Hasil untuk "Nutrition. Foods and food supply"

Laure Herreman, Paul Nommensen, B. Pennings et al.

Abstract Indispensable amino acid (IAA) composition and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of five animal‐ and 12 plant‐based proteins were used to calculate their respective Digestible Indispensable Amino Score (DIAAS) according to the three age categories defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Mean IAA content and mean SID obtained from each protein dataset were subsequently used to simulate optimal nutritional quality of protein mixtures. Datasets revealed considerable variation in DIAAS within the same protein source and among different protein sources. Among the selected protein sources, and based on the 0.5‐ to 3‐year‐old reference pattern, pork meat, casein, egg, and potato proteins are classified as excellent quality proteins with an average DIAAS above 100. Whey and soy proteins are classified as high‐quality protein with an average DIAAS ≥75. Gelatin, rapeseed, lupin, canola, corn, hemp, fava bean, oat, pea, and rice proteins are classified in the no quality claim category (DIAAS <75). Potato, soy, and pea proteins can complement a broad range of plant proteins, leading to higher DIAAS when supplied in the form of protein mixtures and at specific ratios. Such complementarity highlights the potential to achieve an optimal nutritional efficiency with plant proteins alone.

Mahdieh Mostafidi, M. Sanjabi, F. Shirkhan et al.

Abstract Background Increasing living standards and improvement of purchase empowerment has led to consume packed and ready made fruits and vegetables. Also awareness of the health properties of fresh fruits and vegetables in preventing many cancers and cardiovascular dysfunction and their high nutritional value lead to increase of this demands. From the other side the expansion of urbanization and modern life, and the lack of enough time to supply personally the necessary daily fruits and vegetables, could be extra reasons for these increasing demands over the past three decades. But at the same time, the prevalence of food-borne diseases associated with fresh vegetables and also abuse of fertilizers and pesticides should be noticed properly. Scope and approach In this review article, the main ways of contamination of fruits and vegetables with pathogens has been reviewed. Also the major methods of prevention of contamination in all parts of the food chain, and using various disinfectants such as chemical and radiation preservatives to reduce microbial load, edible coatings, bacteriocins, irradiation, Gamma-ray, UV-C, high hydrostatic pressure, Ultrasonic, acid electrolyzed water, Ozone, Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) and Cold Plasma in the microbial safety of fruits and vegetables have been stated. Key findings and conclusions Since fruits and vegetables are very important in the nutrition and health of individuals, pre- and post-harvest contaminants play a very important role in the safety of fruits and vegetables. The choose of various methods for having the highest levels of the microbiological safety of fruits and vegetables, according to initial microbial load, type of fruits and vegetables, size of products and type of infrastructures is completely different and should be applied cautiously.

Anna N. Chard, Taylor Eisenstein, Andrea Cote et al.

Salmonella causes an estimated 1.35 million infections in the United States annually, with almost one-fifth of all salmonellosis illnesses attributed to chicken products. We reviewed Salmonella illness outbreaks attributed to chicken reported to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) with a date of first illness onset during 1998–2022 and determined the chicken product type associated with each outbreak using a standardized categorization scheme. We calculated the number of outbreaks, outbreak-associated illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths overall and by chicken product type; evaluated changes in the frequency and size of outbreaks over time using Mann-Kendall tests; and evaluated differences in the observed (as reported to FDOSS) versus expected (based on sales volume) proportion of outbreaks attributed to chicken product types using generalized linear models. During 1998–2022, there were 366 Salmonella illness outbreaks attributed to chicken, altogether responsible for 10,344 illnesses, 1,426 hospitalizations, and 12 deaths. The number of outbreaks and outbreak-attributed illnesses per year did not significantly change during the analysis period, overall or when stratified by chicken product type. Among outbreaks for which a product type could be identified (53.0%), chicken parts were the most implicated product type, representing 68.6% of outbreaks and 53.8% of illnesses. Reported chicken parts outbreaks were 5.6 times higher than expected given sales volume (odds ratio [OR] = 5.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.79, 8.24). Results suggest that multilayered prevention strategies along the farm-to-fork continuum are necessary to reduce and prevent Salmonella illnesses attributed to chicken; prevention efforts focused on raw chicken parts could have the greatest impact.

Ji Feng, Yali Wen, Huiyuan Zhang et al.

BackgroundWetland restoration is an important measure for restoring wetland ecosystems and their ecological benefits, with the goal of restoring their ecological functions and resources. However, wetland restoration affects farmers' incomes and livelihoods. Although existing research has contributed to a deeper understanding of the relationship between wetland restoration and farmers' household incomes, some issues require further consideration. Therefore, here, we aimed to analyse the impact of wetland restoration on farmers' incomes and provide empirical evidence for the coordination mechanism of protection and development in the Poyang Lake Wetland in Jiangxi Province.MethodsBased on 2 years of balanced panel data of 365 households around the Poyang Lake wetland, this study analysed the influence of policies related to wetland restoration and how variables such as the cultivated land area, labour force transfer, and location of nature reserves impact farmers' income. To this end, we used a two-way fixed-effect model to test the robustness by using propensity score matching, and the influence mechanisms of wetland protection policies, such as wetland restoration, wetland ecological compensation, and the Yangtze River fishing ban, on farmers' income interactions were explored.Results and discussionThe results showed that, due to the policy of wetland restoration was implemented a long time ago, the negative impact of the policy on reducing farmers' household income is not significant now. Further, farmers' family livelihood strategies have changed, and choosing other types of agricultural production and off farm employment are currently the main choices for farmers. Wetland restoration has changed their income structures. Additionally, the two wetland restoration policies and banning of fishing have had synergistic effects. The findings of this study are helpful in understanding how wetland restoration around nature reserves influences farmers' household incomes. Further, they can provide policy insights for promoting an increase in income and the optimization of the income structure of communities around lake wetland nature reserves.

Manon Rouche, Thérésa Lebacq, Anna Dzielska et al.

Background: Despite its significant usefulness in adolescent health studies, the single-item “body size perception” question, developed within the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, has yet to undergo multidimensional validation. Objectives: To assess the convergent, divergent and concurrent validity of the HBSC body size perception question among adolescents. Methods: The single-item HBSC body size perception question is as follows: “Do you think your body is…?,” with answers ranging from “much too thin” to “much too fat.” Fifteen-year-old participants included in the analysis were 72,086 from 45 HBSC countries in 2017/18 (concurrent validity), and 595, 127, and 615 in 2021/22 in French-speaking Belgium, Ireland, and Poland, respectively. The convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity was assessed with body dissatisfaction, social desirability, and selfesteem, respectively. The concurrent validity was also examined with body mass index (BMI) from the 2017/18 HBSC data. All analyses were sex-stratified. Results: Cohen’s Kappa values were 0.67 [confidence interval (CI): 95%: 0.62, 0.72] and 0.64 (0.59, 0.69) for boys and girls, respectively, in all 3 countries together. Body size perception was associated with social desirability, selfesteem, and BMI, with a stronger association in girls than that in boys. For instance, girls with higher social desirability were less likely to perceive themselves as “too thin” [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 0.78 (0.69, 0.89)] rather than as the “right size.” Boys with higher selfesteem were less likely to perceive themselves as “too fat” [0.93 (0.90, 0.97)] rather than the “right size.” Girls with underweight were less likely to perceive themselves as “too fat” [0.38 (0.34, 043)] rather than “right size” and girls with overweight/obesity were more likely to perceive themselves as such [8.19 (7.49, 8.95)]. Conclusions: The single-item HBSC body size perception question demonstrated good convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity. It reflects adolescents’ own perception of body size, possibly influenced by societal norms and ideals.

EFSA Panel on Food Enzymes (FEZ), Holger Zorn, José Manuel Barat Baviera et al.

Abstract The food enzyme lysophospholipase (2‐lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.5) is produced with the genetically modified Trichoderma reesei strain DP‐Nyc81 by Genencor International B.V. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in the processing of cereals and other grains for the production of glucose syrups and other starch hydrolysates. Since residual amounts of food enzyme–total organic solids are removed during these food manufacturing processes, dietary exposure was not calculated and toxicological studies were considered unnecessary. A search for the identity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use.

Yinsheng Zhang, Xudong Yang, Yongbo Cheng et al.

Background: Fruit freshness detection by computer vision is essential for many agricultural applications, e.g., automatic harvesting and supply chain monitoring. This paper proposes to use the multi-task learning (MTL) paradigm to build a deep convolutional neural work for fruit freshness detection. Results: We design an MTL model that optimizes the freshness detection (T1) and fruit type classification (T2) tasks in parallel. The model uses a shared CNN (convolutional neural network) subnet and two FC (fully connected) task heads. The shared CNN acts as a feature extraction module and feeds the two task heads with common semantic features. Based on an open fruit image dataset, we conducted a comparative study of MTL and single-task learning (STL) paradigms. The STL models use the same CNN subnet with only one specific task head. In the MTL scenario, the T1 and T2 mean accuracies on the test set are 93.24% and 88.66%, respectively. Meanwhile, for STL, the two accuracies are 92.50% and 87.22%. Statistical tests report significant differences between MTL and STL on T1 and T2 test accuracies. We further investigated the extracted feature vectors (semantic embeddings) from the two STL models. The vectors have an averaged 0.7 cosine similarity on the entire dataset, with most values lying in the 0.6–0.8 range. This indicates a between-task correlation and justifies the effectiveness of the proposed MTL approach. Conclusion: This study proves that MTL exploits the mutual correlation between two or more relevant tasks and can maximally share their underlying feature extraction process. we envision this approach to be extended to other domains that involve multiple interconnected tasks.

G. Kumar, C. Engle

Paula R. Trumbo, Katie M. Kirkpatrick, Jennifer Roberts et al.

R. Gazan, C. Brouzes, F. Vieux et al.

Abstract A sustainable diet is, by definition, nutritionally adequate, economically affordable, culturally acceptable, and environmentally respectful. Designing such a diet has to integrate different dimensions of diet sustainability that may not be compatible with each other. Among multicriteria assessment methods, diet optimization is a whole-diet approach that simultaneously combines several metrics for dimensions of diet sustainability. This narrative review based on 67 published studies shows how mathematical diet optimization can help with understanding the relations between the different dimensions of diet sustainability and how it can be properly used to identify sustainable diets. Diet optimization aims to find the optimal combination of foods for a population, a subpopulation, or an individual that fulfills a set of constraints while minimizing or maximizing an objective function. In the studies reviewed, diet optimization was used to examine the links between dimensions of diet sustainability, identify the minimum cost or environmental impact of a nutritionally adequate diet, or identify food combinations able to combine ≥2 sustainability dimensions. If some constraints prove difficult to fulfill, this signals an incompatibility between nutrient recommendations, over-monotonous food-consumption patterns, an inadequate supply of nutrient-rich foods, or an incompatibility with other dimensions. If diet optimization proves successful, it can serve to design nutritionally adequate, culturally acceptable, economically affordable, and environmentally friendly diets. Diet optimization results can help define dietary recommendations, tackle food security issues, and promote sustainable dietary patterns. This review emphasizes the importance of carefully choosing the model parameters (variables, objective function, constraints) and input data and the need for appropriate expertise to correctly interpret and communicate the results. Future research should make improvements in the choice of metrics used to assess each aspect of a sustainable diet, especially the cultural dimension, to improve the practicability of the results.

Carolina de Souza Salgado, Ana Claudia Nunes Palmeira Alexandre, Luane Aparecida do Amaral et al.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição de farinha da casca da guavira (FCG) em pão sobre suas características físico-químicas e sensoriais. Foram elaboradas três formulações de pão: padrão com 0% de FCG (F1), com adição de 0,84% de FCG (F2) e 1,96% de FCG (F3). O pão elaborado com 0,84% de farinha de casca de guavira (F2) apresentou maior aceitabilidade pelos provadores, não diferindo da amostra padrão (F1). Quanto à composição físico-química, houve diferença entre as amostras (p < 0,05). Maiores teores de cinzas, carboidrato e calorias, e menores teores de umidade e lipídio foram verificados na formulação com maior teor de FCG (F3). Não houve diferença estatística (p > 0,05) para os conteúdos de proteína entre as formulações. A incorporação de farinha da casca da guavira resultou em acréscimo de vitamina C nas formulações, porém as quantidades testadas não foram suficientes para contribuir com melhorias na qualidade da massa. A adição de farinha da casca da guavira causou escurecimento e indicou tendência de cor para o amarelo na casca e vermelho no miolo dos pães. O volume específico encontrado nas formulações com farinha da casca da guavira se assemelharam ao da formulação padrão. Na análise reológica da farinha da casca da guavira, não houve diferença de tenacidade entre as amostras com adição de FCG, porém a extensibilidade foi maior na amostra com 1,5% de FCG. A farinha com 1,5% apresentou menor índice de configuração de curva e o acréscimo de farinha da casca da guavira resultou na diminuição do trabalho mecânico. A pesquisa demonstrou que o uso da farinha de casca de guavira adicionada à farinha de trigo é viável na elaboração de pães com boa qualidade sensorial.

Olga Bednarska, Olga Biskou, Hans Israelsen et al.

BackgroundImpaired intestinal permeability and microbial dysbiosis are important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ReFerm®, also called Profermin®, is a postbiotic product of oat gruel fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum 299v. In this study, we investigated whether ReFerm® has a beneficial effect on the intestinal epithelial barrier function in patients with IBS.Materials and methodsThirty patients with moderate to severe IBS-diarrhoea (IBS-D) or IBS-mixed (IBS-M) were treated with enema containing ReFerm® or placebo. The patients underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsies obtained from the distal colon at baseline and after 14 days of treatment with ReFerm® or placebo twice daily. The biopsies were mounted in Ussing chambers, and paracellular and transcellular permeabilities were measured for 120 min. In addition, the effects of ReFerm® or placebo on the epithelial barrier were investigated in vitro using Caco-2 cells.ResultsReFerm® reduced paracellular permeability (p &lt; 0.05) and increased transepithelial resistance (TER) over time (p &lt; 0.01), whereas the placebo had no significant effect in patients. In ReFerm®-treated Caco-2 cells, paracellular and transcellular permeabilities were decreased compared to the control (p &lt; 0.05) and placebo (p &lt; 0.01). TER was increased in Caco-2 ReFerm®-treated cells, and normalised TER was increased in ReFerm®-treated Caco-2 cells compared to control (p &lt; 0.05) and placebo-treated (p &lt; 0.05) cells.ConclusionReFerm® significantly reduced paracellular permeability and improved TER in colonic biopsies collected from patients with IBS and in a Caco-2 cell model. Our results offer new insights into the potential benefits of ReFerm® in IBS management. Further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the barrier-protective properties of ReFerm®.Clinical trial registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT05475314].

Charlotte E. Pelgrim, Ingrid van Ark, Ronja E. van Berkum et al.

One cluster of the extrapulmonary manifestations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is related to the brain, which includes anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Brain-related comorbidities are related to worsening of symptoms and increased mortality in COPD patients. In this study, a murine model of COPD was used to examine the effects of emphysema and repetitive pulmonary inflammatory events on systemic inflammatory outcomes and brain function. In addition, the effect of a dietary intervention on brain-related parameters was assessed. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to elastase or vehicle intratracheally (i.t.) once a week on three consecutive weeks. Two weeks after the final administration, mice were i.t. exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle for three times with a 10 day interval. A dietary intervention enriched with omega-3 PUFAs, prebiotic fibers, tryptophan and vitamin D was administered from the first LPS exposure onward. Behavior and cognitive function, the degree of emphysema and both pulmonary and systemic inflammation as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuroinflammation in the brain were assessed. A lower score in the cognitive test was observed in elastase-exposed mice. Mice exposed to elastase plus LPS showed less locomotion in the behavior test. The enriched diet seemed to reduce anxiety-like behavior over time and cognitive impairments associated with the presented COPD model, without affecting locomotion. In addition, the enriched diet restored the disbalance in splenic T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. There was a trend toward recovering elastase plus LPS-induced decreased expression of occludin in brain microvessels, a measure of BBB integrity, as well as improving expression levels of kynurenine pathway markers in the brain by the enriched diet. The findings of this study demonstrate brain-associated comorbidities – including cognitive and behavioral impairments – in this murine model for COPD. Although no changes in lung parameters were observed, exposure to the specific enriched diet in this model appeared to improve systemic immune disbalance, BBB integrity and derailed kynurenine pathway which may lead to reduction of anxiety-like behavior and improved cognition.

P. Migliorini, A. Wezel

M. Emerenciano, E. Ballester, R. Cavalli et al.

Rafaela de oliveira das Neves, Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio

Introdução: A intervenção dietética é um dos métodos mais efetivos e acessíveis para prevenir doenças crônicas, incluindo obesidade. A dieta Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat (LCHF) tem demonstrado efeitos positivos no tratamento de diversas patologias, mas há poucas evidências dos seus impactos na aptidão física. Objetivo: Mensurar os efeitos de diferentes dietas na composição corporal e no desempenho em testes de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e de força muscular de mulheres sedentárias com sobrepeso e obesidade. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo experimental, com medidas repetidas. Amostra composta por 51 mulheres sedentárias (de 18 a 25 anos) com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Após análise de diário alimentar de três dias, elas foram randomizadas em quatro grupos: dois deles com dieta LCHF e outros dois com dieta normoglicídica habitual (HD), com valor calórico total (VCT) atual (LCHFa e HDa) ou usando VCT ideal (LCHFi e HDi). A intervenção durou quatros semanas, sendo que antes, durante e após ocorreram medidas de massa corporal, dobras cutâneas, perimetros corporais, testes de desempenho aeróbio em cicloergômetro e de força isométrica de pressão manual. Resultados: A massa corporal reduziu de modo significante (p=0,032), e o modelo LCHFi proporcionou redução superior aos modelos LCHFa, HDa e HDi. A potência aeróbia máxima exibiu redução significante próxima a 5% dos momentos 1 e 2 para o momento 3 em todos os grupos. Não houve prejuízos na força muscular. Conclusão: Após quatro semanas de intervenção, a dieta LCHF proporcionou efeito positivo na composição corporal. Em todos os grupos foi observada redução na potência aeróbia.

Md Shariful Islam, Shahid Mehmood, Chunyi Zhang et al.

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to analyze folate content and composition in foods consumed daily by Chinese people. The concentration of seven folate derivatives in sixty‐four selected foods was determined by a liquid‐chromatography tandem‐mass spectrometry method. The total folate levels ranged from 0.28 to 129 µg/100 g fresh weight, with an average of 21.18 μg/100 g. The highest folate content was found in boiled egg yolk and waxy corn (>120 µg/100 g), abundant folate levels in cooked vegetables such as hot pepper, spinach, soybean sprout, stem lettuce, coriander, and broccoli (44–72 µg/100 g), and lowest in Coca Cola (0.28 µg/100 g). 5‐Methyl‐tetrahydrofolate was the major folate derivative in various foods, accounting for 72% of the total folates on average, with the highest being 90% in egg yolk. These data will enable estimation of the daily folate intake and allow dietary recommendations to improve folate status in humans.

P. Wilde, B. Chu

EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP), Vittorio Silano, José Manuel Barat Baviera et al.

Abstract The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process Erreplast (EU register number RECYC192), which uses the Starlinger deCON technology. The input material is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post‐consumer PET containers, e.g. bottles, including no more than 5% PET from non‐food consumer applications. The flakes are preheated before being submitted to solid‐state polycondensation (SSP) in a continuous reactor at high temperature under vacuum and gas flow. Having examined the challenge test provided, the Panel concluded that the preheating (step 2) and the decontamination in the continuous SSP reactor (step 3) are critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of these critical steps are temperature, pressure, residence time and gas flow rate. It was demonstrated that this recycling process is able to ensure a level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 μg/kg food. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not considered to be of safety concern, when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long‐term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The final articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave and conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.

John William Schmidt

Concerns that food-animal production significantly contributes to antibiotic-resistant human infections have persisted for more than 20 years. Most antibiotic resistance concerns are generalized, not specific. By their nature, non- specific concerns are unfalsifiable and can never be scientifically alleviated or remediated. Therefore, antibiotic resistance meat safety improvement begins with defining SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time bound) antibiotic resistance goals. Two SMART goals related to high-priority antibiotic resistance in beef production are described as an example to facilitate scientific goal attainment