Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

J. Kurokawa, T. Ohara, T. Morikawa et al.

Abstract. We have updated the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) as version 2.1. REAS 2.1 includes most major air pollutants and greenhouse gases from each year during 2000 and 2008 and following areas of Asia: East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia and the Asian part of Russia. Emissions are estimated for each country and region using updated activity data and parameters. Monthly gridded data with a 0.25° × 0.25° resolution are also provided. Asian emissions for each species in 2008 are as follows (with their growth rate from 2000 to 2008): 56.9 Tg (+34%) for SO2, 53.9 Tg (+54%) for NOx, 359.5 Tg (+34%) for CO, 68.5 Tg (+46%) for non-methane volatile organic compounds, 32.8 Tg (+17%) for NH3, 36.4 Tg (+45%) for PM10, 24.7 Tg (+42%) for PM2.5, 3.03 Tg (+35%) for black carbon, 7.72 Tg (+21%) for organic carbon, 182.2 Tg (+32%) for CH4, 5.80 Tg (+18%) for N2O, and 16.0 Pg (+57%) for CO2. By country, China and India were respectively the largest and second largest contributors to Asian emissions. Both countries also had higher growth rates in emissions than others because of their continuous increases in energy consumption, industrial activities, and infrastructure development. In China, emission mitigation measures have been implemented gradually. Emissions of SO2 in China increased from 2000 to 2006 and then began to decrease as flue-gas desulphurization was installed to large power plants. On the other hand, emissions of air pollutants in total East Asia except for China decreased from 2000 to 2008 owing to lower economic growth rates and more effective emission regulations in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Emissions from other regions generally increased from 2000 to 2008, although their relative shares of total Asian emissions are smaller than those of China and India. Tables of annual emissions by country and region broken down by sub-sector and fuel type, and monthly gridded emission data with a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° for the major sectors are available from the following URL: http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/ .

P. Tapponnier, G. Peltzer, A. Dain et al.

Tingcai Cheng, Jiaqi Wu, Yuqian Wu et al.

The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, is among the most widespread and destructive agricultural pests, feeding on over 100 crops throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. By genome sequencing, physical mapping and transcriptome analysis, we found that the gene families encoding receptors for bitter or toxic substances and detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase, were massively expanded in this polyphagous species, enabling its extraordinary ability to detect and detoxify many plant secondary compounds. Larval exposure to insecticidal toxins induced expression of detoxification genes, and knockdown of representative genes using short interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced larval survival, consistent with their contribution to the insect’s natural pesticide tolerance. A population genetics study indicated that this species expanded throughout southeast Asia by migrating along a South India–South China–Japan axis, adapting to wide-ranging ecological conditions with diverse host plants and insecticides, surviving and adapting with the aid of its expanded detoxification systems. The findings of this study will enable the development of new pest management strategies for the control of major agricultural pests such as S. litura. Genome of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, which is one of the most widespread and destructive agricultural pests in tropical and subtropical Asia.

Ferhat Durmaz

Mark K. I. Tan, Nina Billows, Paul C. S. Divis et al.

Abstract Background Imported malaria cases, driven by human migration and travel, pose a significant challenge to malaria elimination efforts. Genomic approaches have become essential for distinguishing between local transmission and imported infections. The state of Sarawak, Malaysia, provides a pertinent example of a malaria-eliminating setting under pressure from Plasmodium parasite importation. Results In this study, we analysed 21 Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained from archived whole blood samples collected between 2008 and 2010 and compared them to 9,518 publicly available isolates from Central Africa (518), East Africa (849), Horn of Africa (25), Oceania (349), South America (75), South Asia (404) Southeast Asia (5,182) and West Africa (2,116). By applying nanopore sequencing and population genomic analyses, we found that most of the cases (n = 13/15) likely originated from endemic regions outside Malaysia, supported by patient travel histories and high multiplicity of infection levels. These findings and drug resistance profiles are consistent with the historical epidemiology of the suspected source regions. Notably, two cases showed genomic evidence of origins inconsistent with the patients’ reported travel histories, underscoring the limitations of traditional epidemiological methods. Identity-by-descent analysis revealed clustering in only two cases, indicating that the majority of infections were likely isolated introductions rather than evidence of sustained local transmission. Conclusion Overall, our results highlight the power of malaria genomics in discerning imported from locally acquired cases and emphasise its critical role in maintaining malaria elimination, particularly in regions situated along major migration and labour exchange corridors.

Popkova Tatyana D.

The article aims to provide a cultural understanding of park culture and the urban environment of China, where sculptures depicting children or story compositions on the theme of childhood are presented. This phenomenon of Chinese culture has remained largely unexplored. For 10 years, the author collected material on this topic in different cities of China, which was recorded in interviews with artists and sculptors, as well as in a collection of photographs. It served as the basis for systematizing and generalizing ideas about the Chinese value system for children and the principles of moral education. The study of this unique way of materially visualizing the Chinese tradition of love for children allows us to identify the features of the national cultural codes of “childhood” and “education”. The author comes to the conclusion that the phenomenological context of park culture reflects the aesthetic, evaluative and playful reality of the Chinese mentality.

Yujin J. Jung

This study examines the evolution of populism in South Korea by analyzing the rhetoric of its two mainstream political parties, the People Power Party (PPP) and the Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), from 2012 to 2022. Utilizing a longitudinal content analysis of party statements and employing advanced large language models (LLMs) for classification, the findings reveal three key trends. First, populist rhetoric has increased over time across both parties. Second, its usage intensifies during election periods and when parties are in opposition. Third, among different forms of populism, sectarian populism, marked by moral polarization and hostility toward political opponents, emerges as the most prominent. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of populism’s role in third-wave democracies, illustrating its implications for democratic stability and the entrenchment of political sectarianism.

Doni Azhari, Asmuni Asmuni

The reform of Islamic family law represents a complex political arena where religious doctrines, state authority, and civil society interests intersect in shaping gender norms. This study examines the political dynamics underlying Islamic family law reform across several Muslim-majority countries and its implications for gender equality. By analyzing case studies from the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, the research highlights how the success of legal reform is influenced by the power of state actors, the role of religious scholars, international pressure, and the strength of women’s movements. In many contexts, family law remains one of the few legal domains where patriarchal norms are legally entrenched, despite constitutional commitments to human rights. Conversely, countries like Morocco and Tunisia illustrate that meaningful reforms are possible through strategic political engagement and strong alliances between state institutions and civil society organizations. These progressive reforms have led to greater protection of women’s rights in areas such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance. Nevertheless, reform efforts often face strong resistance from conservative groups who claim to defend the authenticity of Islam. This study concludes that Islamic family law reform is not merely a theological issue but a contested political struggle that shapes the trajectory of gender justice in contemporary Muslim societies. Therefore, reform strategies must be tailored to the socio-political context of each country, embracing a dynamic fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) approach and ensuring the active participation of women in legislative processes.

Perminova Vera A.

The problems of the historical past associated with the military expansion of the Japanese Empire in Asia in the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries still have a negative impact on the relations between Japan and its former colonies, as well as countries occupied during World War II. At the same time, the residents of Taiwan, who were under Japanese control for the longest period (1895–1945), have not retained in their memory the sharply negative image of the “Japanese occupiers” specific for other countries that were also directly dependent on the Japanese Empire. The article examines approaches to assessing Japanese colonial rule in contemporary Taiwan, the role of the educational and enlightenment policies of the authorities in the formation of historical memory among the island’s residents. Using the content of history textbooks, exhibitions at historical museums and memorials as an example, the work traces the connection between the interpretations of different periods of Taiwanese history (the Japanese period and the rule of the Kuomintang) and studies their influence on the perception of modern Japan in Taiwanese society.

Weihua Zheng, Zhengyuan Liu, Tanmoy Chakraborty et al.

Large language models (LLMs) are now used worldwide, yet their multimodal understanding and reasoning often degrade outside Western, high-resource settings. We propose MMA-ASIA, a comprehensive framework to evaluate LLMs' cultural awareness with a focus on Asian contexts. MMA-ASIA centers on a human-curated, multilingual, and multimodally aligned multiple-choice benchmark covering 8 Asian countries and 10 languages, comprising 27,000 questions; over 79 percent require multi-step reasoning grounded in cultural context, moving beyond simple memorization. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset aligned at the input level across three modalities: text, image (visual question answering), and speech. This enables direct tests of cross-modal transfer. Building on this benchmark, we propose a five-dimensional evaluation protocol that measures: (i) cultural-awareness disparities across countries, (ii) cross-lingual consistency, (iii) cross-modal consistency, (iv) cultural knowledge generalization, and (v) grounding validity. To ensure rigorous assessment, a Cultural Awareness Grounding Validation Module detects "shortcut learning" by checking whether the requisite cultural knowledge supports correct answers. Finally, through comparative model analysis, attention tracing, and an innovative Vision-ablated Prefix Replay (VPR) method, we probe why models diverge across languages and modalities, offering actionable insights for building culturally reliable multimodal LLMs.

Jiaxing Liu, Ping Zhu, Dominique Franck Escande et al.

High plasma density operation is crucial for a tokamak to achieve energy breakeven and a burning plasma. However, there is often an empirical upper limit of electron density in tokamak operation, namely the Greenwald density limit $n_G$, above which tokamaks generally disrupt. Achieving high-density operations above the density limit has been a long-standing challenge in magnetic confinement fusion research. Here, we report experimental results on EAST tokamak achieving the line-averaged electron density in the range of 1.3 $n_G$ to 1.65 $n_G$,while the usual range in EAST is (0.8-1.0)$n_G$. This is performed with ECRH-assisted Ohmic start-up and a sufficiently high initial neutral density. This is motivated by and consistent with predictions of a recent plasma-wall self-organization (PWSO) theory, that increasing ECRH power or pre-filled gas pressure leads to lower plasma temperatures around divertor target and higher density limits. In addition, the experiments are shown to operate in the density-free regime predicted by the PWSO model. These results suggest a promising scheme for substantially increasing the density limit in tokamaks, a critical advancement toward achieving the burning plasma.

Benyamin Sihombing, Rajesh Bhatia, Rahul Srivastava et al.

Yuko Kasuya

Yuichi Sasaki

Yunliu Yang, Xinong Xie, Yunlong He et al.

The Sulu Sea is a small marginal sea in the western Pacific, but it is a very complex and tectonically active region, situated amidst the convergence of the Eurasian, Pacific, and India-Australian plates. Deciphering its geodynamic evolution is crucial, but our understanding of its opening, closure, and tectonic history remains inadequate. The main aim of this study was to systematically study the opening and subsequent closure of the Sulu Sea though discerning tectonic unconformities, structural features, and subduction-collision tectonic zones around margins of the sea. The interpreted sections and gravity anomaly data indicate that the NE Sulu Sea has undergone Neogene extension and contraction due to subduction and collision along the northern margins of the Sulu Sea, whereas the SE Sulu Sea gradually extended from northwest to southeast during the Middle Miocene and has subsequently subducted since the Middle Miocene along the southeastern margins of the Sulu Sea. Several subduction and collision boundaries with different characteristics were developed including continent-continent collision, arc-continent collision, and ocean-arc subduction. The different margins of the Sulu Sea showed distinct asynchronous subduction and collision processes. The northern margins of the Sulu Sea can be divided into three subduction-collision tectonic zones from west to east: the Sabah-Nansha block collision has occurred in NE Borneo since the Early Miocene, followed by the SW Palawan-Cagayan arc collision in SW Palawan Island since the Middle Miocene, and the NW Palawan-Mindoro arc collision since the Late Miocene with further oblique subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. The southeastern margins can also be divided into two subduction tectonic zones from south to east: the SE Sulu Sea has subducted southward beneath the Celebes Sea since the Middle Miocene, followed by the southeastward subduction beneath the Philippine Sea Plate since the Pliocene. Since the Miocene, the interactions among the Australia-India, the Philippine Sea, and the Eurasian plates have formed the circum-Sulu Sea subduction-collisional margins characterized by microplate collisions, deep-sea trough development, and thick sediments filling in the orogenic foreland. This study is significant for gaining insights into the opening and closure of marginal seas and the dynamics of multiple microplates in Southeast Asia.

M. Li, M. Li, J. Kurokawa et al.

<p>The MIXv2 Asian emission inventory is developed under the framework of the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) Phase IV and produced from a mosaic of up-to-date regional emission inventories. We estimated the emissions for anthropogenic and biomass burning sources covering 23 countries and regions in East, Southeast and South Asia and aggregated emissions to a uniform spatial and temporal resolution for seven sectors: power, industry, residential, transportation, agriculture, open biomass burning and shipping. Compared to MIXv1, we extended the dataset to 2010–2017, included emissions of open biomass burning and shipping, and provided model-ready emissions of SAPRC99, SAPRC07, and CB05. A series of unit-based point source information was incorporated covering power plants in China and India. A consistent speciation framework for non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) was applied to develop emissions by three chemical mechanisms. The total Asian emissions for anthropogenic/open biomass sectors in 2017 are estimated as follows: 41.6/1.1 Tg NO<span class="inline-formula">_<i>x</i></span>, 33.2/0.1 Tg SO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>, 258.2/20.6 Tg CO, 61.8/8.2 Tg NMVOC, 28.3/0.3 Tg NH<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>, 24.0/2.6 Tg PM<span class="inline-formula">₁₀</span>, 16.7/2.0 Tg PM<span class="inline-formula">_2.5</span>, 2.7/0.1 Tg BC (black carbon), 5.3/0.9 Tg OC (organic carbon), and 18.0/0.4 Pg CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>. The contributions of India and Southeast Asia were emerging in Asia during 2010–2017, especially for SO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>, NH<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> and particulate matter. Gridded emissions at a spatial resolution of 0.1° with monthly variations are now publicly available. This updated long-term emission mosaic inventory is ready to facilitate air quality and climate model simulations, as well as policymaking and associated analyses.</p>

Borodich V.F.

The article examines the monopoly of the CPC on power as a system-forming political institution of the PRC, which showed its ineffectiveness in the active phase of the C ultural Revolution, was then restored in the fight against its proponents, and met competition from supporters of the democratization of the system of government in the late 1970s. Part of the political leadership of the PRC, represented mainly by relatively young party and state officials, considered the democratization of the system of government as a condition for transforming the system of domination into a system of democratic politics that would ensure the country's comprehensive development. This position was welcomed and support ed by the intelligentsia, urban educated youth and some of the cadres of the party and state apparatus, but met powerful res istance from the “veterans” of the Communist Party, concerned about the threat of losing control over the political activity of the masses. On March 30, 1979, Deng Xiaoping proclaimed the “four basic principles,” which became a factor in the consolidation of the CPC leadership on a “protective” position and defined a “corridor of opportunity” for pursuing a course of “reform and opening-up” for decades to come. At the same time, one of the four principles – “upholding the leadership of the Communist Party” – turned into the ideological basis of the institution of the CPC monopoly on power, which to this day plays a key role in the institutional political design of the PRC.

Satoru Okajima, Hisashi Nakamura, Akira Kuwano-Yoshida et al.

The frequency of extratropical cyclones in East Asia, including those traveling along the Kuroshio off the south coast of Japan, maximizes climatologically in spring in harmony with local enhancement of precipitation. The springtime cyclone activity is of great socioeconomic importance for East Asian countries. However, mechanisms for the spring peak in the East Asian cyclone activity have been poorly understood. This study aims to unravel the mechanisms, focusing particularly on favorable conditions for relevant cyclogenesis. Through a composite analysis based on atmospheric reanalysis data, we show that cyclogenesis enhanced around the East China Sea under anomalously strengthened cyclonic wind shear and temperature gradient, in addition to enhanced moisture flux from the south, is important for the spring peak in the cyclone activity in East Asia. In spring, climatologically strengthened cyclonic shear north of the low-level jet axis and associated frequent atmospheric frontogenesis in southern China and the East China Sea serve as favorable background conditions for low-level cyclogenesis. We also demonstrate that climatologically enhanced diabatic heating around East Asia is pivotal in strengthening of the low-level jet through a set of linear baroclinic model experiments. Our findings suggest the importance of the seasonal evolution of diabatic heating in East Asia for that of the climate system around East Asia from winter to spring, encompassing the spring peak in the cyclone activity and climatological precipitation.

Feifei Long, Xiangze Xia, Jian Liu et al.

The accurate construction of tokamak equilibria, which is critical for the effective control and optimization of plasma configurations, depends on the precise distribution of magnetic fields and magnetic fluxes. Equilibrium fitting codes, such as EFIT relying on traditional equilibrium algorithms, require solving the GS equation by iterations based on the least square method constrained with measured magnetic signals. The iterative methods face numerous challenges and complexities in the pursuit of equilibrium optimization. Furthermore, these methodologies heavily depend on the expertise and practical experience, demanding substantial resource allocation in personnel and time. This paper reconstructs magnetic equilibria for the EAST tokamak based on artificial neural networks through a supervised learning method. We use a fully connected neural network to replace the GS equation and reconstruct the poloidal magnetic flux distribution by training the model based on EAST datasets. The training set, validation set, and testing set are partitioned randomly from the dataset of poloidal magnetic flux distributions of the EAST experiments in 2016 and 2017 years. The feasibility of the neural network model is verified by comparing it to the offline EFIT results. It is found that the neural network algorithm based on the supervised machine learning method can accurately predict the location of different closed magnetic flux surfaces at a high efficiency. The similarities of the predicted X-point position and last closed magnetic surface are both 98%. The Pearson coherence of the predicted q profiles is 92%. Compared with the target value, the model results show the potential of the neural network model for practical use in plasma modeling and real-time control of tokamak operations.

Hans-Balder Havenith, Céline Bourdeau

This paper presents a summary of the main trigger factors of earthquake-induced landslides as well as a review of case histories of major landslide-triggering earthquake events in Central Asia. The Kainama earth-flow case history of 2005 is added to document possible mid-term effects of smaller earthquakes. These events show that in the Central Asian Mountains, two types of seismically triggered mass movements may have particularly disastrous effects: massive long runout rockslides and medium-sized earth flows made of loess -- or a mixture of both. These types of mass movements also significantly contributed to the largest natural catastrophe of the last century in Central Asian mountain regions: the 1949 Khait earthquake.The high impact potential of these types of mass movements is further pointed out through comparison with two worldwide known events, the 1920 Haiyuan (China) and the 1976 Peru earthquake.Case studies had been carried out on rockslides, debris slumps and earth flows triggered by the above-mentioned Kemin and Suusamyr earthquakes as well as other smaller seismic shocks in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Many of the investigated landslides had known a complex failure history before final collapse. To better assess the short- to long-term effects of earthquakes on slopes, landslides need to be surveyed more intensively, over mid- and long-terms.