Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Teun van Gils, K. Ramaekers, A. Caris et al.

J. K. Montez, Jason Beckfield, J. Cooney et al.

Policy Points Changes in US state policies since the 1970s, particularly after 2010, have played an important role in the stagnation and recent decline in US life expectancy. Some US state policies appear to be key levers for improving life expectancy, such as policies on tobacco, labor, immigration, civil rights, and the environment. US life expectancy is estimated to be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all US states enjoyed the health advantages of states with more liberal policies, which would put US life expectancy on par with other high‐income countries. Context Life expectancy in the United States has increased little in previous decades, declined in recent years, and become more unequal across US states. Those trends were accompanied by substantial changes in the US policy environment, particularly at the state level. State policies affect nearly every aspect of people's lives, including economic well‐being, social relationships, education, housing, lifestyles, and access to medical care. This study examines the extent to which the state policy environment may have contributed to the troubling trends in US life expectancy. Methods We merged annual data on life expectancy for US states from 1970 to 2014 with annual data on 18 state‐level policy domains such as tobacco, environment, tax, and labor. Using the 45 years of data and controlling for differences in the characteristics of states and their populations, we modeled the association between state policies and life expectancy, and assessed how changes in those policies may have contributed to trends in US life expectancy from 1970 through 2014. Findings Results show that changes in life expectancy during 1970‐2014 were associated with changes in state policies on a conservative‐liberal continuum, where more liberal policies expand economic regulations and protect marginalized groups. States that implemented more conservative policies were more likely to experience a reduction in life expectancy. We estimated that the shallow upward trend in US life expectancy from 2010 to 2014 would have been 25% steeper for women and 13% steeper for men had state policies not changed as they did. We also estimated that US life expectancy would be 2.8 years longer among women and 2.1 years longer among men if all states enjoyed the health advantages of states with more liberal policies. Conclusions Understanding and reversing the troubling trends and growing inequalities in US life expectancy requires attention to US state policy contexts, their dynamic changes in recent decades, and the forces behind those changes. Changes in US political and policy contexts since the 1970s may undergird the deterioration of Americans’ health and longevity.

Li Tuobang

Modern macroeconomic monetary theory suggests that the labor share of income has effectively become a core macroe-conomic parameter anchored by top policymakers through Open Market Operations (OMO). However, the setting of this parameter remains a subject of intense economic debate. This paper provides a detailed summary of these controversies, analyzes the scope of influence exerted by market agents other than the top policymakers on the labor share, and explores the rationality of its setting mechanism.

Eka Lezhava

In Georgia, state employment policy represents a key component of socio-economic development. Its primary objective is to improve the structure of the labor market, ensure the efficient redistribution of the workforce, and promote the creation of equal economic opportunities across regions. The implementation of this policy is based on the coordinated efforts of both central and regional institutions, which endows it with a multi-level character. The policy framework is aligned with the core principles and recommendations of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the European Union Employment Strategy, particularly emphasizing labor market transparency, gender equality, and human capital development. This paper examines the regional dimension of state employment policy in Georgia, with a specific focus on inter-agency coordination and the implementation of employment programs at the regional level. The novelty of the research lies in its approach to employment policy as an integrated model that extends beyond the direct initiatives of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection, involving active participation from sectoral ministries such as those responsible for agriculture, social security, and economic development. The study applies descriptive and comparative analytical methods, drawing on official statistical data and ministry reports for the period 2020–2024. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of employment policy in the regions largely depends on the diversity and coherence of implemented programs. However, a persistent challenge remains the fragmentation of regional and municipal-level data, which complicates comprehensive policy evaluation and coordination.

Les auteurs examinent la capacité des syndicats et de la négociation collective d’entreprise à améliorer les conditions de travail dans les usines de confection approvisionnant les marques et distributeurs multinationaux. Ils montrent, à partir de données recueillies par le programme Better Work au Bangladesh, au Cambodge, à Haïti, en Indonésie, en Jordanie, au Nicaragua et au Viet Nam, que leur rôle peut être positif, même dans les pays qui restreignent la liberté syndicale et la négociation collective. Ils confirment ainsi en partie que l’implication des institutions et acteurs locaux permet d’améliorer le respect des normes du travail du côté production des chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales.

Susanne Urban, Emma Holmqvist, Vedran Omanović

Policies for refugees’ settlement, housing, and employment are usually not formulated or analyzed in relation to each other. This study aims to address the dialectical relationship among settlement, housing, and labor market activation policies for refugees. To do this, we draw on Benson’s (see Benson 1977; 1983) conceptualization of the dialectical perspective and its four interconnected principles (social construction/production, context, contradiction, and praxis) and employ this approach at two critical moments when Swedish policies on housing and employment for refugees were significantly reorganized. Overall, the organization of the settlement and inclusion of refugees in terms of housing and employment produces intentional and unintentional contradictions with several possible outcomes. The actual outcomes show that some contradictions and paradoxes among the various spheres and geographical levels have not been resolved by state policy reorganization (decentralization or centralization).

Tianyu Fan

This paper develops a new framework to analyze the incidence of labor market shocks, focusing on automation and artificial intelligence. Central to our theory is the distance-dependent elasticity of substitution (DIDES), where worker mobility between occupations declines with their distance in skill space. Mapping 306 occupations into cognitive, manual, and interpersonal skill dimensions, we estimate a low-dimensional latent skill model that preserves granular substitution patterns. We show that both automation and artificial intelligence cluster within skill-adjacent occupations, constraining employment adjustment and amplifying wage effects. The clustering nature of technologies generates unequal outcomes: 20--50% of labor demand shocks translate to wages (versus 30% under standard models), while mobility recovers only 20\% of losses (versus 30% from standard estimates).

Sergey S. Belousov

Introduction. The period from 1957 to 1963 is an important period in the history of the city of Elista. In 1957 the autonomy of the Kalmyk people was restored, the statute of the capital city of the republic was returned to Elista, and the city itself received a powerful impetus for its further development. Since the city did not have its own resources for reconstruction, financial and other types of material assistance played the main role in this process from the state and population migrations organized by it. The great importance that population migrations had for Elista, the largest city in Kalmykia, makes it necessary to study this aspect in the past life of the city, which, moreover, was not specifically studied. The study aims to highlight the migration policy of the state during the years of the restoration of the republic and the most massive migrations in the history of the city, to show their impact on the development of the city. The article was prepared on the basis of documents of the state authorities of the Kalmyk ASSR, stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The research was carried out based on historical-comparative and historical-genetic research methods. Results. In 1957–1963, there was a sharp surge in population migrations in Elista, caused by the restoration of Kalmykia as an administrative-territorial entity in 1957 and the granting of the city the legal status of its capital. The state allocated large funds for the restoration and further development of the socio-economic structure of the city, but there was a shortage of personnel and labor resources in general for the development of capital investments. To solve this problem, the authorities attracted Kalmyks returning from places of deportation to the city, conducted recruitment among workers from other subjects, invited military personnel demobilized by their army, and sent graduates of vocational schools to the city. As a result, the shortage of workers was largely overcome, which made it possible in 1964 to abandon new mass organized relocations to the city. Conclusions. The massive influx of population in 1957–1963 had a great impact on the demographic, social and national structure of the population. The population of Elista has increased dramatically, especially among young people, which has improved the demographic indicators of citizens, their social composition has changed, which has transformed into an urban one, the city has turned from a mono-national into a multi-national one.

Merve Yosunkaya, Umut Omay

As the boundaries between the physical and virtual worlds are blurring, the effects of digital transformation have become evident in all aspects of our lives. This transformation drastically alters the standard ways of working and lifestyles and paves the way for the emergence of new concepts and phenomena. In this context, digital nomads have become increasingly prominent as people who work and travel simultaneously with the motto “earn while travelling”. The aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of digital nomadism based on the example of Turkish Digital Nomads. By determining the lifestyles and working conditions of Turkish digital nomads, the changing expectations and emerging new dynamics in working life are discussed. For the study, a qualitative research method was used and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 digital nomads between July and September 2024. The data obtained from the interviews were analysed by descriptive analysis method using the qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA. According to the results obtained from the research, it was observed that digital nomadism was adopted as an important lifestyle among the participants in terms of both experiencing new cultures and redefining the work-life balance thanks to the freedom and flexibility it offers to individuals. As a result, standard forms of work are being questioned and issues such as work-life balance, job security and social rights need to be reconsidered.

Shun Yiu, Rob Seamans, Manav Raj et al.

In this project, we examine how freelancers changed their strategic positioning on an online work platform following the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 - a major advance in AI technologies. We document that post-ChatGPT, freelancers bid on fewer jobs and reposition themselves by differentiating their distribution of bids (i.e., job applications) relative to their prior behavior. We disentangle heterogeneity in strategic responses by exploring how exposure to changes in demand or supply shape incumbent repositioning. We find that the launch of ChatGPT was associated with a short-term decrease in labor demand and an increase in labor supply, though these changes vary across work domains. In response to decreases in labor demand, workers changed their horizontal positioning and withdrew from the platform. In response to increases in labor supply, workers were less likely to decrease bidding or reposition horizontally but shifted their vertical position by targeting lower-value jobs. We further show that repositioning is less likely for high-skill freelancers who face greater adjustment costs. This research contributes to our understanding of how and why workers respond to technological change in the context of recent advances in AI technologies.

Hugo Sant'Anna

This paper examines the labor market impacts of the 2015 Mariana Dam disaster in Brazil. It contrasts two theoretical models: an urban spatial equilibrium model and a factor of production model, with diverging perspectives on environmental influences on labor outcomes. Utilizing rich national administrative and spatial data, the study reveals that the unusual environmental alteration, with minimal human capital loss, primarily affected outcomes via the factor of production channel. Nevertheless, spatial equilibrium dynamics are discernible within certain market segments. This research contributes to the growing literature on environmental changes and its economic consequences.

Francesco Del Prato, Marc Fleurbaey

What happens when employers value worker welfare in frictional labor markets? We show this "responsibility" creates an endogenous wedge in the marginal labor cost -- akin to a hiring subsidy -- altering wage and vacancy incentives rather than only changing the surplus split. The wedge is strongest when outside options are weak and separations rare, implying larger wage premia in slack, low-mobility markets. In a wage-posting model with on-the-job search, responsible firms may occupy the high-wage segment even when less productive. In a DMP model, responsible firms commit to higher worker bargaining power, raising the value of unemployment and thereby wages at regular firms.

Fanqiang Meng, Zhihui Liu, Hao Lin et al.

Abstract Labor mobility is an inherent component of economic development and labor market changes. With globalization and urbanization, labor mobility is on the rise in many developing countries, and it is of great significance to study the economic outcomes and poverty alleviation effects of this phenomenon. This paper explores the impact of labor mobility on the wages of rural migrants when they move out with their fellow townsmen (folks from the same county). The study uses the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) data and applies the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method for empirical analysis. Our results suggest that labor mobility with fellow townsmen significantly increases the wages of rural migrants. The paper shows two promotion mechanisms: mobility with fellow townsmen affects the wages of rural migrants by improving their ability to search for information and negotiate wages. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that mobility with fellow townsmen significantly increases the wages of rural migrants engaged in producer service, consumer service, blue-collar occupations, and working in state-owned and private enterprises. Furthermore, it has a more positive impact on the wages of older rural migrants from an intergenerational perspective. Interestingly, rural migrants may “give up” part of their wages to care for their families when they move with their spouses, parents, or children. Therefore, the government needs to take effective policy measures to promote the employment service system and improve the labor rights and interests protection mechanism for rural migrants.

Olinda Evangelista

O texto originou-se de exposição por mim realizada por ocasião do lançamento da Revista Trabalho Necessário, número 42, de 2022, organizada por Rodrigo Lamosa e Marco Lamarão, cujo tema é O empresariamento da educação e o Estado-educador. Refere-se ao processo metarreflexivo sobre as análises apresentadas no volume pelos vários autores, tendo em vista assinalar as tendências e contribuições acerca do tema, ressalvadas as divergências teóricas. É comum às abordagens a defesa inconteste da escola pública em todas as suas formas, e a análise das estratégias da burguesia para a formação da juventude trabalhadora. São tratados os Aparelhos Privados de Hegemonia; as organizações multilaterais; os aparelhos de Estado; as TICs. No que toca diretamente ao assunto do dossiê, os autores discutiram empresariamento, privatização, mercantilização, mercadorização, financeirização, comoditização, relação público-privado, filantropização, capitalização, flexibilização e comercialização, evidenciando-se que são muitas as formas de refletir sobre a presença do capital na determinação das políticas educacionais no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Educação pública; Política Educacional; Educação e Trabalho. Palavras-chave: Educação pública; Política Educacional; Educação e Trabalho.

Marjan Petreski, Stefan Tanevski, Irena Stojmenovska

This paper examines how investment in environmentally sustainable practices impacts employment and labor productivity growth of firms in transition economies. The study considers labor skill composition and geographical differences, shedding light on sustainability dynamics. The empirical analysis relies on the World Bank-s Enterprise Survey 2019 for 24 transition economies, constructing an environmental sustainability index from various indicators through a Principal Components Analysis. To address endogeneity, a battery of fixed effects and instrumental variables are employed. Results reveal the relevance of environmental sustainability for both employment and labor productivity growth. However, the significance diminishes when addressing endogeneity comprehensively, alluding that any relation between environmentally sustainable practices and jobs growth is more complex and needs time to work. The decelerating job-creation effect of sustainability investments is however confirmed for the high-skill firms, while low-skill firms benefit from labor productivity gains spurred by such investment. Geographically, Central Europe sees more pronounced labor productivity impacts, possibly due to its higher development and sustainability-awareness levels as compared to Southeast Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Rocío Joo, Gavin McDonald, Nathan Miller et al.

Many fishing vessels use forced labor, but identifying vessels that engage in this practice is challenging because few are regularly inspected. We developed a positive-unlabeled learning algorithm using vessel characteristics and movement patterns to estimate an upper bound of the number of positive cases of forced labor, with the goal of helping make accurate, responsible, and fair decisions. 89% of the reported cases of forced labor were correctly classified as positive (recall) while 98% of the vessels certified as having decent working conditions were correctly classified as negative. The recall was high for vessels from different regions using different gears, except for trawlers. We found that as much as ~28% of vessels may operate using forced labor, with the fraction much higher in squid jiggers and longlines. This model could inform risk-based port inspections as part of a broader monitoring, control, and surveillance regime to reduce forced labor. * Translated versions of the English title and abstract are available in five languages in S1 Text: Spanish, French, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and Indonesian.

Suryadeepto Nag

Using a panel of 1,171 villages in rural India that were surveyed in the India Human Development Surveys, I perform a difference-in-differences analysis to find that improvements in electricity reliability have a negative effect on the increase in casual agricultural labor wage rates. Changes in men's wage rates are found to be affected more adversely than women's, resulting in a smaller widening of the gender wage gap. I find that better electricity reliability reduces the time spent by women in fuel collection substantially which could potentially increase labor supply. The demand for labor remains unaffected by reliability, which could lead the surplus in labor supply to cause wage rates to stunt. However, I show that electrical appliances such as groundwater pumps considerably increase labor demand indicating that governments could target increasing the adoption of electric pumps along with bettering the quality of electricity to absorb the surplus labor into agriculture.

Hector Galindo-Silva, Paula Herrera-Idárraga

This study investigates the impact of integrating gender equality into the Colombian constitution of 1991 on attitudes towards gender equality, experiences of gender-based discrimination, and labor market participation. Using a difference-in-discontinuities framework, we compare individuals exposed to mandatory high school courses on the Constitution with those who were not exposed. Our findings show a significant increase in labor market participation, primarily driven by women. Exposure to these courses also shapes attitudes towards gender equality, with men demonstrating greater support. Women report experiencing less gender-based discrimination. Importantly, our results suggest that women's increased labor market participation is unlikely due to reduced barriers from male partners. A disparity in opinions regarding traditional gender norms concerning household domains is observed between men and women, highlighting an ongoing power struggle within the home. However, the presence of a younger woman in the household appears to influence men's more positive view of gender equality, potentially indicating a desire to empower younger women in their future lives. These findings highlight the crucial role of cultural shocks and the constitutional inclusion of women's rights in shaping labor market dynamics.

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Lyn Silva, Célia Regina Vendramini

O artigo analisa a experiência de trabalhadores migrantes na Ocupação Contestado, em São José/SC. Apresentamos quatro trajetórias de trabalhadoras migrantes, as quais revelam sua experiência como trabalhadoras, migrantes, mães e participantes do processo político-educativo constituinte da Ocupação. Concluímos que a migração é determinada pela dinâmica do capital, e a ocupação é expressão, por um lado, do processo de expropriação/exploração no trabalho, da ausência de moradia e da violência do estado. De outro lado, revela a indignação e a força de luta dos trabalhadores organizados. Palavra-chave: Trabalho e Educação; Ocupações urbanas; Migração; Experiência.