Hasil untuk "Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"

J. Heckman, G. Sedlacek

Tetiana Miroshnichenko, Dmitro Kozenkov

The article is concerned with the current trends in the development of the labor market in Ukraine under conditions of martial law and military aggression of Russia. It has been established that the changes that have occurred in Ukraine over the past three years have had a significant impact on the economy and employment of the population of the country. The authors have analyzed both qualitative and quantitative parameters of labor force development. In particular, they have identified the trends regarding changes in population structure and size caused by heavy mortality not only by natural causes, but also due to civilian casualties and military casualties on the front line. The influence of migration processes on the changes in the resident population and the unemployment rate in the country has been described. The regional labor market of the Dnipropetrovsk region has been analyzed separately. The disproportions between the demand and supply in the labor market of the Dnipropetrovsk region have been revealed, particularly in terms of the industry-specific orientation of enterprises and types of economic activity. The analysis of nationwide and regional trends in functioning of the labor market shows that there are numerous challenges having significant impact on the staffing support of the economy. The main challenges having impact on the labor market in Ukraine include a nationwide and regional imbalance of the labor force; professional and qualification gap between labor supply and demand; mismatch between professional skills of specialists and the needs of the economy; pressure on the labor market due to the uneven distribution of workers across the country; constant labor outflows and increase in the median age of the workforce; job losses due to the destruction of enterprises or the suspension of their operations.

Tiago Alexandre VIEIRA

Longtemps en marge des institutions du marché du travail traditionnelles, les plateformes de travail numériques sont confrontées à une offensive réglementaire. L’Espagne a adopté une série de mesures législatives – en particulier la loi Rider – qui la place aux avant-postes de ce mouvement mondial. À partir d’une étude de cas élargie conduite durant 18 mois auprès de divers acteurs, l’auteur évalue si elle est parvenue à réencastrer les livreurs travaillant via une plateforme dans les relations d’emploi classiques. Il brosse un tableau en demi-teinte: les livreurs ont désormais accès à un salaire fixe, aux congés payés et à la protection sociale, mais leurs espoirs ont été déçus s’agissant du traitement équitable, de l’autonomie et de la confiance mutuelle en raison de pratiques comme l’externalisation, le temps partiel subi et l’intensification de la surveillance. L’inefficacité de la disposition légale qui garantit l’accès des représentants des travailleurs aux algorithmes des plateformes en dit long sur l’ampleur des défis à relever.

Les auteurs examinent la façon dont plusieurs dimensions de la diversité des équipes et plusieurs de leurs caractéristiques influent sur leurs performances. Ils font appel à une régression par étapes, qu’ils appliquent à 911 équipes de vente travaillant pour une multinationale présente dans 39 pays et territoires. Ils montrent que la diversité des nationalités et des langues maternelles parlées, la taille de l’équipe et l’expérience du chef d’équipe à un poste d’encadrement ont un impact significatif sur les performances. L’étude révèle également les implications plus larges de l’inclusion de variables relatives à la diversité dans l’analyse des performances.

Maíra Fernandes Costa, Marilia Abrahão Amaral, Mario Lopes Amorim

O presente estudo evidencia as desigualdades de acesso digital no Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE) e analisa práticas docentes para mitigá-las. Entrevistamos oito docentes em dois colégios públicos de Ensino Médio em Curitiba-PR, sendo um colégio em bairro periférico e outro em bairro central. O texto é dividido em três seções, abordando: as desigualdades de acesso, a Análise de Conteúdo das entrevistas semi-estruturadas e considerações a partir da conjuntura de precarização da educação e desigualdades sociais causando outras exclusões na sociedade.

Pablo de la Vega, Natalia Porto, Manuela Cerimelo

Abstract This paper aims to identify and characterize the potential of green jobs in Argentina, i.e., those workers that would benefit from a transition to a green economy, using occupational green potential scores calculated in US O*NET data for the period 2015–2021. We apply the greenness scores to Argentine household survey data and estimate that between 23 and 25 percent of workers are in green jobs, i.e., have a high green potential. However, to promote and ensure an inclusive and effective green transition, we consider the decent work dimension (through legal informality measures), and find that between 11 and 12 percent of wage earners are in green formal jobs. We then analyze the relationship between the green job indicators and various labor and demographic variables at the individual level. We find that the green potential is relatively greater for men, the elderly, those with very high qualifications, and those in specific sectors such as construction, transportation, mining, and industry. These are the groups that are likely to be the most benefited by the greening of the Argentine economy. The green potential score is positively associated with informality, thus the green transition may be incompatible with decent work.

Marise Ramos, Lucas Pelissari

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Janete Schubert

Este artigo discute os processos de luta e resistência dos povos indígenas do Equador, analisando a persistência da colonialidade do ser, do saber e do poder nos territórios de Abya Ayla. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com povos indígenas no Equador, no ano de 2017. A metodologia adotada foi de orientação decolonial, baseando-se na alteridade, visando romper com as formas clássicas de fazer pesquisa nas ciências sociais. As conclusões apontam para novas e importantes formas de resistência às racionalidades moderno/coloniais/eurocêntricas. Palavras-chave: Bem Viver. Resistências. Colonialidade. Decolonialidade.

E. Dhyne, A. Kikkawa, Toshiaki Komatsu et al.

A. Fuster, Aurel Hizmo, Lauren Lambie‐Hanson et al.

We study the evolution of USmortgage credit supply during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mortgage market experienced a historic boom in 2020, we show there was also a large and sustained increase in intermediation markups that limited the pass-through of lowrates to borrowers. Markups typically rise during periods of peak demand, but this historical relationship explains only part of the large increase during the pandemic. We present evidence that pandemic-related labor market frictions and operational bottlenecks contributed to unusually inelastic credit supply, and that technology-based lenders, likely less constrained by these frictions, gained market share. Rising forbearance and default risk did not significantly affect rates on “plainvanilla” conforming mortgages, but it did lead to higher spreads on mortgages without government guarantees and loans to the riskiest borrowers. Mortgage-backed securities purchases by the Federal Reserve also supported the flow of credit in the conforming segment.

Sandra Maria Nascimento de Morais , Inny Accioly

É uma honra e um desafio homenagearmos a Filósofa Eunice Trein. Uma mulher com uma rica trajetória profissional, acadêmica, na produção do conhecimento e sempre preocupada com uma educação pública de qualidade para todos, atuando não só no campo Trabalho e Educação, como também no campo da Educação Ambiental Crítica. Por isso, essa mais que merecida homenagem dessa edição da Revista Trabalho Necessário, que busca destacar as questões importantes relativas ao Trabalho, a Natureza e a Educação Ambiental Crítica.

M. Song, Qianjiao Xie, Shuhong Wang et al.

Abstract Due to the lack of an appropriate method to measure biased technological progress, the theory of how environmental regulations affect employment demand through biased technological progress in Porter's hypothesis has not been effectively verified. To fill this gap, this study extends Acemoglu's (2012) biased technological progress theory, and reasonably measures environmentally biased technological progress using data envelopment analysis. The effect of environmental regulation on labor supply and demand is analyzed through environmentally biased technological progress. The results show that progress in environmentally biased technology can promote the supply and demand of regional labor force. However, if the development of energy saving and emission reduction technology is inconsistent with economic growth, then progress in environmentally biased technology has a negative impact on the demand for regional labor. Environmental regulation has a significant negative impact on labor demand, but its self-adjusting mechanism reignites labor demand.

David M. Blau, Philip K. Robins

Diego Castro Vilaboa

El artículo presenta una postura crítica a las estrategias de transformación política centradas en el Estado, comprendiendo la forma estatal a partir de su pretensión monopólica, cuyo objetivo central es inhibir y racionalizar los impulsos autodeterminativos y de insubordinación. Propone una invitación: producir un desplazamiento analítico hacia las experiencias autodeterminativas de los vencidos. Las estrategias estadocéntricas constituyen un bloqueo epistemológico y político en el cual se desvanecen repetidamente múltiples esfuerzos y energías intelectuales y políticas.

Ragui Assaad, Rana Hendy, Moundir Lassassi et al.

<b>Background</b>: Despite rapidly rising female educational attainment and the closing, if not reversal, of the gender gap in education, female labor force participation rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remain low and stagnant. This phenomenon is known as the MENA paradox. Even if increases in participation are observed, they are typically in the form of rising unemployment rather than employment. <b>Methods</b>: We use multinomial logit models, estimated by country, on annual labor force survey data for four MENA countries - Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia - to simulate trends in female participation in different labor market states (public sector, private wage work, non-wage work, unemployment, and nonparticipation) for married and unmarried women and men of a given educational and age profile. <b>Results</b>: Our results confirm that the decline in the probability of public sector employment for educated women is associated with either an increase in unemployment or a decline in participation. <b>Conclusions</b>: We argue that the MENA paradox can be primarily attributed to the change in opportunity structures facing educated women in the MENA region in the 2000s rather than to the supply-side factors traditionally emphasized in the literature. <b>Contribution</b>: We argue that female labor force participation among educated women in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia is constrained by adverse developments in the structure of employment opportunities on the demand side. Specifically, the contraction in public sector employment opportunities has not been matched by a commensurate increase in opportunities in the formal private sector, leading to increases in female unemployment and declines in participation.

Toth Marian, Rabek Tomas, Strapekova Zuzana

The paper evaluates the effects of integration and globalization on individual farms in Slovakia after EU accession in 2004. The decrease in employment in agriculture is a result of technological progress, changes in individual family preferences and low income in agriculture in comparison to other sectors of economy. In the production commodities with low labor input dominate. Cereals, oilseeds and industrial crops dominate the agriculture production in Slovakia. Large farms benefit in form of economy of scale and agricultural output of farms remains low in Slovakia. The paper compares the risk of crop and animal production based in individual farm data using Markowitz portfolio theory. The crop production is more risky due to higher effects of weather condition compared to animal production. The second part of the paper evaluates the changes on access to credit and finance gap of farms in Slovakia. Based on individual interviews with representatives of demand and supply of loans the paper concludes that large the Common agricultural policy is playing a dominant role in access to credit. Banks consider the CAP subsidies to be a stable income factor and good collateral for loans. The loan market is dominated by short term loans and the majority of the market offers are coming from 4 commercial banks. The finance gap exists towards small farmers and farmers with animal production and special crops.

C. Flinn

Tashpulatov Sh., Kupeshova S., Meirkhanova Y.

The lack of demand on fresh graduates on the labor market and inability to interact under condi-tions of market relations is one of the acute problems among young generation. Life requires the ability to choose the sphere of his professional and labor activity, focusing on the needs of society and taking into account the prospects of material well-being as well as individual and personal development, i.e. ability of professional self-determination. However, the education system is not ready to provide ef-fective assistance to high school students in choosing a profession, since the content of professional self-determination as the goal of education has not been clarified from the perspective of governmental program, there is no scientific and pedagogical foundations, professional self-determination have not been developed in terms of updating the national school.Most of the problems of professional self-determination are investigated mainly within the frame-work of vocational guidance, which is often regarded as an object, rather than a means of scientific man-agement. The main goal of the article is to cope with the use of a generalized model of choosing a pro-fession without taking into account the individual characteristics of a high school student, the lack of a differentiated approach to students with different levels of readiness for professional self-determination, as well as informational supply in the world of professions. These circumstances make it necessary to develop a dynamic model for the development of profes-sional self-determination for senior schoolchildren.During the research it was found that up-to-date graduates need to “to try on”, that is, it is important to make them familiarize with profession’s ‘demo-version’ before making a final decision. This allows us to offer more active project activities for high school students, as well as considering the possibility of short-term internships or entity visits for graduates

Francisco José Lobo Neto

Em 20 de dezembro de 1996, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional - Lei nº 9.394 – foi sancionada, sem vetos, pelo Presidente da República. Foram oito anos de tramitação no Congresso Nacional, a partir do Projeto de Lei nº 1.258/88, apresentado em 28 de novembro de 1988 pelo Deputado Federal Octávio Elísio, menos de dois meses após a promulgação da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil que determinara, em seu Art. 22, alínea XXIV, competir, exclusivamente à União legislar sobre “diretrizes e bases da educação nacional”.

Surrey M. Walton, Henri R. Manasse

The labor market for pharmacists in the United States has seen significant dynamics over the past couple of decades in both demand and supply. The purpose of this brief editorial is to discuss some key concerns for pharmacists in the current labor market and over the next decade. A key issue in evaluating how pharmacists will fare in moving forward into expanded clinical roles and functions will be the degree to which they expand their professional autonomy.