Hasil untuk "Islamic law"

Benyu Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Jianpeng Cheng et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a promising frontier for recommender systems, yet their development has been impeded by the absence of predictable scaling laws, which are crucial for guiding research and optimizing resource allocation. We hypothesize that this may be attributed to the inherent noise, bias, and incompleteness of raw user interaction data in prior continual pre-training (CPT) efforts. This paper introduces a novel, layered framework for generating high-quality synthetic data that circumvents such issues by creating a curated, pedagogical curriculum for the LLM. We provide powerful, direct evidence for the utility of our curriculum by showing that standard sequential models trained on our principled synthetic data significantly outperform ($+130\%$ on recall@100 for SasRec) models trained on real data in downstream ranking tasks, demonstrating its superiority for learning generalizable user preference patterns. Building on this, we empirically demonstrate, for the first time, robust power-law scaling for an LLM that is continually pre-trained on our high-quality, recommendation-specific data. Our experiments reveal consistent and predictable perplexity reduction across multiple synthetic data modalities. These findings establish a foundational methodology for reliable scaling LLM capabilities in the recommendation domain, thereby shifting the research focus from mitigating data deficiencies to leveraging high-quality, structured information.

Tahir Hussain, Saddam Hussain Khan

Accurate QA over classical Islamic texts remains challenging due to domain specific semantics, long context dependencies, and concept sensitive reasoning. Therefore, a new CGRA DeBERTa, a concept guided residual domain augmentation transformer framework, is proposed that enhances theological QA over Hadith corpora. The CGRA DeBERTa builds on a customized DeBERTa transformer backbone with lightweight LoRA based adaptations and a residual concept aware gating mechanism. The customized DeBERTa embedding block learns global and positional context, while Concept Guided Residual Blocks incorporate theological priors from a curated Islamic Concept Dictionary of 12 core terms. Moreover, the Concept Gating Mechanism selectively amplifies semantically critical tokens via importance weighted attention, applying differential scaling from 1.04 to 3.00. This design preserves contextual integrity, strengthens domain-specific semantic representations, and enables accurate, efficient span extraction while maintaining computational efficiency. This paper reports the results of training CGRA using a specially constructed dataset of 42591 QA pairs from the text of Sahih alBukhari and Sahih Muslim. While BERT achieved an EM score of 75.87 and DeBERTa one of 89.77, our model scored 97.85 and thus surpassed them by 8.08 on an absolute scale, all while adding approximately 8 inference overhead due to parameter efficient gating. The qualitative evaluation noted better extraction and discrimination and theological precision. This study presents Hadith QA systems that are efficient, interpretable, and accurate and that scale provide educational materials with necessary theological nuance.

Redithya Ega Fernanda, Eko Handayanto, Yulist Rima Fiandari

Purpose – This study analyzes the influence of animosity and religiosity on brand switching among Pizza Hut consumers in Indonesia, with boycott intention as a mediating variable. It seeks to understand how negative sentiments and religious values shape consumers’ decisions to switch brands in the context of geopolitical and social conflicts. Methodology – A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a survey distributed to 190 Pizza Hut consumers in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) via SmartPLS 4.0 to test the direct and indirect effects among variables. Findings – The results confirmed that both animosity (β = 0.174, p < 0.05) and religiosity (β = 0.240, p < 0.05) significantly influenced brand switching. Boycott intention also mediated these relationships, with animosity (β = 0.126, p < 0.05) and religiosity (β = 0.149, p < 0.05) exerting indirect effects. Additionally, boycott intention directly affects brand switching (β = 0.402, p < 0.05). Implications – Practically, Pizza Hut must address consumer animosity rooted in political conflict and align marketing strategies with religious values to retain customers. Theoretically, this study enriches the literature on ethical consumption by integrating social, political, and religious factors into emerging markets. Originality – This study is among the first to explore the combined effects of animosity and religiosity on brand switching in Indonesia, particularly within the fast-food industry. It highlights boycott intention as a critical mediator, offering novel insights into consumer behavior amid sociopolitical tensions.

Fatemeh Taherizadeh, Mohammad Moeini far

Imam al-Sajjad ('a), during one of the most critical periods in Islamic history—the post-Karbala era under the despotic rule of the Umayyad regime—took significant steps to preserve and expand the school of Shi‘ism through the strategic use of taqiyya (dissimulation). With a profound understanding of the prevailing political and social pressures, he employed taqiyya not merely as a means of personal protection but as a calculated method to safeguard Shi‘a teachings, preserve the knowledge of the Ahl al-Bayt ('a), and lay the cultural and intellectual foundations for future generations. This study, based on a descriptive-analytical approach and library research method, examines the role of taqiyya in Imam al-Sajjad’s ('a) struggle and illustrates how he utilized this approach to counter political and ideological oppression while promoting religious teachings, training disciples, and compiling elevated Islamic knowledge. In the final section, the paper addresses a common Sunni objection regarding the apparent contradiction and duality in taqiyya-related traditions, providing a documented and analytical response. Ultimately, this research seeks to demonstrate that taqiyya, in the context of Imam al-Sajjad’s ('a) life, functioned not only as a defensive tactic but also as part of an active, deliberate cultural and religious strategy. 1 . Introduction Imam Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn (ʿa) played a crucial role in preserving and reinforcing the foundations of Shiism during one of the most tumultuous and repressive periods in Islamic history. In the aftermath of the tragic events of Karbala and amidst the brutal oppression and extensive surveillance enforced by the Umayyad regime, Imam Al-Sajjād (ʿa) implemented a series of deliberate and strategic measures to protect the ideological, religious, and cultural heritage of the Shia community. Central to his approach was the practice of Taqiyyah—a form of precautionary dissimulation employed under duress—which not only ensured his personal safety and that of his followers, but also facilitated the discreet transmission and consolidation of Shia teachings in highly restrictive circumstances. This article aims to explore in depth the ways in which Imam Al-Sajjād(ʿa) utilized Taqiyyah as a core strategy to ensure the survival, resilience, and subtle expansion of the Shia school during an era marked by political tyranny and religious distortion. By examining the historical, theological, and sociopolitical dimensions of the Imam’s actions, this study illuminates how Taqiyyah functioned not merely as a defensive tactic, but as a proactive and purposeful method for cultural and doctrinal preservation. Drawing on both Shiite and Sunni textual sources, the research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology within a library-based framework to critically assess the multifaceted applications of Taqiyyah in the life and legacy of Imam Sajjād (‘a). The study illustrates how this principle enabled him to engage in religious education, develop spiritual literature, and train a discreet yet influential group of students and narrators, all while avoiding direct confrontation with the ruling authorities. Furthermore, the article addresses one of the key polemical concerns frequently raised by Sunni scholars regarding the perceived duplicity in the practice of Taqiyyah. By contextualizing these critiques within both theological discourse and historical necessity, the paper clarifies that Taqiyyah, as employed by Imam Al-Sajjād (‘a), was neither hypocritical nor deceptive but rather a rational and principled response to the existential threats faced by the Shia community. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the practice of Taqiyyah during the Imamate of Imam Al-Sajjād (‘a) was a sophisticated and multidimensional instrument of resistance. It not only protected lives and religious identity but also facilitated the long-term endurance and intellectual development of Shiism during one of its most vulnerable phases. By reevaluating this strategy through a fresh academic lens, the article contributes to a deeper understanding of the Imam’s campaign and the broader role of Taqiyyah in shaping Islamic history. Research Question(s) What is Taqiyyah, and what strategy did Imam Al-Sajjād ('a) employ in its implementation? What are the narrations from the Imams throughout history concerning the practice or non-practice of Taqiyyah? What accounts for the discrepancies in the narrations regarding Taqiyyah? Literature Review Various studies have explored the life of Imam Al-Sajjād ('a) and examined his religious, social, and educational dimensions. However, a comprehensive and coherent analysis of the use of Taqiyyah as a combat strategy in the context of the political and social conditions of his time has not yet been undertaken. This study aims to investigate, based on reliable historical and narrative sources, one of the most significant combat methods employed by Imam Al-Sajjād ('a) through Taqiyyah. It will demonstrate how he effectively preserved the Shiite school from numerous threats and fortified its scientific and cultural foundations during critical circumstances by leveraging this strategic tool. Additionally, this study addresses a prevalent concern among Sunnis regarding the perceived duality in the hadiths of Taqiyyah, an issue that has not been rigorously examined to date. Methodology This research employs a library methodology and a descriptive-analytical approach to examine Shia and Sunni traditions. Results In the challenging political and social climate during the Umayyad rule, Imam Al-Sajjād (ʿa) played a crucial role in preserving and expanding the Shiite school of thought. He employed the doctrine of Taqiyyah and utilized indirect methods such as prayer, mourning, freeing slaves, and educating students. Through these efforts, he not only safeguarded Shiism from potential destruction but also, by nurturing a new generation of scholars and loyal followers, laid the foundation for a significant scientific and cultural movement that flourished during the reigns of the subsequent Imams ('a). Overall, Imam Al-Sajjād (ʿa) strategy during the era of Taqiyyah stands out as one of the most effective and astute approaches for preserving the Shiite school against oppressive regimes. This strategy remains a valuable lesson for navigating difficult circumstances and safeguarding religious principles today. The narrations attributed to Imam Al-Sajjād ('a) address both the permissibility and non-permissibility of Taqiyyah. The presence of these seemingly conflicting narrations has raised doubts among some religious groups. It is essential to note that, in the view of the Imam of Imams ('a), Taqiyyah is a conditional and limited practice; these narrations do not indicate a contradiction but rather highlight its various contexts. Consequently, Taqiyyah is obligatory in certain situations and may be abandoned in others. A proper understanding of these parameters is key to resolving any ambiguities.

علیرضا محمدبیکی, الناز اکبر زاده سراج

جمعیت جوان یکی از عوامل کلیدی اقتدار و توسعه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی کشورها به‌شمار می‌رود. با این حال، کاهش نرخ باروری در ایران طی سال‌های اخیر موجب شد سیاست‌گذاران به تصویب «قانون حمایت از خانواده و جوانی جمعیت» و تدوین برنامه هفتم توسعه با هدف افزایش نرخ باروری و جوان‌سازی جمعیت اقدام کنند. این قانون علاوه‌بر تدابیر تشویقی برای خانواده‌ها، شامل رویکردهای محدودکننده و کیفری در حوزه‌هایی همچون سقط جنین، عقیم‌سازی، پیشگیری و غربالگری جنین است که پیامدهای حقوقی، اجتماعی و بهداشتی متعددی به همراه دارد. از منظر فقهی، برخی مواد قانون با مبانی فقه شیعه در تعارض است. برای مثال، مطابق فقه شیعه، جنین پیش از حلول روح فاقد حیات کامل بوده و سقط آن مستوجب مجازات نیست، اما قانون جدید مجازات‌هایی برای پزشک و مادر پیش‌بینی کرده است. همچنین عدم حمایت کافی از مادران شاغل و اعطای اختیار به کارفرمایان بخش خصوصی، می‌تواند منجر به اخراج زنان باردار و آسیب‌های روانی و اجتماعی شود. هدف این پژوهش بررسی چالش‌های فقهی، کیفری و اجتماعی قانون جوانی جمعیت و تحلیل آثار آن در نظام حقوقی ایران است. روش تحقیق توصیفی - تحلیلی و مبتنی‌بر منابع کتابخانه‌ای، شامل بررسی متون قانونی، منابع فقهی و آثار علمی مرتبط است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که علی‌رغم اهداف حمایتی قانون، تعارض با فقه، نارسایی‌های حقوق کیفری و غفلت از ابعاد اجتماعی و بهداشتی موجب شده است که اهداف جوانی جمعیت به‌شکل مؤثر محقق نشود و احتمال افزایش سقط غیرقانونی، فشارهای روانی بر زنان و تضعیف نهاد خانواده را تقویت کند.

Tariq Sami Saleh Al-Omari

الأهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد مواطن التعارض بين نظرية التعسف، وقاعدة "الجواز الشرعي ينافي الضمان"، وكيفية التوفيق بينهما، مع تطبيق ذلك على مسألة نقل العامل تعسفًا، من خلال بيان معايير التعسف في الفقه الإسلامي والقانون المدني الأردني، وبيان موطن التعارض، وسبل إزالته، من خلال الجمع بينهما. المنهجية: تستخدم الدراسة المنهج المقارن والمنهج الاستنباطي التحليلي؛ لإزالة التعارض بين نظرية التعسف والقاعدة المذكورة، من خلال المقارنة بين المعنى الإجمالي لنظرية التعسف، وقاعدة "الجواز الشرعي ينافي الضمان"، ومقارنته بتشريعات القانون المدني الأردني، كما تم تحليل النصوص الفقهية، واستنباط الأحكام الشرعية والقانونية في مسألة نقل العامل تعسفًا، وبيانها في ضوء نظرية التعسف في استعمال الحق. النتائج: تظهر النتائج أن إزالة التعارض بين نظرية التعسف والقاعدة المذكورة تتمثل في تقييد القاعدة بعدم الإضرار بالغير ضررًا فاحشًا، سواء كان الاستعمال بقصد الإضرار أو نتيجة له؛ فالتعسف في استعمال الحق يعدّ في حقيقته انحرافًا عن الجواز الشرعي، وبذلك يصبح الجواز الشرعي مقيدًا بعدم التعسف. الخلاصة: ضرورة تضمين قانون العمل الأردني نصًا صريحًا يقضي بالبراءة من التعسف في حال نقل العمال، مع منح الصلاحية للقضاة في حال النقل التعسفي، بإلزام صاحب العمل بالتعويض العادل، حتى لو تضمّن العقد شرطًا يقضي بأحقية صاحب العمل بنقل العامل.

Wisnu Uriawan, Muhammad Saifurridwani Ijazi, Nizzami Ramdhan Arraudy et al.

This research aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of Islamic da'wahh on two popular social me dia platforms, namely Instagram and TikTok. The analysis is conducted based on four main aspects: media characteristics, da'wahh communication strategies, audience engagement effec tiveness, and user behavioral responses. The research employs a a mixed-methods approach integrating qualitative content analysis and descriptive quantitative metrics through observations of the popular da'wahh account @hananattakistory during the period of October to November 2025. The findings indicate that TikTok excels in the effectiveness of disseminating da'wahh messages through high interaction rates, achieving an engagement rate of 1.42%. In contrast, Instagram records a higher total interac tion with an engagement rate of 5.47%, reflecting deeper and more reflective audience involvement. Qualitative analysis shows that TikTok is more effective in the initial stage of capturing audience attention (awareness), while Instagram is stronger in building loyalty and fostering a digital da'wahh community. Thus, combining the use of both platforms can serve as a complementary digital da'wahh strategy, expanding reach while deepening the understanding of Islamic values in the era of social media. The main contribution of this study lies in its comparative, empirically grounded approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative analyses to map the effectiveness of da'wahh across platforms, providing a strategic foundation for developing adaptive and contextual digital da'wahh for young Muslim audiences.

Leonardo Iurada, Simone Bombari, Tatiana Tommasi et al.

Large-scale deep learning models are known to memorize parts of the training set. In machine learning theory, memorization is often framed as interpolation or label fitting, and classical results show that this can be achieved when the number of parameters $p$ in the model is larger than the number of training samples $n$. In this work, we consider memorization from the perspective of data reconstruction, demonstrating that this can be achieved when $p$ is larger than $dn$, where $d$ is the dimensionality of the data. More specifically, we show that, in the random features model, when $p \gg dn$, the subspace spanned by the training samples in feature space gives sufficient information to identify the individual samples in input space. Our analysis suggests an optimization method to reconstruct the dataset from the model parameters, and we demonstrate that this method performs well on various architectures (random features, two-layer fully-connected and deep residual networks). Our results reveal a law of data reconstruction, according to which the entire training dataset can be recovered as $p$ exceeds the threshold $dn$.

Kamran Behnia, Shiyan Li, Johnpierre Paglione et al.

Recently, Wang et al. [1] reported on an unusual violation of Wiedemann-Franz law in three semimetals. We compare their observations to our observations in a variety of systems, where the apparent WF law violations in the same temperature range arise as a consequence of electron-phonon decoupling. Given the empirical similarity of their data with these cases, the most plausible explanation for the reported violation is an experimental artefact.

Aniket Kesari, Travis Breaux, Tom Norton et al.

Privacy law and regulation have turned to "consent" as the legitimate basis for collecting and processing individuals' data. As governments have rushed to enshrine consent requirements in their privacy laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), significant challenges remain in understanding how these legal mandates are operationalized in software. The opaque nature of software development processes further complicates this translation. To address this, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in requirements engineering to bridge the gap between legal requirements and technical implementation. This study employs a three-step pipeline that involves using an LLM to classify software use cases for compliance, generating LLM modifications for non-compliant cases, and manually validating these changes against legal standards. Our preliminary findings highlight the potential of LLMs in automating compliance tasks, while also revealing limitations in their reasoning capabilities. By benchmarking LLMs against real-world use cases, this research provides insights into leveraging AI-driven solutions to enhance legal compliance of software.

Mufidatun Nur Aini, Nuruddin Ghilman Halim, M Muhid et al.

The Qur'an and hadith are the main guides for Muslims, but the temptation of lust sometimes leads humans to riya' behavior, which is doing good only for the praise of humans, not the pleasure of Allah. The book "Hidayatus Salikin" written by Abdul Samad al-Falimbani, is a phenomenal work that is quite calculated among Muslims. The figure with expertise in Sufism and philosophy more or less suggests practical applications in everyday life related to religious issues. Descriptive qualitative research method with content exploration in the book "Hidayatus Salikin". This article will present the concept of riya' from various scholars' perspectives and emphasize the importance of pure intention in worship. By focusing on the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH contained in the book "Hidayatus Salikin", this article provides an in-depth understanding of the dangers of riya' and the need to maintain sincere intentions, according to the teachings of the Qur'an and Hadith. Sheikh Abdul Samad al-Falimbani encourages Muslims to practice religion with purity of intention, avoiding riya', and following the guidance of the Qur'an and hadith.  Riya' or performing acts of worship for human praise is considered shirk khafi (hidden shirk). This discourse underscores the necessity for Muslims to cultivate purity of intention, thereby fortifying their spiritual endeavors against the insidious influence of riya'.

Kenan Kılınç

Yûsuf el-Erdebîlî, hicrî VIII. asırda Azerbaycan’da yaşamış Şâfiî fukahası âlimlerindendir. Doğum tarihi hakkında yerli ve yabancı literatür taranmasına rağmen bilgi bulunmayan bu âlim, bibliyografya âlimlerinin genel kabulüne göre 799/1397 senesinde Erdebil’de vefat etmiştir. Erdebîlî, Şâfiî fıkhına dair te’lif ettiği el-Envâr li-a’mâli’l-ebrâr eseriyle bilinen ve Şâfiî fukahasının kendisinden istifade ettiği fıkhî bir birikime sahip bir şahsiyettir. Fürû-i fıkha ilişkin olarak kaleme aldığı el-Envâr adlı eserinde, delilleri zikretmeksizin meseleleri ele almakta ve kısmen de olsa fıkıh usûlüne değinmektedir. Yûsuf Erdebîlî, eserindeki konuları ibâdât, muâmelât, ferâiz, münâkehât-müfârekât, ukûbât ve edebü’l-kâdî ve ıtk şeklinde bir tasnifle ele almaktadır. Ayrıca eserinde fetva konusunu ayrıntılarıyla işlemeye çalışarak, günümüz çalışmalarına ışık tutacak açıklamalarda bulunmaktadır. Erdebîlî, fetva kurumlarını ele alarak istiftâ adabı, şer’î hilelerle fetva ve talakta istisna gibi konularda önemli bilgilere yer vermektedir. Erdebîlî’nin bu alandaki açıklamaları üzerine akademik çevrede herhangi bir çalışmanın yapılmamış olması, bu konunun ele alınmasını gerektirmiştir. Ayrıca fetva kurumuna ilişkin açıklamalarının ilmî camiaya sunulması ileriki çalışmalara ışık tutması açısından büyük bir önemi haizdir. İslam fıkıh âlimleri, fetva faaliyetini din ve dünya açısından sorumluluk gerektiren bir vazife olarak kabul etmektedirler. Bu nedenle dinî meseleleleri şer’î delillerden istinbat etme bilgi ve kabiliyetinden yoksun olanların fetva faaliyetilerine katılmalarına sıcak bakmamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, Erdebîlî’nin el-Envâr’da işlediği fetva usûlü kaideleri onun bakış açısıyla ele alınmaya çalışılarak İslam fıkıh literatürüne katkıda bulunmak hedeflenmektedir.

Afrizal Afrizal, Fauzan Fauzan

This research examines the main question regarding the validity of substitute heirs from the perspective of Islamic legal philosophy, which has sparked debates among scholars concerning the application of justice and welfare principles in inheritance. The background of this issue stems from the absence of explicit provisions regarding substitute heirs in the Qur'an and hadith, while this phenomenon frequently occurs in modern inheritance practices. The novelty of this research lies in the legal-philosophical approach that links the concepts of justice, welfare, and continuity in inheritance distribution, exploring the views of both classical and contemporary scholars. This study uses a literature review method with a normative and comparative approach, analyzing Sharia principles and interpretations by Islamic jurists regarding substitute heirs. The findings reveal that while the concept of substitute heirs is not explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an, some scholars allow its practice based on principles of justice, welfare, and societal needs. This reflects the flexibility of Islamic law in addressing social dynamics without compromising core Sharia principles. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of considering social context and welfare in the application of Islamic inheritance law, while adhering to the justice principles taught by Sharia.

Wenjia Jing, Jack Xin, Yifeng Yu

Using formal renormalization theory, Yakhot derived in ([32], 1988) an $O\left(\frac{A}{\sqrt{\log A}}\right)$ growth law of the turbulent flame speed with respect to large flow intensity $A$ based on the inviscid G-equation. Although this growth law is widely cited in combustion literature, there has been no rigorous mathematical discussion to date about its validity. As a first step towards unveiling the mystery, we prove that there is no intermediate growth law between $O\left(\frac{A}{\log A}\right)$ and $O(A)$ for two dimensional incompressible Lipschitz continuous periodic flows with bounded swirl sizes. In particular, we do not assume the non-degeneracy of critical points. Additionally, other examples of flows with lower regularity, Lagrangian chaos, and related phenomena are also discussed.

Vera Pavlova, Mohammed Makhlouf

The widespread use of large language models (LLMs) has dramatically improved many applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP), including Information Retrieval (IR). However, domains that are not driven by commercial interest often lag behind in benefiting from AI-powered solutions. One such area is religious and heritage corpora. Alongside similar domains, Islamic literature holds significant cultural value and is regularly utilized by scholars and the general public. Navigating this extensive amount of text is challenging, and there is currently no unified resource that allows for easy searching of this data using advanced AI tools. This work focuses on the development of a multilingual non-profit IR system for the Islamic domain. This process brings a few major challenges, such as preparing multilingual domain-specific corpora when data is limited in certain languages, deploying a model on resource-constrained devices, and enabling fast search on a limited budget. By employing methods like continued pre-training for domain adaptation and language reduction to decrease model size, a lightweight multilingual retrieval model was prepared, demonstrating superior performance compared to larger models pre-trained on general domain data. Furthermore, evaluating the proposed architecture that utilizes Rust Language capabilities shows the possibility of implementing efficient semantic search in a low-resource setting.

Xiaoxi Kang, Lizhen Qu, Lay-Ki Soon et al.

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in legal reasoning is often limited due to the unique legal terminologies and the necessity for highly specialized knowledge. These limitations highlight the need for high-quality data tailored for complex legal reasoning tasks. This paper introduces LegalSemi, a benchmark specifically curated for legal scenario analysis. LegalSemi comprises 54 legal scenarios, each rigorously annotated by legal experts, based on the comprehensive IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) framework from Malaysian Contract Law. In addition, LegalSemi is accompanied by a structured knowledge base (SKE). A series of experiments were conducted to assess the usefulness of LegalSemi for IRAC analysis. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating the SKE for issue identification, rule retrieval, application and conclusion generation using four different LLMs.

Hisam Ahyani, Memet Slamet, Tobroni

This research aims to build the value of rahmatan lil 'alamin in Indonesian economic development at 4.0 era from the perspective of philosophy and shariah economic law. The role of both is considered important regarding with freedom to do any economic activities in Indonesia as the non-Islamic state in the formal term yet at the same time is known as a sharia economic community due to its world’s largest Moslem population. This literature-normative research is  qualitative with a statutory, historical, comparative and conceptual approach. It found that first, rahmatan lil 'alamin (sheltering the entire ummah and not exclusive to Moslem only) value enables the philosophy of Islamic law to contribute in developing Indonesian economy. The goal of Islam as a religion to guide its believers toward the happiness of the world and the hereafter and the triangle concept among philosophy of God, human, and nature, for example, make it possible for Islamic economic with its rahmatan lil 'alamin values to cover deficiencies of the conventional economic system. Second, the philosophy of rahmatan lil 'alamin in Islamic economics can be manifested by organizing social services, such as waqf, relying on the spirit of building justice in life, narrowing social gaps, as well as enlivening Islamic values. In the era of 4.0, implementation of the value can be adjusted to recent demands and situations, such as cash waqf, halal industry, halal food, halal tourism and so on(Riset ini bertujuan menggali nilai-nilai rahmatan lil ‘alamin dalam perekonomian Indonesia era 4.0 menurut tinjauan filsafat dan hukum ekonomi syariah. Peran keduanya dianggap penting terkait kebebasan berekonomi dalam konteks Indonesia yang bukan merupakan negara Islam secara formal namun memiliki komunitas ekonomi Syariah sebagai negara Muslim terbesar di dunia. Penelitian kepustakaan-normatif ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, sejarah, perbandingan, serta konseptual. Ia sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa, pertama, konsep rahmatan lil ‘alamin  yang menaungi seluruh ummat—tidak hanya umat Muslim—memungkinkan filsafat hukum Islam berkontribusi dalam mengembangkan perekonomian Indonesia. Tujuan Islam untuk mencapai kebahagiaan dunia-akhirat serta konsep triangle antara filsafat Tuhan, manusia dan alam, misalnya, memungkinkan tertutupinya kekurangan dalam sistem ekonomi konvensional dengan sistem ekonomi Islam. Kedua, nilai rahmatan lil ‘alamin dalam hukum ekonomi Islam dapat diwujudkan dengan menyelenggarakan kegiatan-kegiatan sosial seperti wakaf dengan semangat menciptakan kehidupan yang berkeadilan, mengurangi kesenjangan sosial serta menghidupkan nilai-nilai keislaman. Di era 4.0, implementasi nilai rahmatan lil’alamin dapat disesuaikan dengan tuntutan zaman semisal wakaf tunai, industri halal, makanan halal, wisata halal, dan lain sebagainya)

Suat Erdoğan

Kanunilik, ceza hukukunun esaslarından ve hukukun evrensel ilkelerinden birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. “Kanunsuz suç ve ceza olmaz” şeklinde formüle edilen ve kişilerin suç işlemeden önce karşılaşacakları ceza hakkında bilgi sahibi olmaları anlamına gelen ilke, adalet ve tabii hukuk anlayışının bir sonucudur. Tarihi derinliği konusunda görüş ayrılıkları bulunmakla birlikte, kanunilik ilkesi Orta Çağ ceza uygulamalarındaki keyfiliğe bir tepki olarak gündeme gelmiş ve uluslararası birçok sözleşme ile ülkelerin anayasa ve kanunlarında yer almıştır. Başlangıçta daha katı bir biçimde uygulama bulan ilke, zamanla daha esnek bir yapıya dönüşmüş ve kanunlarda yer almasa da bazı suçların cezalandırılabileceği anlayışı ortaya çıkmıştır. İslâm hukuk düşüncesinde suç ve cezalar üç ana başlıkta ele alınmaktadır. Kur’an ve sünnette açıklanan suç ve cezalar kısas ve had kapsamında değerlendirilirken, açıklanmayanlar ta‘zîr olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Ta‘zîr kapsamındaki suçların cezasını belirleme yetkisi devlet başkanı ve hâkimlere bırakılmıştır. Kur’an ve sünnette açıklanan suç ve cezaların belli sayı ile sınırlı olması, ta‘zîr konusuna geniş bir alanın bırakılması anlamına gelmektedir. Ayrıca suçun unsur ve şartlarındaki eksiklikler sebebiyle uygulanmayan kısas ve had suçları için de ta‘zîr cezasının söz konusu olması ve tarihi süreç içerisinde ortaya çıkan yeni suç türleri hesaba katıldığında, ta‘zîrin kapsam alanının oldukça geniş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ta‘zîr suç ve cezaları bu derece geniş bir alana sahip olmasına rağmen, klasik fıkıh kitaplarında konuya sınırlı oranda yer verilmektedir. En kapsamlı kaynaklarda dahi kısas ve had konuları oldukça detaylı olarak ele alınırken, ta‘zîre ayrılan yer birkaç sayfayı geçmemektedir. Kanaatimize göre ta‘zîr suç ve cezalarını belirleme yetkisinin siyasi otoriteye bırakılması, klasik fıkıh kaynakları açısından içtihada dayalı hukuki birikimin oluşmasını engellemiştir. Ancak Osmanlı döneminde ta‘zîr suç ve cezaları kapsamında fıkhi bir zenginlik ortaya çıkmıştır. Genel olarak kısas ve had cezaları hakkında kanunilik ilkesi açısından herhangi bir tartışma söz konusu edilmezken, ta‘zîr cezalarında kanunilik ilkesinin gözetilmediği konusunda genel bir kanaat bulunmaktadır. Bu konudaki eleştiriler ta‘zîr ile sınırlı olsa da ta‘zîr suç ve cezalarının kapsam alanının genişliği hesaba katıldığında, söz konusu eleştiriler önem kazanmakta ve bir anlamda İslâm ceza hukukunun bütününe yönelik hâle gelmektedir. Klasik kaynaklarda doğrudan kanunilik ilkesi hakkında bilgiye rastlanmaması doğaldır. Ancak İslâm hukukunun temel kaynaklarından Kur’an ve sünnette söz konusu ilke ile paralellik gösteren ifadeler bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Kur’an’da peygamber göndermeden cezalandırmanın söz konusu olamayacağını ilkesel olarak ortaya koyan ayetlerin yanında bazı suçlar için ceza öngörüsünde bulunulmaktadır. Ayrıca kanunilik ilkesinin doğal bir sonucu olan kanunların geçmişe yürümemesi ilkesini doğrulayan birden çok örnek de Kur’an’da yer almaktadır. Peygamber’in (s.a.s.) uygulamaları da Kur’an’ın bu konudaki prensipleri ile paralellik göstermektedir. Klasik İslâm hukuku kaynaklarındaki öğretiden farklı olarak Osmanlı uygulamasında ta‘zîr kapsamındaki bir kısım suç ve cezaların kanunnameler yoluyla belirlenmesi, kanunilik ilkesi açısından olumlu bir gelişme olarak kabul edilmektedir. Osmanlı ceza hukuku uygulamalarındaki söz konusu tecrübeden hareketle, ta‘zîr kapsamındaki suçların cezalarının önceden belirlenmesi, İslâm ceza hukukuna kanunilik ilkesi açısından yöneltilen eleştirileri ortadan kaldıracaktır. Kur’an ve sünnetin prensipleri ile de paralellik gösteren bu anlayış, günümüz hukuk düşüncesi açısından tercih olmanın ötesinde zorunluluk hâlini almıştır. Tüm suçların belirlenmesinin imkânsızlığı sebebiyle kanunda belirlenmeyen, ancak suç kapsamında değerlendirilmesi gereken fiillerin klasik ta‘zîr anlayışı içerisinde cezalandırılması, ta‘zîr düşüncesinin kanunda yer almayan fiillerin cezasız kalmaması konusunda önemli bir görev üstlenebileceği anlamına gelecektir.

Nuriyah Fara Muthia, Juajir Sumardi, Maskun Maskun

This research aims to analyze the legal implications of the increase in space debris generated through space commercialization activities. This research uses a normative legal method using a qualitative approach to determine the application of law in commercial activities carried out in space. The results of this study, namely: (1) the increase in space junk cases caused by commercial activities in space is increasing until 2022 due to various satellites being launched and causing junk to scatter freely in space. The rules of the Outer Space Treaty 1967 are still unable to guarantee legal certainty so that all parties carrying out commercial activities in space obey them; (2) the calculation of damage caused by commercial activities in space will result in liability that has been regulated in the Space Liability Convention 1972 that there are two legal principles governing the responsibility for compensation carried out by all parties in space, both state and private parties.

Murat Yas

This study aims to explore issues related to Islamic financial regulations in Turkey through the use of semi-structured interviews. A total of 12 respondents were involved, including regulators, members of the Central Advisory Board (CAB), the Advisory Board of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs), and managers from IFIs in Turkey. The results highlight consistent calls for the establishment of an act for the Participation finance industry. This act is seen as a means to ensure tax neutrality, reinforce norm hierarchy, prevent the imitation of conventional financial products, and mitigate Shari’ah non-compliance risk. Additionally, our empirical findings emphasise the importance of enhancing stakeholder engagement, clarifying roles, establishing a robust organizational structure, and enhancing transparency and independence for regulatory authorities. Improved regulatory governance is crucial for enhancing regulatory outcomes. Lastly, the study underscores the need for standardised guidelines for PFIs and emphasises the significance of their voluntary implementation.