حامد باشکوه اجیرلو, حمید مرتضی نیا, محمد سلگی
et al.
رتبهبندی اعتباری برای مقایسه شرکتها بهلحاظ ریسک اعتباری با یکدیگر، تصمیمگیری مشارکتکنندگان بازار سرمایه را تسهیل میکند. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی، وزندهی و طراحی الگوی رتبهبندی اعتباری شرکتهای پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه برای 19 صنعت انجام شد.برای شناسایی شاخصهای تعیینکننده و طراحی الگوی رتبهبندی اعتباری از رویکرد (کیفی-کمی) بهرهگرفته شد. در بخش کیفی شاخصهای نهایی از مطالعه ادبیات نظری و سپس اعتبارسنجی با خبرگان بهدست آمد. در بخش کمی نیز از معادلات ساختاری برای تعیین روابط بین شاخصها و مولفهها شد.با مطالعه ادبیات نظری و اعتبارسنجی با خبرگان 46 شاخص نهایی به عنوان عوامل تاثیرگذار روی رتبه اعتباری شرکتهای پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه شناسایی شد. با تعیین روابط بین شاخصها و مولفهها با استفاده از معادلات ساختاری، 6 شاخص حذف و مشخض شد که مولفههای نقدینگی، سودآوری و رشد، مسئولیت اجتماعی و زیستمحیطی، کیفیت حسابداری و کیفیت دارایی و اندازه شرکت به صورت مستقیم و مولفههای صنعت، نسبتهای ارزش بازار، نسبتهای اهرمی، نسبتهای کارایی، کیفیت حسابرسی و کیفیت مدیریت به صورت غیرمستقیم و از طریق مولفههای دیگر روی رتبه اعتباری تاثیرگذار هستند. مولفه نسبتهای نقدینگی و سودآوری و رشد به ترتیب با ضریب رگرسیونی 0.574 و 0.352 تاثیرگذارترین عوامل روی رتبه اعتباری شرکتها بودند.تاثیرگذاری 12 مولفه روی رتبه اعتباری نشان میدهد که شرکتهای پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه برای بهبود وضعیت اعتباری خود، میبایست به همه عوامل از جمله وضعیت نقدینگی ،ساختار سرمایه شرکت و سودآوری و رشر توجهات لازم را داشته باشند تا بتوانند بهسهولت به منابع مالی مورد نیاز دسترسی داشته باشند.
Coaching Copyright is a welcome addition to the body of literature focusing on copyright educators who are, by extension, coaches. The book follows a logical order, starting with the title topic, offering a framework to address issues, and then positioning this framework within an instructional context. The next chapters cover ways to connect with your audience, succeeded by employing the framework for particular audiences and topics, and ending with a report about a Library Science course. This publication concentrates on the people who teach copyright within academic libraries in the United States. The target audience is wide, regardless of formal job positions, and its utility stretches far beyond the core subject.
Keywords: copyright, instruction, coaching, education, teaching, copyright education, higher education
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A possibilidade de remição de pena por meio da leitura fomenta movimentações no campo jurídico há anos. Em 2013, a Recomendação do CNJ nº 44 estabeleceu os parâmetros para fins de remição de pena pelo estudo e previu sua equivalência para a leitura.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
The article is devoted to the protection of intellectual property rights under martial law imposed in connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation. The author notes that even in the most difficult periods, intellectual property remains strategically important for the development of a country. It is worth noting that the protection of intellectual property rights is becoming an extremely important task which requires careful analysis and effective measures. It is indicated that preventing violations and ensuring stability in this area is of great importance for preserving the country’s economic potential. Martial law has become a time of increased risk to intellectual property due to a number of factors, such as an increase in the number of conflicts, unpredictability of the political situation and changes in governance. The article emphasises that Ukrpatent, which performs the powers of the National Intellectual Property Authority in the field of intellectual property, continues to work in difficult conditions. At the same time, it ensures the necessary functions and continuous operation of the state system of intellectual property legal protection. It is interesting to note that starting from 8 November 2022, the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovation has been performing the functions of the National Intellectual Property Authority. The activities of the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovation are crucial for stimulating innovation and development in the country, especially in the difficult conditions of martial law. Its functions include registration of IP rights (patents, copyrights, and trademarks), maintenance of state registers, support of collegial bodies, international cooperation, information and publishing activities, provision of services and consultations, and certification of patent attorneys. It is established that in Ukraine, during martial law, the legislative activity in the field of intellectual property continues and the processes of European integration in the field of intellectual property are being intensified by improving the regulatory framework in accordance with international norms and standards. This demonstrates the country’s ability to ensure the functioning and development of the legal system even in extremely difficult conditions. The article also examines the latest changes in the legislation relating to intellectual property in the context of martial law, which demonstrates the continued and responsible legislative activity in this area, even in the most difficult times for the country.
One measure of a democratic rule of law is how the state defines the framework for the exercise of representative democracy, and who it grants the right to participate in representative democracy (i.e. who it considers to belong to the people). However, this dual nature of the right to vote raises a number of questions. For example, before the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary elections and during the campaign period, critical voices were heard criticising the system used in Hungarian parliamentary elections (including the institution of winner compensation). By contrast, the fundamental nature of the right to vote, i.e. the subjective aspect, is less often the focus of attention. In this respect, the question rightly arises as to whether the importance of the right to vote as a fundamental right has not been lost. Has the role of different electoral techniques and electoral systems not become a more important issue than the definition and possible extension of the scope of the electorate? Starting from the dual nature of electoral law, the study examines the requirements that can be imposed on electoral systems and the characteristics and challenges of electoral law as a fundamental right.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Public law
Um homem parado ao lado de um carro em via pública poderia ser apenas o que estas palavras descrevem, desde que esse homem não fosse um homem negro. Francisco Cícero dos Santos Júnior é a prova disso. Abordado pela polícia durante um patrulhamento de rotina, foi avistado e descrito como “um indivíduo de cor negra que estava em cena típica de tráfico de drogas”. Nenhuma outra característica foi empregada para descrever Francisco, porque a epiderme preta é o gatilho que impulsiona e legitima o aparato repressivo estatal. Assim, ele foi conduzido e preso para, em seguida, ser denunciado e condenado por tráfico de drogas. Em linhas gerais, esse é o pano de fundo do julgamento que se iniciou no dia 1º de março deste ano, perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal, por força da impetração do HC 208.240 pela Defensoria Pública de São Paulo.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
Thisarticle delves into the jurisprudential and legal theory aspects of the religionof Islam in regard to inter-polity laws and relations. The conceptualization ofIslamic inter-polity commands and laws follows a bright line criterion, for itclearly defines non-Muslim polities and people, categorizes them, and commandsIslamic polity’s approach in regard to non-Muslims in unequivocal terms. Theapproach of this article is neither polemic, nor protectionist; though itindeed is critical. To recognize veneration of an ideology is not tantamount todiscrediting or hampering critical explorations about it; and Islam is not an exception.The concern of this article is to shed light on fundamental pillars upon whichIslam’s inter-polity commands are formed and textually reinforced as beinglegally unquestionable and intrinsically legitimate. The discourses throughwhich the Islamic inter-polity legal theory is scrutinized, in this piece, arethe following: intrinsic legitimacy of the territorial and ideologicalexpansionism of Islam, and Islam’s ‘group identity’ politics in its private andpublic laws particularly reverberated in the notion of ‘Ummah’ orIslamic community.
The urgency of the study is determined by the fact that the coordinated activity of public authorities, in particular administrative agencies is the basis of proper defense capability of Ukraine, preservation of economic development, especially in the conditions of martial law. The scientific study of state and legal phenomena requires the determination and description of epistemological means actualizing the problems of methodology. It is the methodology that ensures the acquisition of comprehensive and sufficient knowledge about the subject under study as well as the objectivity of the information obtained. Methodology plays a crucial role in ensuring quality research. It stipulates the limits, principles and approaches allowing to get comprehensive and sufficient knowledge about the researched subject. The objectivity of the obtained information is a key component of scientific research. It is noted that the methodology is considered in two aspects: first, as a set of epistemological tools; secondly, as a teaching about the system of methodological tools and their application. In the context of state and law studies, it is important to take into account the specifics of this field and take into consideration the diversity of methodological approaches, since they can include both legal methods and elements of sociological, philosophical or historical analysis. When studying the legal status of administrative agencies, it is important to take into account the axiological component, as it allows to understand how these agencies function in a specific social and cultural and political context. The study of the axiological component of the legal status of administrative agencies allows to reveal not only the formal side of their functions, but also the understanding of society's values, on which their functioning is based. It is justified that an important methodological tool is an activity approach allowing analyzing the specific actions and functions of administrative agencies, their tasks and work results, which is important for establishing how they affect the implementation of legal norms and how they contribute to the performance of state functions as a whole . It is noted that the application of a hermeneutic approach to understanding the legal status of administrative agencies opens up the possibility of a deep understanding of texts, contexts and meanings, providing a comprehensive analysis in legal and cultural dimensions. The system approach allows to include administrative agencies in a wider context - the system of state bodies. The systemic approach also allows taking into account the social and cultural context in which administrative agencies function.
Diana Patricia Arias Henao, Humberto Enrique Arias Henao, Juan Carlos García Perilla
El artículo es de reflexión y su objetivo principal es responder a la siguiente pregunta problema: ¿cómo se interrelacionan la evolución de la Nueva Violencia, la misión de la fuerza pública y la justicia constitucional alternativa? El recorte temporal es 2016-2021 y el recorte espacial es Colombia; atendiendo a los factores de incidencia endógenos y exógenos. La metodología es analítica con enfoque cualitativo sin descartar elementos propios de técnicas cuantitativas, apoyándose en fuentes de tipo secundarias, recolectadas a través de un ejercicio de minería electrónica. Ofrece conceptos novedosos para la comprensión del contexto jurídico-político particular. La conclusión principal obedece a la adaptación constitucional e histórica de los cuerpos de seguridad y defensa a la lucha contrainsurgente y antinarcótica, dada la presencia de amenazas híbridas, también mutantes en composición, ideología y en el tiempo, con actores nacionales e internacionales, ligados al narcotráfico y otros negocios plagados de actores grises.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article analyzes the legal status of a legal expert in civil proceedings. The current procedural legislation regulating the issue of the legal personality of a law expert is described. Emphasis is on the lack of clear requirements in procedural law for this person, in particular, there are only the requirements to have a degree and - be recognized as a specialist in the field of law. The author substantiates the expediency of fixing the criteria that a judge must take into account in the case of admission of an expert to the case. The procedure for involving a legal expert has been studied. The article considers the issue of the place and significance of the legal expert's report in the process of proving as well as the content of the report. The author approves the provision of the norm, which fixes the legal expert's opinion on the application and interpretation of foreign law in accordance with their official or generally accepted interpretation, practice, and doctrine in the foreign country, as today international standards are the main guideline for the development of our state. It is also noteworthy that as an expert on this issue, it may be possible to involve a foreign expert who has a more accurate and complete knowledge of the applicable law. The paper proves the need to bring a legal expert to justice if he/ she violates the admission procedure and filing a report to the court, in particular criminal liability or, at least, the judge's decision. The article also emphasizes the right of the parties to the case to recuse the said party by analogy with other participants in the trial. There is special attention to the terminological differences in the definition of "a law expert". As a result, there was established the single name "a legal expert". The author considers the positions of scholars on the procedural status of the law expert in civil proceedings, which served to formulate the author's definition of a legal expert in civil proceedings. Based on the results of the study, there were formulated conclusions and proposals to the current domestic legislation.
This paper deals with medical examination of employee’s ability to work. Although from a legislative-technical point of view, this regulation is considered to be successful, in practice it causes major problems in the area of assessment care, which is evidenced in particular by the case law. Referencing to practice, we can state that the idea of the occupational health services provider as professional assistant of the employer in providing for the protection of employees’ occupational health has not taken hold at all. Employers justifiably ask why they should pay for a medical report giving them no legal certainty. Employers, on the other hand, want to pay for services that give them a solid basis for further action against employees. From the analysed regulations, it is clear that the issue of health assessment and medical reports remains in some respects still gaping, both in terms of the nature of the medical report and in terms of accepting the lack of work capacity of providers of occupational health services.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Tematem artykułu są rozważania, które dotyczą obowiązującego w prawie karnym domniemania niewinności oraz domniemania winy, które może powstać w środkach masowego przekazu, a tym samym w opinii publicznej. Omówione zostały rozwiązania prawne w prawie karnym, prawie prasowym, prawie międzynarodowym, które mają przeciwdziałać tworzeniu fałszywego obrazu procesów. Ponadto wskazano na orzecznictwo sądowe, które stawia wymogi do rzetelnego informowania o przebiegu postępowań przygotowawczych i sądowych, a także zwrócono uwagę na szczególne obowiązki rzeczników prasowych.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
O presente artigo tem como objetivo ressaltar a possibilidade de um direito sem lei, fazendo considerações através da análise fenomenológica. Nesse sentido, inicialmente, tratou-se da ideia, com uma observação crítica ao perigo e ao cuidado. Após isso, foi contemplado, no pensamento pré-socrático e de Martin Heidegger, o estudo do ente-ser e da verdade-liberdade em relação à abertura do ser. Em outro plano, adentra-se na pesquisa do círculo hermenêutico e da linguagem, sendo feito um empenho em busca de outras perspectivas do direito, destacando possibilidades distintas da justiça positivista, a qual limita os juristas contemporâneos.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Crime scene investigation is an important tool in criminal investigation process. Proper processing of crime scene is a prerequisite for successfully solving a criminal case. In Pakistan, local policemen are not properly trained and equipped with the necessary items required for systematic processing of crime scene including proper identification and collection of evidence. Certain capacity building measures and improvements must be needed for proper processing of crime scene in Pakistan. This article focuses the current situation and strategies being practiced in Pakistan followed by suggestions for capacity building measures in this field. Keywords: Pakistan, Crime scene, Investigation process, Capacity building
Kalline Carvalho Gonçalves Eler, Aline Albuquerque Sant’Anna de Oliveira
O presente artigo tem como objetivo problematizar o assentimento e o consentimento das crianças para participar em pesquisa clínica a partir do reconhecimento da sua capacidade sanitária. Trata-se de pesquisa teórica fundamentada no referencial dos Direitos Humanos das crianças e suas interpretações fornecidas pelo Comitê para os Direitos da Criança da Nações Unidas. Conclui-se que no âmbito da pesquisa clínica, a capacidade legal tal como disposta no Código Civil revela-se inadequada, devendo ser substituída pela concepção de capacidade sanitária de modo que o assentimento e o consentimento das crianças se tornem não apenas uma exigência ética, mas uma obrigação jurídica dos pesquisadores.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The adverse effects of corruption cannot be reduced to numbers. Corruption damages democracy and efficiency. Law No. 12.846/13 symbolizes not only the commitment assumed by Brazil with international organizations many years ago but also a new promise to retract the practice of acts typified by it as offenses. Leniency agreement is an instrument capable of leveraging state ascertainments through the cooperation of the entity reached by Law No. 12.846/13 with the investigations, increasing the knowledge of the state and favoring new repressive actions. The Anti-Corruption Law refers to the leniency agreement in two stages. The targets of the second leniency agreement are the entities responsible for committing illegal acts related to public procurement.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A controvérsia acerca da emergência do bitcoin como um novo meio de troca e sua conciliação com o teorema da regressão de Mises tem se intensificado nos últimos tempos. A questão principal do debate pode ser assim formulada: teria o bitcoin um valor de uso direto? O presente estudo afirma que o teorema da regressão não tem aplicabilidade à questão da gênese do bitcoin, pois o teorema limita-se a explicar a emergência de um novo meio de troca sob uma economia de troca pura ou escambo. O debate, portanto, está fundamentado em um erro de interpretação do teorema. Entretanto, a questão do valor de uso direto do bitcoin, se é que se pode afirmar que exista, tem sim importância para a avaliação da probabilidade de o bitcoin tornar-se um meio de troca generalizadamente aceito – isto é, dinheiro.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Economic history and conditions
Penerbitan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan (Perppu Ormas) menuai banyak kontroversi, salah satu diantaranya adalah yang menyangkut peniadaan proses pengadilan dalam pembubaran suatu organisasi kemasyarakatan sebagaimana diatur di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan. Proses peradilan menjadi elemen penting dalam negara hukum, karena adanya proses tersebut merupakan bukti penghormatan negara terhadap hukum dan hak asasi manusia (HAM).
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence