Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Sylwia Przęczek-Kisielak

LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES OF LOCAL TAXES FOR KRAKÓW BAKERS FROM THE YEARS (1573–1630) In the National Archives in Kraków, within the series Libri taxarum victualium et rerum mechanicarum, under reference number 29/667/115, there is a folder containing manuscript documents of exceptional value for historical and linguistic research: Voivodeship Price Regulations for Bakers from July 15, 1573 to August 16, 1630. These regulations are subjected to a linguistic analysis in the present article which is divided into four parts. The first part addresses the generic features of the price regulations, as the structure of these documents for bakers is relatively uniform. It can be captured within a certain compositional framework, allowing the hypothesis that the regulations represented a distinct genre of official text in the 16th and 17th centuries. The second part reviews selected characteristic phonetic features of these documents, namely: the realization of nasal vowels, closed vowels, the pronunciation of e before j in the ending -ej>ėj and in the suffix of the comparative degree of adverbs, vowel changes in dependent positions (i. e., the development of i, y before l, ł into e), the influence of other half-open vowels on preceding vowels, the pronunciation of l’, the anticipation of palatalization, and the unification of consonants in terms of voicing in medial position and at word boundaries. The third part, focused on inflection, examines the following forms of adjectives and nouns: instrumental singular of the pronominal-adjectival declension; genitive, dative, and locative singular as well as genitive plural of the feminine declension; accusative singular of vowel-stem feminine nouns; the expansive use of the -ow ending from the -ŭ- declension to other masculine nouns in this case; the locative singular of the -ŏ- stem declension; remnants of the dual number in the regulations. In the fourth part, an analysis of the superlative forms of adjectives and the puzzling form jemny/odjemny is presented.

میثم اکبری, فرشته افضلی

ترجمه طنز به شکل دوبله و زیرنویس، پیوسته چالشی جدی برای مترجمان این حوزه است. از نظر کیارو بیشتر لطیفه‌ها فرهنگ‌‌محور هستند و ممکن است یک لطیفه خاص، برای یک شخص ناآشنا با فرهنگ، هیچ حس خنده‌داری نداشته‌باشد. مترجم گاهی ناگزیر می‌شود برای پیشگیری از انتقادهای اجتماعی، دست به حذف و یا تغییر در بخشهایی بزند. با مقایسه شیوه‌های به‌کار‌رفته در ترجمۀ عبارت‌های طنزآمیز، نتایج نشان از آن دارد که مترجمان در رویارویی با این چالش‌ها، شیوه‌ها و عملکردهای متفاوتی را به نمایش می‌گذارند. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به بررسی مقابله‌ای راهکارهای انتقال پیام‌های طنزآمیز در فیلم فارسی «مارمولک» بر پایه مدل کیارو می‌پردازد تا عملکرد مترجم را در رویارویی با موارد اشکال‌برانگیز در ترجمه زیرنویس ارزیابی کند. به این منظور، همه دیالوگ‌های طنز، شناسایی و متن مبدأ و مقصد خط‌ به‌خط با هم تطبیق داده‌شد، آنگاه در جدول‌های جداگانه تقسیم‌بندی‌گردید. به‌گونه کلی و بر پایه تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل دیالوگ‌های فیلم، یافته‌ها نشان‌می‌دهد که شگرد «حذف» به میزان (31% ) و «جایگزینی» با (29%) به ترتیب، پرکاربردترین و شگرد «ترجمۀ تحت‌اللفظی» با اختصاص (17%) کم‌کاربردترین راهکار مترجم در زیرنویس این فیلم است. گفتنی است در جایی که مترجم راهکار حذف را به‌کار‌برده، محصول پایانی را از هرگونه حس طنز خالی نموده‌است

Zahra Eslampanah, Leila Erfanian, Mahmoud Ramezanzadeh

The purpose of this study is to examine the metaphors of surrealist-style novels from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. In which of the following are the most common areas of origin and destination of surreal metaphors? And what are the metaphors of surreal works in terms of objectivity and origin? The novels selected in this study were surreal novels from different authors around the world. In this study, one hundred pages of these 6 novels were studied. The metaphors were extracted and analyzed in the context and then the origin and destination of these metaphors were identified based on the origin and destination areas of Koveces's theory, and finally, Objective and abstract areas of origin and destination were identified. The results show that the surreal metaphors are more intangible and the source and destination domains are both more objective, although abstract domains are also present and most abundant in the human and machine origin domain. In the field of destination, it is about man and nature, and we continue to understand the importance of the human subject in this style of work.

Laura Camargo Fernández, Ana María Grimalt Crespo

El propósito de este artículo es presentar los resultados del primer estudio sobre el marcador discursivo en plan en el castellano hablado por los jóvenes de Mallorca. Realizado a partir de datos procedentes de tres corpus del siglo XXI, el PRESEEA-Palma (2007-2010), el Corpus Oral Juvenil del Español de Mallorca, COJEM (2011) y un corpus de conversaciones a través de WhatsApp, CORWAS (2020-2021), el trabajo permite observar los cambios en las funciones de este marcador en una microdiacronía que ofrece avances determinantes sobre su proceso de gramaticalización. Las viejas funciones de en plan no desaparecen, pero se suman otras nuevas, como la de apoyo conversacional, documentada en el corpus de wasaps.

Sabrina Solange Ferrero

El presente artículo aborda la autotraducción como proceso (re)configurador y legitimador de un ethos autoral en la obra de la actriz e instapoeta Carla Quevedo. A partir de las nociones de me­dio y modo como parte esencial de los textos abordados, que deben entenderse en clave semiótica, estudiamos las instancias de autotraducción intermedial, multimodal e interlingüística como proce­sos que permiten dar cuenta de la construcción y reconstrucción del ethos. Así, además de ocuparnos de los discursos en torno a la figura de Quevedo, analizamos el pasaje de los poemas publicados en Instagram a su publicación en papel en el poemario bilingüe me peleé a los gritos con el manager del spa, de 2019. También estudiamos los traslados entre el inglés y el español que se evidencian dentro del mismo poemario. Entendemos que la autotraducción del medio digital al medio impreso, por un lado, y del inglés al español, por otro, habilitan un retrabajo del ethos de artista de la figura que se asocia a Carla Quevedo. El análisis reconoce en esa reconfiguración una herramienta que permite la legitimación de una faceta del ethos vinculada a la escritura y la autoría.

José Luis Castillo del Águila

Reseña de la obra de Alcalde Peñalver, Elena y Santamaría Urbieta, Alexandra, Aproximación a la traducción financiera inglés-español. Textos, términos y recursos documentales. Granada: Comares 2019. 152 pp.

Louise Esher

By detailed comparative study of data from historical and descriptive grammars, this chapter traces the source of pervasive syncretism patterns in Occitan varieties of the Limousin region (‘Lemosin varieties’). The majority of these patterns are shown to result from regular sound change causing mergers of previously distinct forms; subsequently, speakers are able to infer a morphological generalization that the forms realizing a given pair of cells are identical, and exploit the patterns as productive templates for morphological analogy. The behaviour of these patterns, and their interaction with established ‘metamorphomes’ (abstract templates for the paradigmatic distribution of inflectional exponents), is captured by treating the rise of syncretism as an example of ordinary change to metamorphomes, in which paradigm cells are reassigned from one metamorphomic template to another: this approach facilitates principled predictions about the susceptibility of metamorphomes to change in diachrony.

Karim Sadeghi

Álvaro Faleiros, Mariângela de Araújo, Elena Vássina et al.

Márcia Almeida Oliveira

In a dictatorial or repressive context, movement can be said to be one of the most fundamental and disruptive forms of (aesthetic) resistance. Through exile, migration, travel or correspondence, bodies, ideas and objects are permanently displaced, searching constantly for lines of flight that are impossible to pin down by any political regime. When associated with art, the elusive and ever changing nature of movement can transform objects into events, creating an affective network of images, words, objects, ideas and relations. The ideological potential of movement can be found acutely in artist’s publications, or art in the form of printed matter, such as artist’s books or mail art, which have the potential to circumvent physical limitations imposed by repressive apparatuses. Also, movement triggers imagination to put together all the elements of the network thus constructed and put into motion, also entailing (different levels of) collaboration. This exercise entails taking a closer look to the material and historical circumstances of these objects that become deeply imbedded with ideology. So, by looking at the triangulation movement-time-history, I aim to investigate some ways women artists have used printed matter to revised, confront and debunk totalizing narratives, such as women’s role in society, capitalism, slavery, colonialism, etc., that have been sustained by and have themselves sustained the repressive and dictatorial regimes that operated in Portugal and in Brazil.

رجب اسفندیاری

فناوری دیجیتالی می‌تواند تأثیر مهمی در آموزش زبان داشته باشد. این تأثیر باعث می‌شود معلمان درس زبان انگلیسی‌مطالب درسی را بهتر به زبان آموزان آموزش بدهند و کیفیت آموزشی معلمان را نیز بهبود بخشند. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر، از طرفی، ارزیابی سواد دیجیتالی معلمان زبان انگلیسی ایران و از طرف دیگر، بررسی تفاوت بین سواد دیجیتالی و جنسیت، سطح تحصیلات، و تجربه تدریس آن‌ها است. به‌همین منظور، 239 معلم زبان انگلیسی نسخه‌ای تطبیقی از مدل سواد دیجیتالی اینجی[1] (2012) را تکمیل کردند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS (نسخه 21) استفاده گردید. نتایج تحلیل داده‌ها نشان‌داد که سطح سواد دیجیتالی معلمان زبان انگلیسی، از نظر نوع نگرش، مباحث فنی، و ابعاد عاطفی-اجتماعی نسبتا بالا بود، اما در‌بعد شناختی، سواد دیجیتالی آن‌ها تقریبا پایین بود.. تفاوت معنا‌‌‌داری در سطح سواد دیجیتالی معلمان زن و مرد، تجربة تدریس و جنسیت آن‌ها وجود نداشت، اما تفاوت معناداری در زمینة سواد دیجیتال معلمان شرکت‌کننده با در نظر گرفتن سطح تحصیلات آنان وجود داشت.

Farzad Karimzad

Mustapha Khiri

L’article se propose, dans le cadre de la sociolinguistique urbaine, de présenter le parler de la ville d’Errachidia, appelé parler beldi, en mettant l’accent sur le rapport identitaire des locuteurs avec leur parler et leur ville. L’enquête que nous avons menée a montré que les Rachidis, désirant afficher un certain particularisme identitaire, se sont donné le sobriquet « Ouzzoune » ; et tout « Ouzzoune » digne de ce nom ne doit parler que le parler beldi qui sent l’odeur des origines rurales ksouriennes. L’emploi du parler beldi est une forme de marquage territoriale à l’intérieur de la ville et une sorte de résistance à la culture urbaine des grandes villes marocaines.

Sayyed Amir Sheikhan

The present study sets out to examine the realisation of the speech act of expressing sympathy in Persian, which, notwithstanding its significant communicative role, has not received the attention it deserves. More precisely, drawing on data collected through open role-plays and retrospective interviews, and using rapport management theory (Spencer-Oatey 2005), this study is an attempt to scrutinise Persian speakers’ sympathy expressions in a situation exhibit-ing solidarity between the interlocutors. Results show that by employing 12 distinct strategies, Persian speakers respect behavioural expectations through expressing involvement, empathy and respect in the context of sympa-thising. Also, they respect and mostly enhance their own and the interlocutor’s identity and respectability face. In addition, their interactional goals are strongly relational.

K. Bhuvaneswari, T. Kalyani, D. Lalitha

In the area of membrane computing, a new computability model, called P system is a highly distributed and parallel theoretical computing model. Generating two dimensional picture languages is one of the applications of P systems. Ceterachi et al. began a study on connecting the two areas, membrane computing and array grammars. Triangular tile pasting system and the Triangular Tile pasting P system models have been introduced for pattern generation. This paper introduce the k-order TTPS and ETTPS. Also this paper has extended the theory of Triangular tile pasting P system to generate two dimensional picture languages. A comparative study between triangular tile pasting system and Triangular tile pasting P system is made. Comparison is also made with the array generating Petri nets.

Yanmei Zhang, Yu-jin Zhang, H. Ding

Nowadays, the grammatical study in excavated materials has been attracting more attention of scholars. This article, based on the differences of the corpus of researchers, reviews the studies according to pronouns in Excavated Materials of the Warring States from four aspects: grammar and pronouns study of bamboo slips used in the Qin Dynasty, grammar and pronouns study of bamboo slips and silks used in the Chu Dynasty, grammar and pronouns study of bronze script of the Warring States as well as grammar and pronouns study of several excavated materials of the Warring States. It not only affirms the achievements but also points out shortages of the study. The shortages are that it lacks periodical monographic studies about Chinese pronouns in excavated materials of the Warring States; it rarely fully uses a variety of the corpora of excavated materials of the Warring States and the number of scholars concentrating on pronouns in excavated materials of the Warring States is not especially high, currently making the works of a fully operational comparative study on the correlation of synchronic and diachronic not yet. On this foundation, the article prospects the future study of pronouns in excavated materials of the Warring States. Keywords—excavated Materials; the Warring States; pronouns

Gahye Song

Giving instructions for a classroom activity can be a tricky business in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom, especially when the students’ proficiency level is low and the instruction is composed of multiple steps. Teachers may depend on linguistic resources only so far as students can understand the words and grammar used, which limits the scope of verbal communication in giving instructions. When an instruction is composed of multiple steps, signaling when to carry out an individual component in the instruction may also require additional interactional work. Previous research on gesture in language classrooms has largely focused on gesture as a means to provide comprehensible input (e.g., Lazaraton, 2004; Taleghani-Nikazm, 2008) or its role in error correction (e.g., Muramoto, 1999). Gesture as a component of classroom management technique, e.g., regulating turn-taking traffic between a teacher’s instruction-giving and students’ response production, has rarely been discussed in the literature so far. This short analysis illustrates one way through which two co-teachers signal the completion of instruction-giving and elicit students’ response to the instruction (i.e., compliance). It will be shown that co-teachers’ simultaneous gesturing, with or without accompanying verbal instruction, adds clarity to the instruction as something to be responded to immediately. In other words, when co-teachers produce the same gesture simultaneously, students tend to take it as a signal to carry out the instructed action.

Hagen Peukert

G. C. Pastor

Constructions are usage-based, conventionalised pairings of form and function within a cline of complexity and schematisation. Most research within Construction Grammar has focused on the monolingual description of schematic constructions: Mainly in English, but to a lesser extent in other languages as well. By contrast, very little constructional analyses have been carried out across languages. In this study we will focus on a type of partially substantive construction from the point of view of contrastive analysis and translation which, to the best of our knowledge, is one of the first studies of this kind. The first half of the article lays down the theoretical foundations of the study and introduces Construction Grammar as well as other formalisms used in literature in order to provide a construal account of collocations, a pervasive phenomenon in language. The experimental part describes the case study of V NP collocations with disease/enfermedad in comparable corpora in English and Spanish, both in the general domain and in the specialised medical domain. It is provided a comparative analysis of these constructions across domains and languages in terms of token-type ratio (constructional restriction-rate), lexical function, type of determiner, frequency ranking of the verbal collocate and domain specificity of collocates, among others. New measures to assess construal bondness will be put forward (lexical filledness rate and individual productivity rate) and special attention will be paid to register-dependent equivalent semantic-functional counterparts in English and Spanish and mismatches.