Hasil untuk "Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"

Jaqueline Mayumi Ikeda Loureiro

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a narrativa do filme “As memórias de Marnie” (2014), animação japonesa escrita e dirigida por Hiromasa Yonebayashi e produzida pelo Studio Ghibli, com foco nos elementos do fantástico e do maravilhoso. Para embasar a discussão, adotam-se como referenciais teóricos as pesquisas de Todorov (1992), Rodrigues (1988), Roas (2014) e Ceserani (2006). A análise revela que, inicialmente, tanto a protagonista, Anna, quanto o espectador duvidam da existência de Marnie, gerando questionamentos sobre sua natureza — se seria fruto de um sonho ou de uma construção imaginária. Essa ambiguidade configura um momento de hesitação que caracteriza o fantástico, conforme definido por Todorov. No decorrer da história, essa incerteza se dissipa gradativamente, e a existência de Marnie é confirmada. Contudo, a reviravolta final conduz a narrativa para o fantástico-maravilhoso, pois a revelação de que Marnie era a avó falecida de Anna insere o sobrenatural como parte da realidade aceita no universo narrativo. Dessa forma, a presença de Marnie na história se torna importante para o processo de autoconhecimento e autoaceitação da protagonista, demonstrando como o fantástico pode servir de veículo para a exploração da subjetividade e da construção identitária.

Dr.Rehman Sarwar Bajwa

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: &quot;Book Antiqua&quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Jameel Noori Nastaleeq&quot;;">The influence of post-modernism is evident across various genres of Urdu literature, including poetry, ghazals, fiction, and novels. This paper seeks to examine and interpret the impact of post-modern philosophy and its stylistic trends on the language of the Urdu novel. The novel, as a genre, has been selected for this study due to its intrinsic connection with lived experience, serving as a dynamic reflection of society. In contemporary literature, the novel is regarded as one of the most potent social instruments, offering an unparalleled medium for articulating nuanced thoughts and ideologies. Through a critical analysis of linguistic and narrative techniques, this paper explores how post-modernism has reshaped the language and structure of Urdu novels, reinforcing their role as a mirror to evolving cultural and philosophical paradigms.</span></p>

Zainab M. Gaffas

Abstract This study aimed to (1) elaborate on microblogging-based instruction, which was built on social media platform X and designed based on the four phases of the design-based research (DBR) framework (Amiel and Reeves in J Educ Technol Soc 11(4):29–40, https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.11.4.29 , 2008); (2) put microblogging-based instruction into practice in a medical English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course; (3) examine students’ perceptions of the pedagogical value of X platform usage on their learning experiences; and (4) investigate how well microblogging-based instruction enhances the students’ specialised-language performance. On the basis of the four phases of the DBR framework, a study was conducted with students studying a medical ESP course to identify the problems in the teaching practices used in ESP courses. To improve the identified problems, following the second phase, social media platform X was used to supplement ESP face-to-face instruction. Three tasks were designed for the students to do on X. These tasks were implemented and assessed on 19 EFL first-year premedical undergraduate students over 16 weeks at a university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data collected from the students included a copy version of the ESP final test, a questionnaire, and semi- structured interviews. The results revealed that X-based instruction improved students’ ability to use medicine-specialised language, offered opportunities for students to become more familiar with medicine-specific terms, perceived ability in using writing and reading skills, collaborative learning, and generated thoughtful discussions outside the confines of the classroom. However, the students’ inadequate knowledge of the specialised subject, the stress of making X mandatory, and log- in overload remain key challenges against the effective appropriation of X use in an ESP context.

Safari Safari

Historiography of Islam has often reflected the efforts to construct history distorted by political elements of power and the subjective interests of historians, hindering the presentation of the true historical facts. One of the pressing issues is how the use of the Arabic language in historical texts influences the understanding of Islamic historiography. This research aims to detail and analyze the characteristics of Islamic historiography during the medieval period, especially in the context of the Mamluk Dynasty, with a focus on the role of the Arabic language. The research methodology involves a literature review, examining various previous studies on Islamic historiography. The results of data analysis reveal characteristics of encyclopedic scholarship, the pivotal role of the Arabic language as the primary means of communication in constructing historical narratives, and the presence of creativity and originality in historical writings. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of theoretical frameworks for understanding the history of medieval Islam during the Mamluk period. This study is essential for delving into Islamic historiography of the past, especially in the context of the use of the Arabic language, to gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic history was recorded and conveyed during the Mamluk Dynasty. With this understanding, we can grasp the political, cultural, and social nuances that shaped the Islamic historical narrative during this period, while highlighting the crucial role of the Arabic language in this process.

میثم اکبری, فرشته افضلی

ترجمه طنز به شکل دوبله و زیرنویس، پیوسته چالشی جدی برای مترجمان این حوزه است. از نظر کیارو بیشتر لطیفه‌ها فرهنگ‌‌محور هستند و ممکن است یک لطیفه خاص، برای یک شخص ناآشنا با فرهنگ، هیچ حس خنده‌داری نداشته‌باشد. مترجم گاهی ناگزیر می‌شود برای پیشگیری از انتقادهای اجتماعی، دست به حذف و یا تغییر در بخشهایی بزند. با مقایسه شیوه‌های به‌کار‌رفته در ترجمۀ عبارت‌های طنزآمیز، نتایج نشان از آن دارد که مترجمان در رویارویی با این چالش‌ها، شیوه‌ها و عملکردهای متفاوتی را به نمایش می‌گذارند. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به بررسی مقابله‌ای راهکارهای انتقال پیام‌های طنزآمیز در فیلم فارسی «مارمولک» بر پایه مدل کیارو می‌پردازد تا عملکرد مترجم را در رویارویی با موارد اشکال‌برانگیز در ترجمه زیرنویس ارزیابی کند. به این منظور، همه دیالوگ‌های طنز، شناسایی و متن مبدأ و مقصد خط‌ به‌خط با هم تطبیق داده‌شد، آنگاه در جدول‌های جداگانه تقسیم‌بندی‌گردید. به‌گونه کلی و بر پایه تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل دیالوگ‌های فیلم، یافته‌ها نشان‌می‌دهد که شگرد «حذف» به میزان (31% ) و «جایگزینی» با (29%) به ترتیب، پرکاربردترین و شگرد «ترجمۀ تحت‌اللفظی» با اختصاص (17%) کم‌کاربردترین راهکار مترجم در زیرنویس این فیلم است. گفتنی است در جایی که مترجم راهکار حذف را به‌کار‌برده، محصول پایانی را از هرگونه حس طنز خالی نموده‌است

Jinsil Jang

Abstract This qualitative study explores Korean high school students’ exercising of agency in processing and producing L2 writing. Data were collected from off-line and online interviews, field notes, and other written materials over the course of two years and analyzed from a social view of agency (Ahearn, in: Jaspers, Östman, Verschueren (eds) Society and language use, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 2010; van Lier in Sociocult Theory Teach Second Lang 163:186–193, 2008). The students’ engagement in varied L2 writing projects and their writing artifacts consistently showed their enhanced awareness of linguistic and other semiotic resources which resulted in their frequent and continuous use of multiple languages and other placed resources. Meanwhile, they developed their strategies and reshaped their L2 writing practices considering the given context, placed resources, and their funds of knowledge. Findings from this study provide valuable insights into the open possibilities of EFL students’ exercise and development of agency, which is an increasingly necessary feature of life-long learners in the post-pandemic era.

Lindemberg Ribeiro Caetano, Ivonete da Silva Lopes, Jéssica Suzana Magalhães Cardoso

Este artigo discute a articulação entre comunicação, resistência e luta pela sobrevivência das comunidades quilombolas na pandemia da Covid-19. Traz a análise de conteúdo das publicações no Instagram e das entrevistas com integrantes da Coordenação Nacional de Articulação das Comunidades Negras Rurais Quilombolas (Conaq) e da Federação das Comunidades Quilombolas do Estado de Minas Gerais (N’Golo). Os resultados apontam várias desconexões (digital, estradas, eletricidade) que dificultam a comunicação. Neste cenário, o WhatsApp aparece como elo entre organizações e comunidades. Destacam-se as estratégias de aproximação e a identificação da figura dos mediadores (donos dos celulares) no repasse das informações à população nos territórios quilombolas.

Sara de Albornoz-Domínguez

La evolución de las tecnologías de la comunicación y los procesos de globalización de las últimas décadas han supuesto la consolidación de una industria de la comunicación dominada por un número limitado de productores de noticias, cuyo poder en el mercado no deja de aumentar. Se trata, a menudo, de grandes grupos mediáticos, que ofrecen contenido digital en diferentes lenguas, adaptado para las audiencias de distintas regiones. En este sentido, es paradigmático el caso de la bbc, dado que su financiación está constituida en gran parte por dinero público. El objetivo del presente artículo es comprender de qué forma se materializa la política de selección de contenidos (gatekeeping) y de traducción de la bbc en las versiones en español y portugués para América Latina, cuál es la vinculación de estas con la página web inglesa y en qué medida son independientes en cuestión de contenidos o cómo adaptan la información al público objetivo. El estudio se hizo mediante análisis de contenido estadístico descriptivo, a partir de una muestra recopilada entre el 14 de noviembre de 2016 y el 1 de enero de 2017. Los resultados indican que los sitios web del Servicio Mundial de la bbc para Sudamérica tienen una política propia de selección de contenidos o gatekeeping, y se percibe una cierta intención de adaptar los contenidos a la especificidad del lector meta.

Hamed Mowlaei Kuhbanani, Ali Alizadeh, Shahla Sharifi

Functional Discourse Grammar presented by Hengveld and Mackenzei (2008) as one of the newest Functional Grammar. This theory is mainly based on Dick’s Functional Grammar (1970s). According to Dick, every perfect Grammar should have Pragmatic, Psychological and Typological adequacy. FDG considers a top-down procedures for making speech for the sake of psychological adequacy. For acquiring Pragmatic adequacy, Speech act is considered as the basic element of studying in this approach. Furthermore, In FDG, language is studied in four separated levels in a top-down manner. The order of levels reveals the governing notion of functional and pragmatic units on formal and syntactic ones. Furthermore, FDG introduces a new approach for constituent order which has 84 positions in contrast to Greenberg (1963) 6 positions theory. In this paper, the general principles of FDG and different steps for making speech act is presented by giving Persian examples. Alongside this presentation, some typological behavior of Persian based on FDG and analyzing some Persian grammatical and discoursal phenomenon are discussed.

Karim Sadeghi

I. Matytsina

The article deals with comparative analysis of the Russian-Swedish parallel texts of the Convention between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden about mutual assistance in the fight against the violation of the tax legislation (Avtal mellan konungariket Sveriges regering och Ryska federationens regering om msesidigt bistnd vid bekmpning av vissa fiskala brott). The Swedish and Russian texts differ immensely in their lexical and grammatical structure. The reason for these discrepancies is rooted, firstly, in typological distinctions between Russian and Swedish as languages of different groups and, secondly, in those processes of conscious simplification and regulation that the Swedish Language of formal business communication have been affected by during the last fifty years particularly in relation to clear language policy (klarsprk). In spite of some innovations the Russian Language of formal business communication in many ways continues to be traditional enough. The article is focused on a narrow range of issues relating to differences in grammatical structure of a sentence and prevailing nominal structures in the Russian text as compared with the verb oriented Swedish one. The juxtaposition of parallel texts and further systematization of differences between the Russian and Swedish Languages of formal and business communication makes it possible to give a comparative characteristic of this functional style existing in Russia and Sweden. The research is carried out by means of the continuous sampling method using the method of linguistic description to characterize utterance structure in grammar. Research results can be used in courses on a comparative typology of Russian and Swedish, stylistics, the theory and practice of translation.

J. Kleifgen, W. Petrovitz

The articles in this special issue ofWORD represent a selection of papers presented at the 63rd Annual Conference of the International Linguistic Association held at St. John’s University in Queens, NewYork, in 2018. The conference theme, “Language and Religion,” was conceived and brought to life by Walter Petrovitz, Associate Professor and Coordinator of the Program in Classics and Linguistics at St. John’s University. The interplay between language and religion has received little attention in this journal until now. An early exception can be found in Ferguson’s (1959) classic article “Diglossia” in Volume 15, in which he outlined the religious domain’s key role in diglossic patterns of language use such as the prestigious or “High” variety of Greek used in the New Testament and of Arabic in the Qu’rān as opposed to the “Low” varieties used in other domains such as ordinary conversation. Later work appears in Volume 44 in 1993, with articles examining sacred vocabulary in ProtoIndo-European (York 1993), structures in Indo-European prayer (Justus 1993), the clash of religious ideologies leading to transformations in Old Europe (Gimbutas 1993), and grammar change in an Amish community (Van Ness 1993). Some of these publications, coincidentally, grew out of another annual conference hosted by the ILA in 1991, “Indoeuropean and Indoeuropeans.” Although the systematic study of the relationship between language and religion is less than twenty years old, religious belief and practice had figured prominently in linguistic research since the beginnings of the discipline. This is necessarily the case, at least to the extent that religion has played an important role in the human experience. Studies of writing systems, archaic texts, language retention, and translation theory often made reference to religion. More recent research has striven to investigate the relationship between language and religion within a comprehensive and consistent sociolinguistic framework. This has led to the development of particular areas of both single-case and comparative investigations of the ways in which language and religion interact. Recent studies have explored the role of religion in the creation of standardized orthographies; the linguistic impact of missionary activity; religious phraseology as the source of figures of speech, curses, and swear words; unique forms of religious expression, such as mantras and glossolalia; religious taboo words; and the ritualized use of sacred names and formulas. A thorough account by Darquennes and Vandenbussche (2011) of the prolific work published in the first decade of this century on the sociolinguistics of language and religion fleshes out these topics and illustrates the protean nature of frameworks and lines of research in the field.

Ling Zongcheng

Bartomeu Obrador Cursach

Phrygian is a fragmentary Indo-European language recorded in inscriptions found mainly in central Anatolia, dated to between ca. 800 BC and the 3 century AD. The main objective of this dissertation is to provide a comprehensive analysis of all the Phrygian words attested in these Phrygian inscriptions, using a dictionary structure. The result is an overview of the preserved Phrygian lexicon. Although the Phrygian texts are classified as belonging to one of three stages on the basis of chronology, linguistic features, script and contents (Old Phrygian, Middle Phrygian and New Phrygian), the whole lexicon has been compiled in a single dictionary. Before dealing with the main objective, a catalogue of all the known Phrygian inscriptions was created. Although the Old Phrygian inscriptions were collected by Brixhe and Lejeune (with Brixhe’s supplements), other inscriptions not considered in their corpus have been included here. An editio maior of the all New Phrygian inscriptions is still lacking and a complete catalogue was needed. Our work on the Phrygian language therefore began with the compilation of this catalogue. The middle stage of Phrygian is essentially attested by a single large epitaph, well edited by Brixhe. Consequently, this dissertation also offers a catalogue of the Phrygian inscriptions on which the study of the lexicon is based. Also addressed are the value of some letters of the Phrygian alphabet, used in the first stage of the language, and the segmentation of the inscriptions which employ scriptio continua. Once these preliminary problems have been dealt with, each segmented word is analysed, under one lemma when multiple forms are attested. Together with morphological analysis and examination of context, prior studies are corroborated by the current knowledge of Phrygian, when possible. Information from other fields such as Ancient Greek, the Anatolian languages and general IndoEuropean studies is also considered. Indeed, the comparative method is essential in this work, although context is constantly consulted in order to avoid purely etymological speculations. Innovative, personal contributions are often given, although many words remain unexplained because of the fragmentation of the inscriptions and the noteworthy abundance of hapax. After the detailed study of each word, a short grammar is built on the basis of the lexicon; this chapter is offered as an updated introduction to the Phrygian language.

Lesia Poriadchenko

У статті представлено психолінгвістичні особливості опису як одного з видів монологу. Визначено, що опис – це функціонально-смисловий тип мовлення, який є його типізованим різновидом як зразок, модель монологічного повідомлення у вигляді перерахування одночасних або постійних ознак предмета в широкому розумінні й таких, що мають для цього визначену мовну структуру. Синхронні (одночасні) зв’язки, які виражаються в цьому типі мовлення, – явні, безпосередньо підлягають спостереженню та потребують логічного осмислення. Встановлено базові ознаки описового типу висловлювання відповідно до його видів: портрет, пейзаж, характеристика, інтер’єр, натюрморт, опис дії, предмета, стану природи чи людини. Частково охарактеризовано структурні та синтаксичні властивості цього монологічного типу мовлення. Відповідно до психолінгвістичних даних встановлено, що дитина в процесі мислення може фіксувати об’єктивно існуючі зв’язки та виражати їх у мові у вигляді опису. Виокремлено показники комунікативного критерію: різновиди описів, які створюють діти; кількість мікротем та ступінь їх розгорнутості; композиційні особливості описів; синтаксис зв’язного цілого (граматичні способи міжфразового зв’язку). Основну увагу в статті акцентовано на психолінгвістичному аналізі описових висловлювань дітей 5-6-річного віку за визначеними показниками критеріїв. Відповідно до отриманих результатів аналізу мовленнєвих висловлювань-описів реципієнтів зроблено висновок про те, що врахування  особливостей цього функціонально-смислового типу мовлення в процесі побудови описових висловлювань дає можливість усвідомлено використовувати різноманітність лексико-синтаксичного змісту мовного матеріалу, притаманного цьому типу монологічного мовлення, враховувати його композиційні особливості та граматичні способи міжфразового зв’язку/

Aimée-Danielle Lezou Koffi

The objective of this article is twofold: identify the discursive places of the intercultural; characterize the zouglou in Côte d'Ivoire as an intercultural practice. This form of artistic expression was revealed to the general public in 1990. Students, through this channel, denounce their deleterious conditions of study and life. The phenomenon is amplified and is taken by young people out of school. For 28 years, the zouglou has been holding a privileged place on the ivorian music scene. The first part of the analysis defines the intercultural and recalls the previous studies that have articulated it with discourse analysis. The intercultural, within this framework, is enshrined in the enunciative, dialogic and interactional dimensions of discourse. The second part examines the enunciative instances, the zougloumen and the audience, and proceeds to construct their discursive identity. The third part situates zouglou into a socio-discursive imaginary of diversity. Indeed, Multilingualism and musical heterogeneity are the main characteristics of it. Finally, the fourth part highlights the mechanisms of weakening identity specificities, such as the game of anthroponyms, pseudonyms and stereotypes.

A. Evtyugina, Rustam D. Salimov, Aziz T. Saloyev et al.

The objective of the article is examining the words order in an utterance of the Russian and Tajik languages in comparative and typological aspects; revealing peculiarities of the structural-grammatical and actual aspects of studying the words order in sentences of the compared languages, depending whereon regular laws of rigidity or flexibility of the words order and linear-dynamic structures of a sentence in the compared languages are established, which allows to take a fresh look at the issue of interaction between the communicative and constructive structures in the languages under study (Russian and Tajik) and to determine the role of various means of expressing the words order in forming different types of information in the Russian and Tajik languages. Materials and methods: descriptive method; linguistic experiment integrating various types of transformation; comparative method revealing differences of communicative structures of reviewed sentences, verbal statements, types of words order in sentences and statements; direct observation method implying observing arrangement of words in texts when expressing the grammatical and logical base of a sentence. Tables presented in the article reflect the basic models of words order in the Russian and Tajik languages which are necessary in practical teaching of the both languages. Practical significance lies in expansion and deepening of theoretical knowledge of the role of words order and other means of actual articulation of a sentence in the Russian and Tajik languages; in formation of communicative competence and practical skills in process of professional teaching of translators and editors, and also in working-out of the general theory of words order in sentences, communicative structure of a sentence and functional grammar, which is one of leading lines of researching of the sentence in the modern linguistics.

Montserrat CUNILLERA, Joëlle REY

Les textes juridiques sont étroitement liés à une communauté linguistique et culturelle déterminée et reflètent le rapport de forces qui s’établit entre ses membres. Ce sont des textes d’une grande complexité qui obéissent à des conventions linguistiques assez rigides. Cependant, comme le soulignent Anscombre et Ducrot (1983), toute unité linguistique est porteuse d’un faisceau d’instructions sémantico-pragmatiques qui déclenchent une certaine orientation argumentative et reflètent un point de vue spécifique de la part du locuteur (Raccah 2005). Partant d’un corpus de textes composé d’arrêts de la première chambre civile de la Cour de Cassation française et d’arrêts prononcés par la Sala Primera de lo Civil del Tribunal Supremo espagnol, nous proposons d’analyser, d’une part, certains moyens expressifs employés dans ce type de textes pour se référer au locuteur et au responsable de l’arrêt et, d’autre part, certains marqueurs qui servent à articuler les différentes séquences textuelles. Dans ce sens, l’analyse contrastive des textes juridiques met en évidence que, sous une apparente objectivité, se dissimulent des points de vue caractéristiques de ce type de textes aussi bien au niveau macro-textuel qu’au niveau micro-textuel.

A. Dubois