Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Eda Tabak, Saidbek Boltabayev

Türk dili ile çok sayıda rüya tabirnameleri günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bunların bazıları tercüme eserler ise bazı tabirnameler doğrudan Türkçe telif edilmiştir. Çağatay Türkçesiyle yazılan tabirnamelerden biri Fransa Milli Kütüphanesinde Türkçe Yazma Eserler 1004A numarada kayıtlıdır. Bu makalede, Çağatay Türkçesiyle kaleme alınmış bu rüya tabirnamesinde yer alan botanik unsurlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, metindeki sebze, meyve, ağaç, baklagil gibi bitki adlarını tespit ederek bu kelimelerin etimolojik kökenlerini, günümüz Türkçesindeki karşılıklarını, bilimsel adlarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda metin içi anlamlandırma yapılmıştır. Bitki adlarının rüya tabirlerindeki kullanımları, dönemin halk inanışlarını ve kültürel değerlerini yansıtmaktadır. Makalede kelimenin yazma eserdeki imlası, çeviri yazısı, cinsi, bilimsel adı ve kökeni gösterildikten sonra, tanımı yapılmış ve metinden örnek verilerek Türkiye Türkçesine aktarılmıştır. Çalışmada eserde geçen meyve adları, çiçek adları, sebze adları, baklagiller, ağaçların isimlerinin dışında bitki ile ilgili diğer kelimelere de yer verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, tarihî metinlerdeki botanik söz varlığının çok yönlü analizlere açık olduğunu ve bu alandaki çalışmalara katkı sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir.

Durdona Lutfullayeva

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek xalqi ustida o‘tkazilgan assotsiativ tajriba asosida o‘zbek tili egalarining o‘z xalqi haqidagi qarashlari, bilim va tasavvurlarini aks ettiruvchi javob reaksiyalarini aniqlash hamda ushbu javob reaksiyalari asosida til egalari ongida aks etgan o‘zbek millatining obraz-qiyofasi – lisoniy portretiga tavsif berish maqsad qilindi. Maqolani yoritishda assotsiativ tajriba metodidan foydalanildi. Assotsiativ tajriba O‘zbekistonning turli viloyatlarida yashaydigan 18-26 yoshlardagi oliy o‘quv yurti talabalari (300 ta) hamda 30-74 yoshlardagi pedagoglar jamoasi (73 ta) ustida o‘tkazildi. Tajriba uchun o‘zbek leksemasi tanlandi. Tajriba materiallari asosida o‘zbek leksemasi assotsiativ maydoni hosil qilinib, undan o‘rin olgan assotsiatsiyalarning nisbati belgilandi; takror, yakka va turli javob reaksiyalari farqlandi. Ushbu javob reaksiyalari mavzuviy guruhlarga ajratilib, ularning o‘zbek xalqi obraz-qiyofasini turli tomondan tasvirlashga xizmat qilishi asoslab berildi.

Reili Argus, Tiina Rüütmaa

Artikli eesmärk on anda ülevaade eesti keelt teise keelena omandavate 9–10-aastaste keeleõppijate kirjalike tööde leksikaalsete vahendite ja grammatiliste konstruktsioonide arengust kuue kuu jooksul (2023. a sügis – 2024. a kevad). Kokku 10 õppija sõnavara ja grammatilisi konstruktsioone kirjeldatakse sõnavara ulatuse, sõnaliigilise jaotumuse, eri keeleoskustasemete sõnavara ulatuse ja grammatiliste konstruktsioonide põhjal. Kirjalike tööde sõnavara ulatus kuue kuuga oluliselt ei muutunud, sõnavara arengut näitas tegusõnalekseemide ja sidesõnade ning kõrgemate keeletasemete sõnavara lisandumine. Konstruktsioonide arengut ilmestas peamiselt keele mitmekesisuse suurenemine, üksikud uued konstruktsioonitüübid olid komplekssemad ja variatiivsemad. Vaadeldes kirjalike tekstide sõnavara ja konstruktsioonide seoseid, selgus, et pikem tekst tähendas ka ulatuslikumat sõnavara, rohkem kõrgema keeletaseme sõnu ning rohkem eri tüüpi konstruktsioone. Samas ei olnud seos sõnade ja konstruktsioonide vahel üksühene: komplekssemad konstruktsioonid ei pruukinud sisaldada komplekssemaid sõnu ja keerukamaid sõnu ei kasutatud tingimata keerukates konstruktsioonides. *** "Vocabulary and constructions in the written texts of young language learners" *** The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the development of lexical resources and grammatical constructions in the written works of 9–10-year-old learners acquiring Estonian as a second language over a period of six months (autumn 2023 – spring 2024). The vocabulary and grammatical constructions of a total of 10 learners are described based on variety of vocabulary, distribution of word classes, vocabulary across different language proficiency levels, and grammatical constructions. The variety of vocabulary in the written texts (measured by the Guiraud’s index) did not change significantly over six months. However, vocabulary development was indicated by the addition of verb lemmas, conjunctions, and vocabulary from higher language proficiency levels. The development of constructions was mainly characterized by increased linguistic diversity, with a few new construction types becoming more complex and varied. Examining the relationship between vocabulary and constructions in the written texts revealed that longer texts contained a broader vocabulary, more words from higher language levels, and a greater variety of constructions. However, the relationship between words and constructions was not one-to-one: more complex constructions did not necessarily include more complex words, and more advanced words were not necessarily used in complex constructions.

CELALETTİN BULUT

The period of Old Uyghur is undoubtedly the era when the Turks had the most intensive contact with Buddhism. During this time, the Uyghurs, who adopted Buddhism, engaged in various translation activities to learn and implement the principles of the religion. Consequently, Buddhist religious terminology and elements are found extensively in works belonging to the Buddhist canon in Old Uyghur. Apart from the Buddhist canon, elements of Buddhism are also found in legal documents, one of the non-religious works of the Uyghurs. In this study, the elements reflecting Buddhism in the Old Uyghur law documents were identified and the position of these elements in Buddhism was emphasized. In line with this aim, the following elements of Buddhism in Old Uyghur law documents were identified: EUyg. abita ~ amita = Skr. amitābha; EUyg. açari = Skr. ācārya; EUyg. bakçan = Skr. bhaktacchinnaka; EUyg. burhan, buda = Skr. buddha; EUyg. burhan uluşı = Skr. buddhakṣetra; EUyg. bursoŋ = Skr. saṃgha ~ saṅgha; EUyg. edgü kılınç, buyan = Skr. puṇya; EUyg. darm(a) = Skr. dharmā; EUyg. m(a)haraç = Skr. mahārāja; EUyg. tört maharaç teŋriler = Skr. caturmahārāja; EUyg. mantal = Skr. maṇḍala; EUyg. sadu = Skr. sādhu; EUyg. saŋik = Skr. sāṅghika; EUyg. seŋrem = Skr. vihāra; EUyg. şazın = Skr. śāsana; EUyg. v(i)rh(a)r = Skr. vihāra; EUyg. toyın = Skr. bhikṣu; EUyg. patir = Skr. pātra. The presence of Buddhist elements and terminology in nonreligious and original legal documents can be attributed to the following reasons: 1. The Uyghurs’ interaction with various languages, particularly Sanskrit, following their adoption of Buddhism; 2. The significant influence of Buddhist culture on the settled lifestyle and broader culture of the Uyghurs; 3. The likelihood that the Uyghurs adhered to Buddhism during the period when the legal documents were composed.

G. N. Valiakhmetova, V. Beliaeva, V. A. Kuzmin

Ural Federal University (UrFU) is the main scientific and educational center of the Ural region in the field of Oriental studies, as well as training specialists with knowledge of Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages. The article presents the key areas of research of the Chair of Oriental Studies of UrFU on Middle Eastern issues, which cover various areas of Arabic studies, Turkology, Iranistics and Israel studies. Ural Oriental studies were formed within the framework of the Ural school of history of international relations in the 1960s‑1990s, so it’s first main line of research was the history of international relations and the policies of the great powers in the Middle East in the first half of the 20th century. In recent decades, the scope of Middle Eastern studies at UrFU has expanded significantly and covers issues of regional security, including information security; interaction of Middle Eastern countries with China, the Republic of Korea and Japan; diaspora studies; history of the Middle Ages and Modern history; literary criticism; methods of teaching Turkish and Arabic languages as well as Farsi. The establishment of a system for training researchers has allowed to solve the problem of a shortage of researchers and pedagogical staff to a certain extent. Cooperation with leading scientific and educational centers of Russia and the Middle East makes a significant contribution to the development of Oriental studies in the Sverdlovsk region.

J. Lefort

This paper foccusses on the Tangwang language, a Chinese variety spoken in southern Gansu that has been in contact with the Dongxiang language, a Mongolic language. Tangwang is believed to be a highly altaicised variety, as it demonstrate several traits that are usually absent in this language family are are reputed ‘typical’ of the Turkic-Mongolic languages. However, most of these traits are present in the other northwestern chinese varieties and are the result of reanalysis, thus, it is difficult to trace their exact origin. This paper aims at analyzing the influence of Mongolic languages on Tangwang from the perspective of borrowings, and in particular direct loans. Taking the formally identical features that are shared in Dongxiang and Tangwang as a starting point, we will try to determine which form can be seen as a direct borrowing due to the adstratal influence of Dongxiang and which one is probably due to an earlier altaic influence. We will try to classify which form is a ‘true’ direct loan from Dongxiang and which form could be the evidence of an earlier substrate. From the results, and based on the existing models on languages contact, we will try to understand which mechanisms from relexification, grammaticalization, and language shift is the most probable in the case of Tangwang.

Bedirhan

The Turkish novel, which first emerged during the Tanzimat period, began to incorporate new themes with the establishment of the republic. The social, political, and economic changes experienced during this time were integrated into the narrative of the novel. In particular, the economic collapse caused by World War II, along with the rise of "nouveau riche" individuals, deeply influenced socio-economic life and became one of the central themes in novels. The economic inequalities resulting from the wartime economy and the subsequent social changes became focal points for artists. Halide Edib Adıvar is among the authors who began their literary careers during the National Literature period and continued to develop their artistic identity during the Republic period. In her novel Sonsuz Panayır (The Endless Fair), the author centers on the impact of the economic conditions that emerged during the Republic period on social life. The novel portrays the lives of the newly wealthy class that emerged after World War II, as well as those from the middle and lower income groups. To illustrate the economic conditions affecting the social environment, the cast of characters is expanded. The characters in the novel are leading figures within their respective social and economic classes. Economic conditions are depicted within the framework of a grand fair. Sonsuz Panayır was written on the cusp of the economic paradigm shift that would occur in Turkey after World War II. During this period, the economic vacuum created by the war was filled by the black market and smugglers, giving rise to an artificial wealthy class in society. The novel’s protagonist, Ayşe, attempts to climb the social ladder by moving to a neighborhood inhabited by the nouveau riche, through which the economic living conditions of the period are revealed. The new economic structure that emerges in this setting is founded on two contrasting economic ideologies. The state-based economic model and the capitalistoriented economic approach represent two distinct economic schools that are reflected through the novel’s large cast of characters. This study also explores the economic structure of the period, as reflected through the novel's characters and settings.

Katriina Rantala

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan oppimateriaalien käsittelyä suomea toisena kielenä oppivien välisessä luokkahuonevuorovaikutuksessa. Tutkittavat tilanteet ovat asiointitilanteita simuloivia keskusteluharjoituksia, joissa oppijat toimivat ostajan ja myyjän rooleissa. Oppimateriaalina käytetään kuvallisia kortteja, jotka edustavat ostamisen kohteita. Tarkastelen multimodaalisen keskustelunanalyysin avulla, millä tavalla korttien käsittely, erityisesti niiden siirtäminen, jakaantuu osallistujien välille ja millä tavalla nämä käytänteet tuovat esille ja tukevat oppijoiden toimijuutta. Yleisin käytänne on ostosta ilmoittavan vuoron muotoilu ja tulkinta pyynnöksi, jolloin ostaja aloittaa toimintajakson ja myyjä siirtää korttia. Tämä muotoilee toiminnasta yhteisen projektin, jossa toimijuus jakautuu molempien osallistujien välille. Harvinaisemmissa tilanteissatoisen oppijan toimijuus korostuu: toisessa tapauksessa ostaja poimii kortit itse ikään kuin omana projektinaan, ja toisessa myyjä viivyttää kortin poimimista. Nämä tilanteet edustavat eräänlaisia ääripäitä toimijuuden jakautumisen suhteen. Samalla ne synnyttävät oppimista mahdollistavia tilanteita joko autenttisuuden kaltaisuuden kautta tai laajentamalla asiointitilannetta minimivuorojen yli. Materiaalien käsittely toimii keskeisenä vuorovaikutuksen resurssina, jonka kautta harjoitustoiminnan vaihetta ja yhteisymmärryksen saavuttamista ostamisen kohteesta tuodaan näkyväksi. "Materials use in L2 classroom interaction: The practices of card handling in the construction of agency and joint action in a shop encounter task." As we are constantly surrounded by different objects and use them as resources for social interaction, different materials are also essential in classrooms. Learning and teaching materials often guide the classroom agenda, but they are also used as physical objects in interaction. In the language classroom context, learners can use materials to pursue their learning, for example, by initiating and formulating actions that are relevant to their learning process. This conversation analytic study investigates the use of learning materials in Finnish as L2 classroom interaction. The video data come from a sort of role-play, which simulates a shop encounter. In the task, adult beginner level learners play the roles of buyer and seller. The learning materials used are cards with pictures of products and their prices, which represent items to be bought. The study examines how the handling and transfer of the materials is distributed among the participants and how these practices demonstrate and enhance learners' agency.

Piret Soodla, Tiiu Tammemäe

In 2018, the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study (IELS) was conducted in Estonia, England, and the United States (OECD 2020a). The present study focuses on emergent literacy and examines the effects of language and gender on five-year-old Estonian children’s test performance in different subskills of emergent literacy. The sample comprised of the test performance of 1611 Estonian-speaking and 444 Russian-speaking children who attended kindergartens in which Estonian and Russian were the language of instruction, respectively. Children’s vocabulary, sentence and narrative comprehension, and phonological awareness were assessed. The results indicated the main effect of language on the majority of the subskills, reflecting better test performance among Russian-speaking children compared to their Estonian-speaking peers. In addition, girls performed significantly better than boys on most of the tasks. *** Eesti ja vene 5-aastaste laste kujunev kirjaoskus – mis alaoskused on erinevuste taga? *** 2018. aastal viidi Eestis läbi rahvusvaheline alushariduse ja laste heaolu uuring IELS (OECD 2020a). Uuriti 5-aastaste laste kujunevat kirjaoskust, arvutamisoskust, eneseregulatsiooni- ja sotsiaal-emotsionaalseid oskusi. Käesolevas uuringus keskendusime eesti laste tulemustele kujunevas kirjaoskuses. Eesmärk oli kirjeldada keele ja soo mõju laste sooritusele sõnatähenduse tundmises, lausete ja teksti mõistmises ning fonoloogilises teadlikkuses. Lähtuvalt eesmärgist püstitasime järgmise uurimisküsimuse: missugune on keele ja soo peamõju ja koosmõju laste sõnatähenduse tundmisele, lausete mõistmisele, tekstimõistmisele ja fonoloogilisele teadlikkusele? Valimisse kuulusid eesti emakeelega lapsed, kes käisid eesti õppekeelega lasteaias (N = 1611), ja vene emakeelega vene õppekeelega lasteaias käivad lapsed (N = 444). Sooline jaotuvus valimites oli võrdne: tüdrukuid oli 50% ja poisse 50% nii eesti kui ka vene valimis. Laste vanus uuringu hetkel oli keskmiselt 5,52 aastat (SD = 0,28). Lapsed sooritasid tahvelarvutis ülesandeid, millega hinnati sõnatähenduse tundmist, lausete ja jutustava teksti mõistmist ja fonoloogilist teadlikkust. Tulemused näitasid, et keel ja sugu avaldasid enamike alaoskuste osas mõju laste tulemustele, peegeldades vene laste mõnevõrra kõrgemaid testitulemusi kui eesti lastel ning tüdrukute paremaid oskusi, võrreldes poistega. Siinne uuring on esmakordne laiapõhjaline võrdlev uurimus, mis on läbi viidud eesti ja vene lasteaialaste hulgas. Kuna uurimuse analüüsis ilmnes, et eesti- ja venekeelsed hindamisvahendid olid raskusastmelt väga sarnased, saame järeldada, et erinevused testitulemustes eesti ja vene laste vahel ei tulenenud testide spetsiifikast, vaid olid pigem seotud hinnatavate oskuste erinevustega eesti ja vene laste vahel. Seega võib oletada, et PISA uuringutes korduvalt näidatud vene õppekeelega koolide õpilaste mahajäämus eesti õpilastest lugemisoskuses ei saa alguse mitte lasteaiast, vaid on pigem seotud õpetamise vajakajäämistega põhikoolis. Leitud seosed keele ja soo ning kujuneva kirjaoskuse alaoskuste vahel osutavad edasise uurimistöö vajalikkusele, mis peaks keskenduma vene ja eesti õppekeelega lasteaedade ja koolide õpikeskkonna ja laste arengu vahelistele seostele.

A. Salmin

The article covers the history of preparation and publication of the first grammars of the languages of peoples of the Ural and Volga region - textbooks for the Chuvash, Udmurt, and Mari languages. The books were published in 1769 and 1775 in St. Petersburg, in the printing house of the Academy of Sciences. The author of the article, relying on facts, thinks that the books were discussed and prepared for publishing in Kunstkamera. You should pay attention to important points. Kazan, since the time of the first Saint gurius, has become a center of spiritual enlightenment, especially for the non-Russian peoples of the Volga region.

O. Polyakov, N. Letkina

Introduction: the article considers the development of the Uralic sonorous consonants in the common Mordovian, modern Mordovian (Moksha and Erzya) languages and their dialects. Information about the use of a group of these consonants in modern Moksha and Erzya word forms is also considered. Taking into account the research of the leading Finno-Ugric experts, the authors of the article express their opinion on the appearance of deaf sonorous consonants R, R’, L, L’, J used in the modern Moksha language along with the sonorous consonants r, r’, l, l’, j. The specific development of the Ural ŋ in the common Mordovian, Moksha and Erzya languages is described. Objective: to give a complete picture of the development of the ancient Ural sonorous consonants in the common Mordovian, Moksha and Erzya languages. Research materials: ancient system of sonorous consonants in the proto-Uralic language (data presented in the works of P. Sammallahti, Z. Keresztes, L. P. Gruzov, as well as in various dictionaries), and sonorous consonants in the common Mordovian, Moksha, and Erzya languages. Results and novelty of the research: the authors consider various points of view of well-known Finno-Ugric scholars (B. Collinder, L. Posti, P. Haidu, P. Sammalahti) about the presence of the system of sonorous in the proto-Uralic language; their development in the common Mordovian, Moksha and Erzya languages is studied. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of «deaf sonorous» consonants in the Moksha language, as well as the use of nasal ŋ in the Mordovian literary languages and their dialects. The study can be used for teaching the discipline «Historical grammar of Mordovian languages». The scientific novelty of the research is that the development of the system of sonorous consonants of the proto-Uralic language in the Mordovian languages is studied for the first time.

Cuma Bolat

The topic of this article is complement clauses in Kyrgyz with the suffix -GAn and their counterparts in modern Turkish. Complement clauses which are formed with the suffix -GAn link to the main clause as a subordinate clause and function as arguments of matrix clauses (subject, object and complement). In this article, complement clauses are examined synchronically in terms of their morphological properties, syntactic structure and functions, and semantic features. In addition, it is discussed in detail whether nominal complement clauses are factive and non-factive. In this study, functional counterparts of complement clauses in Kyrgyz with the suffix -GAn in modern Turkish are scrutinized. Thus, Kyrgyz and Turkish are typologically compared in terms of complement clauses (with the suffix -GAn).

Maarja Siiner

The governmental initiative called the Compatriots Programme, which supports language tuition in Estonian schools and societies abroad, reveals an increased interest in developing intergenerational language transmission in the growing Estonian diaspora. This transnational language political activity signals a new era in language policy, where nation states are increasingly decentralized by migration. The evaluation of the program furthermore reveals that organizing such schools requires a willingness to take language political agency, typically conducted by well-educated and well-integrated resourceful transnational multilingual parents. The present article outlines the results of an ethnographic study of the process of establishing the Estonian School in Copenhagen. This step has demanded a change in the mindset still prevailing in Estonia that language political activities, such as planning language acquisition, are solely the responsibility of the state. Since the prevailing language ideology in Denmark is not favorable towards multilingualism in migrant languages, intergenerational language transmission furthermore presupposes a feeling of ownership of the language and high language self-esteem. "Hargmaise keelepoliitika sünd. Eesti keeleõppe korraldamise võimalikkusest välismaal Taani näitel" Hargmaisus, kasvav väljarändajate arv ja sellega ka eesti keele rääkijate hulk välismaal on jätnud oma jälje eesti keelepoliitikale. Kui varem uuriti peamiselt seda, kuidas eesti keel muukeelses kontekstis muutub, siis viimasel kümnendil on riik asunud aktiivselt toetama eesti keele jätkuvat kasutamist välismaal, rahastades rahvuskaaslaste programmi abil haridusprogramme. Kuid millised faktorid määravad selle, kas uus eestlaste põlvkond oskab ja tahab eesti keelt rääkida? Artikkel hindab etnograafilises ja sotsiolingvistilises võtmes Kopenhaagenis kolm aastat tegutsenud Eesti Kooli ja Lasteklubi näitel, millised on keelekasutust soodustava tegevuse reaalsed väljakutsed. Selle mõistmiseks on vaja analüüsida nii Eesti kui Taani keelehariduse poliitikat, aga ka seda, kuidas hargmaisus mõjutab uute põlvkondade suhet emakeelega.

Yrjö Lauranto

This article examines object case marking in a Finnish verb structure called the Projected Directive Construction, e.g. Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa asked Matti to leave’ (Liisa.NOMINATIVE asked Matti-PARTITIVE leave-INF-ILLATIVE). The PDC is divided into three subtypes. Type A includes verbs such as pyytää ‘to request’, which take a partitive object regardless of the outcome of the action. Verbs used in type B, such as määrätä ‘to order’, take an accusative object despite the result of the action. Type C comprises verbs such as suostutella ‘to persuade’ taking either a partitive or an accusative object, depending on the outcome of the semiotic causation expressed in the clause. The object case marking in the three subtypes reflects the two-faceted nature of the construction: on the one hand, it is a construction used for reporting of speech, on the other, it is a causative construction. It seems that boundedness – as it has traditionally been defined – does not suffice to describe the alternation of the object case in the PDC. Kokkuvõte. Yrjö Lauranto: Projitseeritud direktiivsed konstruktsioonid ja objekti käände markeerimine soome keeles. Artiklis käsitletakse objekti käänet soome keele projitseeritud direktiivses konstruktsioonis (PDK), nt Liisa pyysi Matti-a lähte-mä-än ‘Liisa palus Matit ära minna’. PDK võib jagada kolme alltüüpi. Tüüp A sisaldab verbe nagu pyytää ‘paluda’, mis nõuavad partitiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemusest. Tüüp B verbid nagu määrätä ‘käskida’ nõuavad akusatiivobjekti, sõltumata tegevuse tulemuslikkusest. Tüüpi C kuuluvad verbid nagu suostutella ‘veenda’, mis võivad võtta nii partitiivse kui akusatiivse objekti, sõltuvalt lausega väljendatud semiootilise põhjustatuse tulemusest. Kolme alltüübi käändemarkeering peegeldab konstruktsiooni kahetist olemust: ühelt poolt kasutatakse konstruktsiooni kõne vahendamiseks, teiselt poolt on tegemist kausatiivse konstruktsiooniga. Seega ei piisa PDK objekti käändevahelduse selgitamiseks vaid piiritletuse mõistest. Võtmesõnad: objekti käände markeerimine; piiritletus; akusatiiv; partitiiv; kõne ja mõtete vahendamine; projitseerimine; kausatiivne konstruktsioon; soome keel

Heete Sahkai, Meelis Mihkla, Hille Pajupuu

Saatesõna ESUKA – JEFUL erinumbrile “Kõneuurimise suundi”.

Pirkko Muikku-Werner

This paper will offer some examples to explain the understanding of closely related languages. The traditional contrastive research in studying Estonian and Finnish has above all been based on similarities which have been studied on the level of, e.g., morphemes. However, resemblance is actually more holistic in nature. A rather new perspective on the intelligibility of closely related languages is that of receptive multilingualism. It refers to such communication where speakers use their L1s and understand the L1s of others. Common elements are often recognized in texts as well: cognates facilitate reading comprehension. The results of various translation tests show that the perceived similarity leads to different comprehension results in single items and in texts. Semantic relationships in phraseological units should also be considered and possibilities of improving mutual intelligibility by utilising semantic regularities will be discussed. Kokkuvõte. Pirkko Muikku-Werner: Ko-tekst ja retseptiivne mitmekeelsus – kuidas soome üliõpilased mõistavad eesti keelt. Tänapäevaseid keeleoskusnõudeid arvestades on mõistlik soodustada lähedaste sugulaskeelte, nagu eesti ja soome keele õppimist. Artikkel esitab näiteid, mis selgitavad arusaamist lähedaste sugulaskeelte vahel. Retseptiivse mitmekeelsuse uuringud sugulaskeele arusaadavusest emakeele baasil lähenevad mõistmisele üsnagi uuest vaatepunktist. Retseptiivne mitmekeelsus tähendab suhtlust, kus kõnelejad kasutavad oma emakeelt ja saavad aru oma kaasvestlejate emakeelest. Selle tähtsaks eelduseks on sarnasuste ärakasutamine holistilisematelt ja mitmekülgsematelt seisukohtadelt, kui seda varem on tehtud; näiteks ei liiguta pelgalt morfeemide tasandil, nagu soome ja eesti keele kontrastiivsed uuringud tavaliselt on teinud. Sarnasus on tegelikult palju holistlikum. Näiteks tekstidest ära tuntud sarnased elemendid lihtsustavad loetu mõistmist. Soome üliõpilaste seas läbi viidud testid näitavad, et tunnetatud sarnasus viib üksiksõnade ja lausetesse paigutatud sõnade tõlkimisel erinevate tulemusteni, mis annab tunnis tust ko(n)teksti olulisusest. Tähelepanu tasub pöörata ka fraseoloogilise ühendi liikmete vahelistele semantilistele suhetele. Nende vaheliste seaduspärasuste vaatlemine võib pakkuda uusi võimalusi lähedase sugulaskeele mõistmise lihtsustamiseks. Märksõnad: sarnasus, retseptiivne mitmekeelsus, sugulaskeeled, eesti keel, soome keel, arusaadavus, tõlketestid

Kadri Muischnek, Kaili Müürisep, Tiina Puolakainen

Artikkel käsitleb ühendverbide tuvastamist eesti keele automaatse pindsüntaktilise analüüsi käigus. Ühendverbide äratundmine on vajalik lause täpsemaks süntaktiliseks analüüsiks, sest lause osaliste süntaktilised funktsioonid, semantilised rollid ja nende keelendamine sõltub sellest, milline on lause keskmeks olev predikaatverb, sh sellest, kas predikaatverb on lihtverb või ühendverb. Ühendverbide tuvastamineks rakendatakse kahte strateegiat: leksikonipõhist ja reeglipõhist. Viimane tähendab seda, et osa korrapäraseid produktiivselt kombineeruvaid ühendverbe pannakse kokku reeglite abil. Artiklis kirjeldatakse kahte eksperimenti: esialgse ja täiustatud ühendverbide tuvastamise käiku. Täiustatud süsteemi tulemus on päris hea, saavutades saagise 97,4% ja täpsuse 96,6%.

Ahti Lohk, Ottokar Tilk, Leo Võhandu

<p><span>This article presents a new two-step method to handle and study large closed subsets of WordNet-type dictionaries with the goal of finding possible structural inconsistencies. The notion of closed subset is explained using a WordNet tree. A novel and very fast method to order large relational systems is described and compared with some other fast methods. All the presented methods have been tested using Estonian1 and Princeton WordNet2 largest closed sets.</span></p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.10</p>

Sven-Erik Soosaar

Eesti tegusõnal päästma, mida seni on peetud tõlkelaenuks vene keelest, on vaste läti keeles tegusõna pestīt näol. See on tõenäoliselt laen liivi või eesti keelest. Sel läänemeresoome tüvel puudub siiani etümoloogia. Analüüsides tüve pääst(ma) ja pestī(t) esinemist ning häälikkuju vastavalt eesti ja läti vanas kirjakeeles, leitakse siinses artiklis, et eesti tüvi võib olla otsene laen vene keelest. Venemõjuline võib olla ka läti vanas kirjakeeles esinev vorm pastīt. Päästma ‘to save’ and päästja ‘saver’ – about an Estonian verb stem, which is also found in Latvian. It is argued that Estonian päästma ‘to save’ which has been considered a translation loan from Russian, may actually be a direct loan from Russian. The Latvian word pestīt ‘to save’, which is usually considered a Livonian loan is found in old Latvian texts also in form pastīt, which indicates a possible Russian influence.

Silviu Miloiu

The current issue of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) continues the publication of selected papers presented at the second international conference for Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Black Sea and Baltic Sea Regions: Confluences, influences and crosscurrents in the modern and contemporary ages, an event which was organized under the aegis of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies with the support of the embassies of Finland, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden in Romania, of the Consulate of Latvia, of Valahia University of Târgovişte, of the City Hall of Târgovişte, of the The Princely Court National Museum Complex of Târgovişte and of Cetatea de Scaun Publishing House and of the respected companies Niro Investment Group and Arvi Agro SRL.