آیه41 سوره مائده که با هدف تسلی دادن به پیامبر(ص) نازل شده، کنش مزورانه تعدادی از منافقان و یهودیان را به تصویر میکشد که به منظور جاسوسی و به تحریک عدهای دیگر نزد آن حضرت میآمدند با این پیشفرض که اگر پیامبر(ص) به نفع آنها داوری کرد بپذیرند و گرنه روی برگردانند (یَقُولُونَ إِنْ أُوتیتُمْ هذا فَخُذُوهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ تُؤْتَوْهُ فَاحْذَرُوا). ابهام موجود در مشارالیه «هذا» مفسران را بر آن داشته تا برای آن در قالب سبب نزول مصداقیابی نمایند. در این میان مهمترین و مشهورترین روایتی که در سبب نزول بدان پرداختهاند موضوع رجم دو یهودی به خاطر ارتکاب زنای محصنه است. از اینجا سؤال اصلی پژوهش رخ مینماید که سبب نزول مشهور تا چه میزان از قرائن صحت برخوردار بوده و آیا میتوان اندیشه تفسیری را بر آن بنا نهاد؟ با توجه به اهمیت موضوع رجم و پیامدهای فقهی آن؛ پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر روش کتابخانهای، به تحلیل و بررسی روایت مزبور در منابع روایی و تفسیری فریقین پرداخته و چالشهای آن را برشمرده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که جزءنگری برخی مفسران، مجال را از سایر ساختارهای تفسیری همسو و کاملاً مرتبط با محتوای آیه، گرفته است. این در حالی است که روایت مزبور به دلیل اضطراب در متن؛ اختلاف با دیگر روایات سبب نزول آیه؛ تعارض با قرآن ؛ تنافی با تاریخ مسلم و عدم هماهنگی کامل با سیاق، نمیتواند سبب نزول قطعی آیه باشد. در مقابل روایتی که سبب نزول آیه را موضوع قصاص و دیه میداند از جهاتی ترجیح مییابد که به عنوان سبب نزول واقعیتر نتیجهگیری شده است.
There are contemporary tendencies to regard the human consciousness as an algorithm, or to reduce the human subjective to organic-natural processes or to see it as a social construction depending on cultural conditions. Such approaches pose a challenge to ethical humanism, as it seems, as if it requires new justification and groundings. How can we grasp and defend the concept of embodied subjectivity of man and its freedom to act? How can we think of its unity including thought, will and feeling, preventing it from getting lost in specialized potentials, and maintaining the person as an alert, responsible and self-founded unit? Furthermore, how is it possible to preserve the meaning of the name of the soul, since the notion of this traditional limit concept of the human subjective has fallen into disuse and likely vanished from the horizon? The essay asks for answer with the help of Hermann Cohen, the great Jewish philosopher of Neo-Kantianism, following the traces of his repeatedly stated, however never written systematic psychology. This first part of investigation confines itself to understand Cohen's early interpretation of Plato as the "primordial cell" of his psychology in order to show how the first three parts of his system of philosophy (Logic, Ethics, Aesthetics) answer to some of the questions and problems the early work had raised, with special attention to Cohens philosophy of religion. Self-movement of soul and its deep connection with the human body could be viewed and grasped from the unity of human culture as well as of the allness of man.
Emma Simpson, Richard Brown, Elizabeth Sillence
et al.
Using digital technology to share patient-generated health data has the potential to improve the self-management of multiple long-term health conditions. Sharing these data can allow patients to receive additional support from healthcare professionals and peer communities, as well as enhance their understanding of their own health. A deeper understanding of the concerns raised by those living with long-term health conditions when considering whether to share health data via digital technology may help to facilitate effective data sharing practices in the future. The aim of this review is to identify whether trust, identity, privacy and security concerns present barriers to the successful sharing of patient-generated data using digital technology by those living with long-term health conditions. We also address the impact of stigma on concerns surrounding sharing health data with others. Searches of CINAHL, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge were conducted in December 2019 and again in October 2020 producing 2,581 results. An iterative review process resulted in a final dataset of 23 peer-reviewed articles. A thorough analysis of the selected articles found that issues surrounding trust, identity, privacy and security clearly present barriers to the sharing of patient-generated data across multiple sharing contexts. The presence of enacted stigma also acts as a barrier to sharing across multiple settings. We found that the majority of literature focuses on clinical settings with relatively little attention being given to sharing with third parties. Finally, we suggest the need for more solution-based research to overcome the discussed barriers to sharing.
O objetivo desse texto é demonstrar a importância da amizade de Paul Rée para Nietzsche no momento crucial de seu rompimento com as teses schopenhaurianas e wagnerianas e de produção de sua obra Humano, demasiado humano. Essa influência está ligada ao projeto de combate aos idealismos presentes na filosofia metafísica, na religião cristã e na arte romântica. A “arma” desse combate se chama “réealismo”, cuja expressão, como se verá, está ligada a uma prática filosófica que articula a teoria darwinista da seleção natural às análises psicológicas e às idéias evocadas pelos moralistas franceses no que diz respeito à natureza humana. Identificado por Nietzsche como um “espírito livre”, Rée é mantido no âmbito de uma amizade ambígua, mas fecunda, até o distanciamento decisivo motivado pela crítica nietzschiana ao altruísmo e à falta de questionamento da necessidade de fundamentação da moral – expediente que, posteriormente, será caracterizado como genealógico, por sua pergunta sobre o valor da própria moral.
Marie Mazerolle, Amy M. Smith, McKinzey Torrance
et al.
Numerous studies have documented the detrimental impact of age-based stereotype threat (ABST) on older adults' cognitive performance and especially on veridical memory. However, far fewer studies have investigated the impact of ABST on older adults' memory distortion. Here, we review the subset of research examining memory distortion and provide evidence for the role of stereotype threat as a powerful socio-emotional factor that impacts age-related susceptibility to memory distortion. In this review we define memory distortion as errors in memory that are associated with gist-based errors or source misattributions. Whereas, some of the reviewed experiments support the conclusion that ABST should be considered in the context of age-related differences in memory distortion, others reported little or no impact of stereotype threat. These discrepancies suggest that the role of ABST, and socio-emotional processes generally, in age-related changes in memory distortion are less clear. In this review, we argue that ABST does play an important role in age-related changes in memory distortion. We present evidence suggesting that discrepancies in the reviewed literature may be reconciled when evaluated in the context of the leading theories about stereotype threat: the Executive Resource Depletion hypothesis and the Regulatory Focus theory. We also discuss how differences in methodology and participant characteristics can account for a priori contradictory results in the literature. Finally, we propose some recommendations for researchers and practitioners when assessing memory in older adults.
Stress pengasuhan yang tinggi sering terjadi pada orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus salah satunya pada anak Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian dan Hiperaktivitas (GPPH). Padahal peran orangtua dalam kehidupan anak GPPH justru lebih penting. Oleh karena itu stress pengasuhan harus segera diatasi salah satunya adalah dengan menerapkan mindful parenting. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan paparan secara jelas berupa tinjauan sistematis mengenai mindful parenting sebagai faktor protektif pada stress pengasuhan orangtua dengan anak GPPH dalam rangka optimalisasi peran dan dukungan keluarga dalam Pendidikan anak. Terdapat enam studi yang digunakan, dimana keenam studi tersebut merupakan jurnal terbitan 10 tahun terakhir, hasil peer review dengan tema yang sama, dan berbahasa Inggris atau Indonesia. Database yang digunakan dari ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Frontier Psychology, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, dan Google Scholar. Hasil dari tinjauan sistematis ini menyimpulkan bahwa mindful parenting efektif untuk mengurangi stress pengasuhan dan meningkatkan kualitas hubungan orangtua dan anak dengan GPPH. Ini menegaskan bahwa penting bagi orangtua untuk menjaga hubungan dengan anak dan mengoptimalkan perannya dalam mendidik atau memenuhi kebutuhan anak akan pendidikan yang layak.
Kata Kunci: Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian dan Hiperaktivitas (GPPH), mindful parenting, tinjauan sistematis
Mindful Parenting in Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review
Abstract
High parenting stress often occurs in parents of children with special needs such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Whereas the involvement of parents in the life of children with ADHD is much more important. Thus the stress should rightly be prevented, by applying mindful parenting. The aim of this research is to give a clear explanation in the form of systematic review about mindful parenting as a protective factor in handling parenting stress on parents of children with ADHD. It aims eventually to optimize the role of parents and family support for children’s education. It surveys six studies in English and Indonesian published in the last 10 years, peer reviewed under the same theme. The databases used are from ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Frontier Psychology, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, and Google Scholar. The research concludes that mindful parenting is effective at reducing parenting stress and improving the quality of parent-child relationships in the case of ADHD children. It also emphasizes that it is important for parents to maintain relationships with children and optimize their role in educating or fulfilling children’s needs for proper education.
Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), mindful parenting, systematic review
Objectives. The study the commitment to social activity and its various forms in relation to the risk propensity characteristics of students with different types of subject regulation of behavior. Background. The problem of social activity of students as a sphere of their socialization and establishing connections with various social groups and society as a whole is analyzes. One of its most important components is the question of the subject regulation of social activity. It is assumed that depending on the type of subject regulation (Autonomous or Dependent), students prefer various forms of social activity, implement socially-oriented activity, and show the specifics of risk-taking. Study design. The paper analyzes the level indicators of adherence to different forms of social activity of students, depending on the type of their subject regulation; a typological analysis of risk propensity and uncertainty experiences in students with Autonomous and dependent types of subject regulation; the hypothesis of direct and indirect effects of autonomy on General and socially-oriented activity using structural modeling. Participants. The study involved 297 full-time students (36% men), average age M=21; SD=2.74. Measurements. The scale for the assessment of various forms of social activity, feelings of uncertainty with a dimension of from 1 to 5, the method of evaluating component and composite index of socio-oriented activity (R.M. Shamionov, M.V. Grigorieva), a questionnaire of autonomy-dependence (G.S. Prygin), a questionnaire of tendency to extreme and risky behavior (M. Zuckerman). Results. Students with an Autonomous type of subject regulation are more committed to leisure, socio-political, and civic activity, while students with a dependent type are more committed to protest activity. Socially-oriented activity is more attractive to students with an Autonomous type of subject regulation. Students with an Autonomous type of regulation are characterized by higher indicators of non-adaptive striving for difficulties, with a Dependent type-indicators of searching for new impressions and experiencing uncertainty. The continuous indicator of (Autonomous) subject regulation has a direct impact on variations in socially-oriented activity, and indicators of risk propensity are moderators of a direct causal relationship, respectively, of autonomy to socially-oriented activity and age to the overall activity of students. Conclusions. Students with Autonomous and Dependent types of subject regulation are characterized by specificity in their commitment to various forms of activity and their attitude to risk. The causal relationship of subject regulation on variations of socially-oriented activity is established.
The book is part of the Psychology in Latin America series of the American Psychological Association (APA) edited by Judith Gibbons and Patricio Cumsille. The book presents a series of chapters written by Latin American researchers from Argentina, Colombia, Chile, El Salvador and Peru on different topics relevant to political psychology in Latin America. The problem of human rights violations and how to confront them, socio-political conflicts and the building of a culture of democracy and peace are transversal axes of the chapters of this book.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Comparative law. International uniform law
Psychological well-being is a term used to describe the psychological health of individuals who have a optimal and have a meaningful life. This research aimedat the psychological well-being of Sufism practitioners and make Sufism values a Sufistic counseling. This reasearch used interview and observation methods for collection data. In this research there were six informants, in identifying informants used purposive techniques and snowball sampling. The results found, there are four values of Sufism that affect the conditions of psychological well-being, namely the teachings of zuhud, tawakal, khauf, and mahabbah. Sufism teachings such as zuhud, tawakal, khauf, mahabbah also become media as Sufistic counseling.
Renáta Szemerszky, Zsuzsanna Dömötör, Ferenc Köteles
[Background] Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) is a self-reported condition where non-specific symptoms are attributed to weak non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Despite its expanding prevalence, there is no generally accepted diagnostic procedure or definition to identify patients with this condition, thus studies usually apply only one question as inclusion criterion. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the heterogeneity of a self-reported IEI-EMF group and to identify further self-report questions that could be applied as inclusion criteria. [Method] Cross-sectional on-line survey study was carried out with 473 participants (76.3% women; age: 35.03 ± 13.24 yrs). Self-diagnosed IEI-EMF (as assessed with a yes-or-no question), frequency of EMF-related symptom and severity of the condition were assessed, as well as somatic symptom distress (Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic Symptom Severity Scale, PHQ-15). [Results] 72 (15.2%) individuals labelled themselves as IEI-EMF, however only 61% of them remained in the IEI-EMF group after the use of three inclusion criteria instead of one. 21% of the individuals labelling themselves as IEI-EMF reported neither symptoms nor any negative impact on their daily life. [Conclusion] A minimum of two questions appear to be necessary as inclusion criteria for IEI-EMF in empirical research. Instead of the widely used yes-or-no question on accepting the IEI-EMF label, occurrence of symptoms attributed to EMF on a regular basis and at least a slight negative impact on daily life are required.
Luke Mordecai, Frances H. L. Leung, Clarissa Y. M. Carvalho
et al.
Background. Pain is commonly experienced following surgical procedures. Suboptimal management is multifactorial. Objectives. The primary objective was to assess whether patients used a device (Navimed) to self-report pain over and above a normal baseline of observations. Secondary outcome measures included comparison of pain scores and patient use of and feedback on the device. Methods. In a prospective randomized controlled trial, elective gynaecological surgery patients received standard postoperative pain care or standard care plus the Navimed, which allowed them to self-report pain and offered interactive self-help options. Results. 52 female patients, 26 in each of device and standard groups, did not differ in the frequency of nurse-documented pain scores or mean pain scores provided to nurses. The device group additionally reported pain on the device (means 18.50 versus 11.90 pain ratings per day, t(32)=2.75, p<0.001) that was significantly worse than reported to nurses but retrospectively rated significantly less anxiety. 80% of patients found the device useful. Discussion and Conclusion. This study demonstrates that patients used the Navimed to report pain and to help manage it. Further work is required to investigate the difference in pain scores reported and to develop more sophisticated software.
Latanov, Alexander V., Anisimov, Victor N., Chernorizov, Alexsander M.
This paper gives an overview of the published data on eye movement parameters while reading sentences in different languages with both local and global syntactic ambiguity. A locally ambiguous sentence contains a syntactically problematic phrase that leads to only one interpretation, while a globally ambiguous sentence has more than one distinct interpretation. In the first case the ambiguity persists only to the end of the sentence, when it is successfully resolved; in the second case the ambiguity is still present after reading the whole sentence. The obvious difficulty in analyzing the structure of locally and globally ambiguous sentences leads to increased reading time compared with unambiguous sentences. The syntactic ambiguity increases two major parameters: the fixation duration when reading words critical for interpreting the sentence, and the frequency of regressive saccades to reread those words. The reading time for critical words, disambiguating the local ambiguity, depends on the principle of early/late closure (i.e., high/low attachment): preferring a recurrent pattern to associate the critical word with a distant or closer word, respectively (as determined by its position in the sentence), and differs across languages. The first study of eye movement parameters in reading globally syntactic ambiguous sentences in the Russian language is reported in this paper. Our findings open up the prospects of quantitative studies of syntactic disambiguation in Slavonic and Romano-Germanic languages.
The study examines relationships between flow experience in musical activities, life meaningfulness and subjective well
– being. Life meaningfulness belongs to eudaimonic good life,
subjective well–being belongs to hedonic good life and flow seems to be combination of both approaches. It is supposed that flow experience in musical activity and life meaningfulness should have positive impact on subjective well
–being. The research sample consisted of 96 university music students (37 males, 59 females) from the Music and Dance Faculty, Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dispositional Flow Scale–2, which measures nine dimension of flow, was used for measuring frequency o
f flow experience. Life Meaningfulness Scale, which measures three dimensions of life meaningfulness, was used for measuring meaningfulness of life. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule measured affective components of subjective
well–being, and Satisfaction with Life Scale measured cognitive component of subjective well–being. Categorization revealed that the most favourite performing musical activities are creative
musical activities, such as reproduction and production, during which music students relatively often experience flow. The results of correlation analysis showed that total scores of flow experience, life meaningfulness and components of subjective well–being, significantly correlate each other. Aspects of flow, clear goals and autotelic experience
are positively related to cognitive and motivational dimension of life meaningfulness and also to positive affectivity. Loss of self–consciousness and autotelic experience are positively related to emotional dimension of life meaningfulness. Challenge–skill balance, action–awareness merging, clear goals, concentration on task at hand, sense of control and autotelic experience are negatively related to negative affectivity. Challenge–skill balance and autotelic experience are related to satisfaction with life. Correlation coeficients of these relations showed that flow experience is relatively equally associated with life meaningfulness and subjective well–being. It suggests that flow experience is partly hedonic and also eudaimonic concept. Next, all dimensions of life meaningfulness correlate positively with positive affectivity and satisfaction with life, and negatively with negative affectivity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that life meaningfulness significantly contributes to all components
of subjective well–being, and experiencing flow significantly predicts only negative affectivity. Thus, life meaningfulness brings good feeling and creates in one‘smind order just like flow does it on its own way and in shorter time period. Flow experience rather prevents experiencing unpleasant affects.
Considering specific research sample, generalizations of the results are limited. This is quantitative research which does not enable to examine phenomenological nuances of flow experience that are usually examined. Qualitative research, but also personality characteristics, age of musicians and length of musical practise would give another view on examined relations. Despite some limitations, our results confirm theoretical assumptions and research studies. They refer to the function of flow experience in musical activity and especially to
life meaningfulness as important factor of subjective well–being.
José Antonio López Villalobos, Isabel Serrano Pintado, Jesús María Andrés de Llano
et al.
El estudio analiza diferencias entre casos de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en su modo global / analítico de procesar la información, buscando el mejor modelo basado en el Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) que permita predecir TDAH y analizando la validez de la prueba para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Se estudia una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH (criterios DSM-IV) y 100 controles, entre 7 y 11 años, evaluados mediante el CEFT. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según edad, sexo y zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente mas dependiente de campo (d = 1.36), reflejando un modo de procesamiento mas global que los controles en todas las edades. El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice TDAH está formado por edad, sexo y CEFT. La formulación derivada del modelo presenta sensibilidad del 80% y especifidad del 84%, tomando como prueba de referencia criterios DSM-IV para TDAH. Concluimos valorando que el CEFT presenta utilidad y adecuada validez de criterio para TDAH.
The current article provides an overview of the behavioural intention of students towards family forming. The aim is to test the impact of the socio-demographic background, family-related attitudes and the orientations of young adults and the opinion of significant others on the preference of family form. The theoretical framework focuses on the reasoned action theory and on the dispute between social learning and selection approaches. Empirical analyses demonstrate that gender and family-related attitudes and orientations have significant effects on family forming intentions. The findings provide insights into the debate between the social learning theory and the selection approach by showing that the intention to prefer unmarried cohabitation does not depend on current living arrangements or cohabitation experiences at the individual level.
Este artículo nació del deseo general de encontrar una explicación razonable a la actual escasez de vocaciones a la vida religiosa o al presbiterado, con preocupación tan insistente en estos momentos en los países del mundo desarrollado. La primera pista me la dio una intervención del P. Pedro Arrupe ante la Unión de Superiores Generales el 30 de Mayo de 1974. Al leer las consideraciones que consideró pertinentes, citaba un artículo del P. Karl Rahner, de cuatro años antes, en que abordaba el mismo tema, centrado en este caso en el posible futuro de la Compañía de Jesús. Estos datos, junto con la exhortación apostólica Vita Consecrata, me movieron a presentar mis propias consideraciones sobre el tema.
Providing continuing education for secondary school teachers may be more important to the improvement of high school psychology than are changes in teacher preparation and certification. The special role that college and university departments of psychology can play in providing this education and supporting these teachers is illustrated in a brief history of one department's work with teachers in North Carolina.