoso

This paper is the fifth of a series and focuses on tracing the history of the use of gypsum based products as well as of the use of ground layers, centred on a review of published analytical evidence. The purpose is to contribute for the understanding of these long traditions which led to the choice of specific materials and practices used for producing gilding grounds in southern Europe. In fact, several practices and the raw material gypsum used in gilded surfaces do have an extremely long tradition, which can be traced back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. The systematic use of these materials, especially the use of ground layers for decoration and other purposes, suggests not only an intention but also, somehow, the notion of a complex concept, the concept of a composite material, even at these very early periods, from which gilding origins. In addition, the particular case of Portugal shows that aspects such as religious, political, and sociocultural influences played a central role in the choice of gypsum as the raw material, which was curiously used exclusively for gilding.

C. Langlois, C. Seignobos, F. Powell