Hasil untuk "Psychology"

R. Wyer, T. K. Srull

R. Harré, G. Gillett

B. Nosek, T. Hardwicke, Hannah Moshontz et al.

Replication-an important, uncommon, and misunderstood practice-is gaining appreciation in psychology. Achieving replicability is important for making research progress. If findings are not replicable, then prediction and theory development are stifled. If findings are replicable, then interrogation of their meaning and validity can advance knowledge. Assessing replicability can be productive for generating and testing hypotheses by actively confronting current understandings to identify weaknesses and spur innovation. For psychology, the 2010s might be characterized as a decade of active confrontation. Systematic and multi-site replication projects assessed current understandings and observed surprising failures to replicate many published findings. Replication efforts highlighted sociocultural challenges such as disincentives to conduct replications and a tendency to frame replication as a personal attack rather than a healthy scientific practice, and they raised awareness that replication contributes to self-correction. Nevertheless, innovation in doing and understanding replication and its cousins, reproducibility and robustness, has positioned psychology to improve research practices and accelerate progress. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

P. Greenfield, H. Keller, A. Fuligni et al.

G. Miller

Virginia Braun, Victoria Clarke, Nikki Hayfield

In 2006, psychologists Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke published a paper entitled Using thematic analysis in psychology in Qualitative Research in Psychology. The paper sought to provide guidanc...

V. Pitardi, Hannah R. Marriott

Article published in Psychology and Marketing available open access at https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21457

Aloïs Rautureau, Éric Piette

While AI systems have equaled or surpassed human performance in a wide variety of games such as Chess, Go, or Dota 2, describing these systems as truly "human-like" remains far-fetched. Despite their success, they fail to replicate the pattern-based, intuitive decision-making processes observed in human cognition. This paper presents an overview of findings from cognitive psychology and previous efforts to model human-like behavior in artificial agents, discusses their applicability to General Game Playing (GGP) and introduces our work-in-progress model based on these observations: CogniPlay.

Dulaji Hidellaarachchi, John Grundy, Rashina Hoda

Humour has long been recognized as a key factor in enhancing creativity, group effectiveness, and employee well-being across various domains. However, its occurrence and impact within software engineering (SE) teams remains under-explored. This paper introduces a comprehensive, literature review-based taxonomy exploring the characterisation and use of humour in SE teams, with the goal of boosting productivity, improving communication, and fostering a positive work environment while emphasising the responsible use of humour to mitigate its potential negative impacts. Drawing from a wide array of studies in psychology, sociology, and organizational behaviour, our proposed framework categorizes humour into distinct theories, styles, models, and scales, offering SE professionals and researchers a structured approach to understanding humour in their work. This study also addresses the unique challenges of applying humour in SE, highlighting its potential benefits while acknowledging the need for further empirical validation in this context. Ultimately, our study aims to pave the way for more cohesive, creative, and psychologically supportive SE environments through the strategic use of humour.

Massoud Hassani, Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, Asghar Jafary

Background: Behavioral issues, including bullying, often arise during early childhood. Mothers play a critical role in shaping their children’s psychological and social development. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of behavioral parent training (BPT) on improving the parenting sense of competence among mothers of school-aged boys who engage in bullying.Methods: This quantitative, quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The study population included mothers of bullying boys aged 10–12 who attended Razi Psychological Services Clinic, affiliated with the Department of Education in Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran in 2024. The study participants were selected through convenience sampling technique. A total of 30 mothers were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups using the permuted block method. The intervention group participated in an eight-week BPT program, with one-hour sessions held weekly, whereas the control group did not receive any intervention during the study period. Data were collected using the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSCS) and analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS version 26.Results: The analysis revealed significant differences in parenting competence between the intervention and control groups at both the post-test and follow-up stages, favoring the intervention group. Specifically, mothers in the intervention group showed improved parenting competence scores (pre-test: 2.40±2.58; post-test: 3±2.96) compared with the control group (pre-test: 2.80±1.14; post-test: 2.66±1.44). Additionally, significant differences were observed across the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases (P=0.02).Conclusions: The findings suggested that BPT effectively enhances mothers’ sense of parenting competence, fostering positive changes in parenting behaviors and approaches.

Dyah Ayu Chandra Pertiwi, Berliana Widi Scarvanovi

Easy internet access and rising usage intensity have contributed to the rise in Online Gender Based Violence (OGBV), with early adult showing the highest internet use and OGBV cases. Resilience has an important role for victims to deal with the negative impact. Spirituality is one predictor of resilience, but previous findings show a weak relationship between the two, so a mediator variable is needed. Spirituality, which also affects self-esteem, may help enhance resilience. This study aims to determine the role of self-esteem in mediating the effect of spirituality on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV. A total of 116 OGBV victims aged 18–25 and living in West Java participated by completing the CD-RISC, SWBQ and SLCS-R scale questionnaires online. Data were analyzed using path regression and bootstrapping with Process Macro for SPSS 4.2. The results showed that there was a significant effect of spirituality on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV by 0.0135 (p < 0.05). Then there is a significant effect of self-esteem on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV by 0.0000 (p < 0.05). Then it is proven that there is a role of self-esteem in mediating the effect of spirituality on the resilience of early adult victims of OGBV by 0.8463 (p < 0.05). Therefore, all hypotheses in this study are accepted. Spirituality contributes 56.82% to resilience through self-esteem, and the remaining 43.18% is explained by other variables excluded from the study. Practically, spiritual activities help boost self-esteem and resilience in OGBV survivors.

Claudio Lucchiari, Maria Elide Vanutelli, Fernando Echarri et al.

Lorenzo Zangari, Candida M. Greco, Davide Picca et al.

Moral values have deep roots in early civilizations, codified within norms and laws that regulated societal order and the common good. They play a crucial role in understanding the psychological basis of human behavior and cultural orientation. The Moral Foundation Theory (MFT) is a well-established framework that identifies the core moral foundations underlying the manner in which different cultures shape individual and social lives. Recent advancements in natural language processing, particularly Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs), have enabled the extraction and analysis of moral dimensions from textual data. This survey presents a comprehensive review of MFT-informed PLMs, providing an analysis of moral tendencies in PLMs and their application in the context of the MFT. We also review relevant datasets and lexicons and discuss trends, limitations, and future directions. By providing a structured overview of the intersection between PLMs and MFT, this work bridges moral psychology insights within the realm of PLMs, paving the way for further research and development in creating morally aware AI systems.

Parisa Yousefi, Mohsen Shakeri, Kazem Barzegar Bafrooei

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the role of enabling conditions for collective efficacy and character strengths and virtues of teachers in the effectiveness of elementary schools from the perspective of teachers in Marvdasht, Iran (Dorudzan District) in the academic year 2020-2021. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study and an applied one in terms of objective. The statistical population included all elementary teachers of the mentioned district (n=420), 201 of whom (129 women and 72 men) were selected by random cluster sampling following determining the sample size by Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Data were collected using Jenni Donohoo’s enabling conditions for collective teacher efficacy questionnaire, character strengths and virtues questionnaire by Peterson and Seligman, and School effectiveness questionnaire by Sergiovanni et al. In addition, data analysis was carried out in AMOS version 24 using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. Results: According to the results, teachers’ character strengths and virtues (β=0/19) and enabling conditions for collective efficacy (β=0/71) positively and significantly predicted school effectiveness. Conclusions: Ultimately, the study of the obtained indicators showed a good fit for the final model of the research.

Boffi, Letícia Carolina

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as expectativas de homens trans acerca de seus relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais após a transição de gênero. Participaram 15 homens trans, com idades entre 20 e 41 anos, em processo de hormonização. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais guiadas por um roteiro semiestruturado, audiogravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise temática reflexiva. Os participantes reconheceram que, possivelmente, terão possibilidades mais restritas de se engajarem em relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais após a transição de gênero, em decorrência da materialidade corpórea divergente da cisnormatividade. Outra fonte de desconforto presumida é o repúdio social, que alimenta a abjeção e sedimenta o imaginário da exotização e fetichização dos corpos transmasculinos, fixando-os em relações esporádicas. Conclui-se que a persistente fixação na genitália como referente sígnico determinante da sexualidade modula e regula a busca por parceira íntima. Essa perspectiva reforça a heteronormatividade como estratégia de reafirmação do gênero

David Cameron, Emily Collins, Stevienna de Saille et al.

Despite the increasing interest in trust in human-robot interaction (HRI), there is still relatively little exploration of trust as a social construct in HRI. We propose that integration of useful models of human-human trust from psychology, highlight a potentially overlooked aspect of trust in HRI: a robot's apparent trustworthiness may indirectly relate to the user's relationship with, and opinion of, the individual or organisation deploying the robot. Our Social Triad for HRI model (User, Robot, Deployer), identifies areas for consideration in co-creating trustworthy robotics.

Xiyun Li, Ziyi Ni, Jingqing Ruan et al.

Adaptive human-agent and agent-agent cooperation are becoming more and more critical in the research area of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where remarked progress has been made with the help of deep neural networks. However, many established algorithms can only perform well during the learning paradigm but exhibit poor generalization during cooperation with other unseen partners. The personality theory in cognitive psychology describes that humans can well handle the above cooperation challenge by predicting others' personalities first and then their complex actions. Inspired by this two-step psychology theory, we propose a biologically plausible mixture of personality (MoP) improved spiking actor network (SAN), whereby a determinantal point process is used to simulate the complex formation and integration of different types of personality in MoP, and dynamic and spiking neurons are incorporated into the SAN for the efficient reinforcement learning. The benchmark Overcooked task, containing a strong requirement for cooperative cooking, is selected to test the proposed MoP-SAN. The experimental results show that the MoP-SAN can achieve both high performances during not only the learning paradigm but also the generalization test (i.e., cooperation with other unseen agents) paradigm where most counterpart deep actor networks failed. Necessary ablation experiments and visualization analyses were conducted to explain why MoP and SAN are effective in multi-agent reinforcement learning scenarios while DNN performs poorly in the generalization test.

Hailong Liu, Takatsugu Hirayama

External human-machine interface (eHMI) is considered as a new explicit communication method for pedestrian-AV interactions, particularly in encounter scenarios. Pedestrians without prior negotiation experience with eHMI may misinterpret the driving intentions of AV, leading to confusion and unpredictable behavior. To address this, our study suggests providing pre-instruction on eHMI to enhance comprehension. To compare pedestrians' subjective feelings and walking behavior changes with and without the use of eHMI, as well as before and after receiving pre-instructions, a road crossing experiment using a within-subject design was conducted. In the experiment, the participants were challenged to recognize situations and experienced uncertainty when encountering AVs lacking eHMI, in contrast to manual driving vehicles. After the pre-instruction, participants could understand the driving intention of an AV with eHMI and predict its driving behavior more easily. Furthermore, participants' subjective feelings and hesitation to make decisions improved to align with the same criteria as encountered with a manual driving vehicle. Additionally, this study found that the information guidance effect of using eHMI makes participants' walking speeds more consistent over multiple trials after pre-instruction.

Priscila Figueira, Bruna Kelly Teixeira de Araújo, Raphael Silva Santos Andrade et al.

RESUMO Ansiedade matemática (AM) é um conjunto de crenças, sintomas físicos e emocionais que algumas pessoas experimentam ao lidar com problemas matemáticos. O estudo objetivou investigar o efeito da AM no desempenho aritmético de crianças com alta inteligência. Participaram do estudo 52 crianças com desempenho inferior no subteste aritmética do TDE e classificação “acima da média” ou “intelectualmente superior” nas Matrizes de Raven. Os resultados demonstraram correlação forte entre inteligência e TDE aritmética (r = 0,82; p < 0,000); e correlações moderadas entre TDE aritmética e QAM-A (r = 0,32; p = 0,02) e QAM-B (r = 0,35; p = 0,01). A análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou uma predição de 8% da subescala QAM-A e de 11 % da QAM-B como preditores do desempenho aritmético. A ansiedade matemática interfere no desempenho em aritmética, mesmo em crianças com a inteligência fluída acima do esperado, sugerindo um importante efeito dos mecanismos emocionais.

Aslı Bursalıoğlu, Alexandria Michalak, Maggie W. Guy

This study examined the role of intersensory redundancy on 12-month-old infants’ attention to and processing of face stimuli. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 72 12-month-olds were tested using an online platform called Lookit. Infants were familiarized with two videos of an actor reciting a children’s story presented simultaneously. A soundtrack either matched one of the videos (experimental condition) or neither of the videos (control condition). Visual-paired comparison (VPC) trials were completed to measure looking preferences for the faces presented synchronously and asynchronously during familiarization and for novel faces. Neither group displayed looking preferences during the VPC trials. It is possible that the complexity of the familiarization phase made the modality-specific face properties (i.e., facial characteristics and configuration) difficult to process. In Experiment 2, 56 12-month-old infants were familiarized with the video of only one actor presented either synchronously or asynchronously with the soundtrack. Following familiarization, participants completed a VPC procedure including the familiar face and a novel face. Results from Experiment 2 showed that infants in the synchronous condition paid more attention during familiarization than infants in the asynchronous condition. Infants in the asynchronous condition demonstrated recognition of the familiar face. These findings suggest that the competing face stimuli in the Experiment 1 were too complex for the facial characteristics to be processed. The procedure in Experiment 2 led to increased processing of the face in the asynchronous presentation. These results indicate that intersensory redundancy in the presentation of synchronous audiovisual faces is very salient, discouraging the processing of modality-specific visual properties. This research contributes to the understanding of face processing in multimodal contexts, which have been understudied, although a great deal of naturalistic face exposure occurs multimodally.