Hasil untuk "Marketing. Distribution of products"

Xiaoyu Luo, Amr Zaitoon, L. Lim

Intelligent food packaging system exhibits enhanced communication function by providing dynamic product information to various stakeholders (e.g., consumers, retailers, distributors) in the supply chain. One example of intelligent packaging involves the use of colorimetric indicators, which when subjected to external stimuli (e.g., moisture, gas/vapor, electromagnetic radiation, temperature), display discernable color changes that can be correlated with real-time changes in product quality. This type of interactive packaging system allows continuous monitoring of product freshness during transportation, distribution, storage, and marketing phases. This review summarizes the colorimetric indicator technologies for intelligent packaging systems, emphasizing on the types of indicator dyes, preparation methods, applications in different food products, and future considerations. Both food and nonfood indicator materials integrated into various carriers (e.g., paper-based substrates, polymer films, electrospun fibers, and nanoparticles) with material properties optimized for specific applications are discussed, targeting perishable products, such as fresh meat and fishery products. Colorimetric indicators can supplement the traditional "Best Before" date label by providing real-time product quality information to the consumers and retailers, thereby not only ensuring product safety, but also promising in reducing food waste. Successful scale-up of these intelligent packaging technologies to the industrial level must consider issues related to regulatory approval, consumer acceptance, cost-effectiveness, and product compatibility.

R. Fildes, Shaohui Ma, S. Kolassa

This paper first introduces the forecasting problems faced by large retailers, from the strategic to the operational, from the store to the competing channels of distribution as sales are aggregated over products to brands to categories and to the company overall. Aggregated forecasting that supports strategic decisions is discussed on three levels: the aggregate retail sales in a market, in a chain, and in a store. Product level forecasts usually relate to operational decisions where the hierarchy of sales data across time, product and the supply chain is examined. Various characteristics and the influential factors which affect product level retail sales are discussed. The data rich environment at lower product hierarchies makes data pooling an often appropriate strategy to improve forecasts, but success depends on the data characteristics and common factors influencing sales and potential demand. Marketing mix and promotions pose an important challenge, both to the researcher and the practicing forecaster. Online review information too adds further complexity so that forecasters potentially face a dimensionality problem of too many variables and too little data. The paper goes on to examine evidence on the alternative methods used to forecast product sales and their comparative forecasting accuracy. Many of the complex methods proposed have provided very little evidence to convince as to their value, which poses further research questions. In contrast, some ambitious econometric methods have been shown to outperform all the simpler alternatives including those used in practice. New product forecasting methods are examined separately where limited evidence is available as to how effective the various approaches are. The paper concludes with some evidence describing company forecasting practice, offering conclusions as to the research gaps but also the barriers to improved practice.

T. Hennig-Thurau, C. Wiertz, Fabian Feldhaus

Theeranun Janjarasskul, P. Suppakul

Xinyan Zhang, Haiyan Song, George Q. Huang

Nava Ashraf, James Berry, Jesse M. Shapiro

Tin-Chih Toly Chen, Yu-Cheng Wang, Yi-Chi Wang

Suitable facility location selection for customer-required capacity localization is an emerging topic in semiconductor supply chain management. However, this topic has not been thoroughly investigated. For this reason, an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)-interpreted fuzzy group decision-making (FGDM) approach is proposed in this study to assist a wafer foundry company in selecting suitable facility locations for customer-required capacity localization. The XAI-interpreted FGDM approach aims to overcome the shortcomings of existing visualization tools and techniques for explaining the facility location selection process. To this end, several new visualization tools and methods have been proposed, including hanging gradient bar charts, gradient bidirectional scatterplots, and hanging gradient bar charts for traceable aggregation. After applying the XAI-interpreted FGDM approach to a real case, the new XAI tools enhanced the explainability of the facility location selection process and results. The advantage over the existing XAI tools was up to 36 %. In addition, Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis results showed that the factors that impact the assessment results most may be inconsistent with the original judgments of domain experts.

Anna Maria Tri Anggraini, Maya Indrasti Notoprayitno

The existence of a consumer protection law and the ratification of the CRPD by the Indonesian government is expected to guarantee the safety and comfort of consumers, including persons with disabilities. Therefore, the problem of comparative regulation and institutional, as well as the supervision of the implementation of public services for persons with disabilities, is raised in Indonesia and Australia. Australia was chosen as a comparison because this country already has a comprehensive protection system for persons with disabilities and is fully committed to providing public service facilities. This research is a prescriptive normative research using secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. This study concludes that similar to Indonesia, the formation of regulations and policies in Australia in the public service sector for persons with disabilities has reached a technical level and is carried out in a coordinated manner between the center and the regions. The basic difference is that the institutional system that handles the planning, implementation, and supervision of public services for persons with disabilities in Indonesia is separated into various ministries and/or agencies so that it requires strengthening synergies at the central and regional levels so that the implementation of public services is guaranteed optimally.

Messaoud BABAADDOUN, Mourad AIT-MOHAMMED

This study aims to suggest practice of modern cost technique as an alternative for traditional cost technique. The manufacturing was calculated the cost using traditional system, which the cost of product, is 542.00 da is more than the cost of ABC system which is 468.892 da. The different is 73.108 da; this amount will effect negative on organization performance, profitability, and enhance competitive position. The result of calculating the costs it was less accurate to traditional cost accounting system, also traditional costing combines all indirect costs into a single cost pool. The researcher was practiced the ABC in the real manufacturing, It was more accurate, as it resulted in efficiency, accuracy and objectivity of achieved Activity-based Costing purposes which is decreasing costs.

Kurušić Drago, Macura Perica, Bandić Nevenka

The research of preferences towards imported products, primarily food products, is very current in marketing research and studies today. In various studies, evaluations of specific attributes of imported food products were taken as factors that determine preferences towards imported food products. The subject of this research is to investigate the influence of consumer evaluations according to various attributes of food products, such as quality, price, brand, design, and packaging and packing, on the evaluation of preferences for imported food products in the Republic of Srpska. The population included in this research refers to the total population in the Republic of Srpska aged 18 and over. For the purpose of empirical research, a sample of 297 respondents in the territory of the Republic of Srpska was processed, out of which 195 respondents were female (65. 66%), and 102 respondents were male (34.34%) aged eighteen and over. After the primary data were collected, the processing and analysis of the obtained data were carried out. The analysis of the collected primary data was carried out on the basis of applied factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) methods. The results of the research that we obtained through the empirical part of the work showed that the ranking of the brand and design of food products with higher ratings are the determining attributes on the basis of which respondents rate imported food products as more preferred. The implications of the research results can be viewed through different prisms of observation (from the perspective of consumers, producers, competitors, and the public).

Merouane BOUZID

For more than two decades, artificial intelligence has been making major transformations in various sectors: from education, healthcare, to public transportation, business, entertainment, war, and more. Therefore, this sector has turned into a major competition arena among the countries of the world. Arab countries live in different internal conditions, which are clearly reflected in their plans to adopt artificial intelligence in their discourse, strategies, and institutions. Arab countries, especially in the Gulf, hastened to adopt the latest technologies, institutions, standards and plans to localize and use artificial intelligence, which reflected positively on their ranking in global indicators. On the other hand, other Arab countries are still groping their way, with attempts to teach artificial intelligence subjects in some curricula with the aim of laying the foundations for this industry.

Terna Godfrey Ieren, S. Kuje, Abraham Iorkaa Asongo et al.

Statistical process control is a technique employed to enhance the quality and productivity of processes and the distribution or marketing of its products. Sachet water is a product that has become popular and is being used as a replacement for lack of potable water. It is an alternative that is readily available, affordable but with questions about its purity, production and marketing processes. The objective of this study is to apply statistical control charts in monitoring the production, packaging and distribution or marketing processes of sachet water in Nigeria. This paper employed statistical quality control approach to monitor process stability in a Table Water manufacturing company. Quality control tools such as p-chart, u-chart, X-bar and R charts as well as process capability chart were use to observed field data obtained from the sachet water manufacturing company on important processes of sachet water production and marketing for 30 working days. This was done to check if the processes were in control or out of control and to verify the capability of the marketing process of the product meeting preset specifications. With this, the statistical control charts suitable for the processes were constructed using package “qcc” in R software version 3.6.1. The results from p-chart and u-chart showed that the production and packaging process of the product is not in control and hence the need for further investigations and corrective measures to prevent variability in the process and thus allowing improvement in the quality of the product. Also, the results from X-bar and R charts showed that the marking process was in statistical process control in respects of the product sales recorded by the four independent marketers, with no assignable cause of variation. It also revealed that, the product marketing process has low capability of successfully attending the preset specification limits in respect of the product sales and hence generating low profit for the company.

Dalila Benbrahem, Mohamed ‎ Farhi

  الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد دور مهارات الاتصالات التسويقية في تنمية وتعزيز الولاء (بالإسقاط على رجال البيع لدى مؤسسة "جازي")، خاصة فيما يتعلق بالأبعاد التالية: الاستقبال، طريقة عرض الخدمات،  أسلوب معالجة الإعتراضات، المصداقية، السعي لإقامة علاقة جيدة مع الزبون، وذلك من خلال استطلاع آراء بعض الزبائن عن طريق الاستبيان، وقد تم استخدام برنامج   SPHINX وبرنامج MATLAB   لاختبار الفرضيات بالاستعانة بمجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية، وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن مهارات الاتصالات التسويقية لدى رجال البيع لها تأثير ايجابي قوي على تنمية وتعزيز  ولاء زبائن مؤسسة "جازي"، وهذا ما فسره معامل التحديد الذي جاء مساويا لـ:0,84 .

Gregory T. Gundlach, Riley T. Krotz

Resale price maintenance (RPM) is a channel pricing strategy that restricts the price below which a reseller may sell a manufacturer’s product. More than $300 billion in U.S. sales are affected annually by RPM agreements. Adopting a marketing perspective and analyzing trends in distribution arrangements and marketing channel systems, the authors offer predictions regarding the antitrust treatment of RPM following the Supreme Court’s decision in Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. (2007). This research furthers the understanding of the role of the prior Colgate doctrine in establishing the existence of an RPM agreement and the impact of the new Leegin factors for assessing the competitive effects of RPM. Implications for stakeholders affected by RPM and related unilateral price policies are discussed.

Dr. Nguyen Hoang Tien

Most businesses are expanding on international markets in the context of increasingly difficult and fierce business environment. Businesses will have to build and develop an international marketing strategy to be effective to compete and stand out among millions of other businesses from every country. In addition to many factors that can bring success to international marketing strategy, the distribution policy is an important key to help businesses stand firm in the market. The following report helps readers better understand the purpose, importance, requirements, functions, influencing factors and distribution methods of distribution policy in international marketing. At the same time, the research compared this strategy of Samsung and Apple, the two competitors and also two of the world's leading technology corporations to see the different elements of each. The brand leads to the success of the distribution policy in international marketing to make their products known and present everywhere, every corner of the world.

Marketing consists of the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from the producer or supplier to the consumers or end-users. Marketing is a total system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present and potential customers. According to Stanton, “Marketing mix is the term used to describe the combination of the four inputs which constitute the core of a company’s marketing system the product, the price structure, the promotional activities and the distribution system. A brief description of the four elements of marketing mix is product, Price, Promotion, and Distribution. The product itself is the first element. Products must satisfy consumer needs. The management must, first decide the products to be produced, by knowing the needs of the consumers. The product mix combines the physical product, product services, brand and packages. The marketing authority has to decide the quality, type of goods or services which are offered for sale. A firm may offer a single product (manufacture) or several products (seller).

Artem Nikolaienko

Purpose – to describe resource efficiency strategies based on the circular economy. Design/Method/Approach. Logical and critical, abstract-logical methods are used for the theoretical generalization of crucial approaches to the formation of resource-efficiency strategies based on the circular economy. Research results. There were considered the scientific and theoretical approaches to the formulation of resource-efficiency strategies based on the circular economy. The circularity strategies within the production chain has been formed in the order of priority. The idea of classifying circular strategies has been expanded. Practical implications. The results of the research allow establishing a target system of the circular economy structure, to show the possible effect of the circular economy. Originality/Value. The theoretical bases for the development of the circular economy in terms of identification of the essential tools for the resource-efficiency strategies implementation based on the principles of the circular economy at micro-,       macro-, meso-, and mega-levels. Research limitations/Future research. The research serve as the basis for further evaluation and forecasting of the operation efficiency, costs optimization of the production resources and entity’s commercial activity, making the mechanism for the sustainable economic development of the enterprise. .Paper type – theoretical.

Hyungu Kang

In the strategic management field, the study of building and sustaining competitive advantage for businesses has been one of the most important research areas. Although there are various attempts to explain the processes of building and sustaining competitive advantage, it has continued to be a poorly defined and operationalized construct. This paper focuses on the application of a strategic analytical approach, “Building Blocks of Competitive Advantages”, to analyze and compare the sources of competitive advantage for two market leaders in the U.S. breakfast cereal industry, Kellogg’s and General Mills. Various literature were reviewed in order to gain an understanding of the industry, and the roles played by these companies. As expected, Kellogg’s and General Mills have similar sources of competitive advantage, however, these companies have shown different ways of developing competitive advantage. This study was carried out in an attempt to stimulate efforts and provide direction on the conceptual development of the sources for competitive advantage. Keywords: Building blocks of competitive advantage, Sources of competitive advantage, Internal strengths and weaknesses, U.S. Breakfast Cereal Market, Kellogg’s, General Mills.

Dr. Ashok Panigrahi, Komal Aware, A. Patil

Integrated Marketing Communication is a business process or a strategy used to plan, develop, execute for brand communication program or to describe the product to your customers. The advancement of powerful communication mix in pharmaceutical advertising is complex task which identifies the target audience, deciding the correspondence targets, designing a message, choosing method of delivery and collecting feedback. Pharmaceutical promotion is divided in two phases’ in-clinic and out-of-clinic which includes information leaflets, samples, gifts and clinical-trails, seminars, camps, advertisement, etc. The paper describes about Marketing mix which includes product mix, price mix and distribution channels. It also differentiate the promotional tools like internet based, Electronic detailing, Personal selling, E-Sampling used synergistically for prescription and OTC drugs while promoting the pharmaceutical products by using Integrated Marketing Strategy. Pharmaceutical industry faces many challenges like regulatory barriers and doctor’s non-readiness for prescribing the drug products this can be overcome by convincing doctors by providing them adequate information about the quality of product and advantages over competitor’s edge whereas in case of regulatory they must follow the norms led down by the authorities. Keywords: IMC, Pharmaceutical, OTC, Marketing Mix, FDA.

Vishesh

The paper aims to explain the consumer decision process and evaluate the various marketing channels used by the firms to influence the decision process of the consumer. The first part of this paper critically reviews the customer decision process by analysing the stages of the process which are a) Problem recognition b) Information gathering c) Evaluation of alternatives and d) Customer purchase decision. Subsequently various patterns of buying behaviour formed as a result of the purchase decisions made by the customer in the case of products are explained. The second part seeks to look at the efforts on the part of the marketer to market their product including advertising, packaging, pricing, differentiation and product distribution.