This article examines the manifestations of sexism towards women in the proverbs of the Germanic group languages: English, German and Norwegian. The interpretations of the concepts of «proverb», «sexism», «linguistic sexism» by domestic and foreign scientists are proposed. The phenomenon of gender stereotypes is considered, as well as the relationship between language and gender. An analysis of the types of sexism manifestations is carried out and shown on the examples in the proverbs of the languages studied. The article considers the image of a woman based on the folk’s ideas and expressed through proverbs.
Possessive objekt, som han i ho trakka han på foten, er spesielle av to grunnar: dei kjem ofte i tillegg til verbets konvensjonelle argumentstruktur (trakke er eit typisk intransitivt verb, men tar possessivt objekt), og dei blir tolka som eigar av eit anna nomen i setninga (her foten). I norsk er temaet behandla grundigast av Lødrup (2009 b, 2019), som analyserer possessive objekt som direkte objekt og behandlar såkalla uavhendelege kroppsdelsnomen som ein nomenklasse med eigne grammatiske possessiveigenskapar. Denne artikkelen presenterer eit alternativ til analysen av possessivt-objekt-setningar, basert på eksoskeletal teori og særleg Åfarli (2007). Det blir argumentert for at det possessive objektet er eit indirekte objekt, og at både verb og kroppsdelsnomen er radikalt underspesifiserte for grammatisk informasjon som argumentstruktur og possessiveigenskapar. Artikkelen viser slik korleis ei eksoskeletal tilnærming kan gi nye perspektiv på possessive objekt og uavhendeleg eigarskap.
Philology. Linguistics, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
Lisa Schüler, Nadja Lindauer, Thomas Schroffenegger
Obwohl digitaler Textverarbeitung heutzutage eine enorme Bedeutung zukommt und die Vermittlung entsprechender Kompetenzenin Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz curricular verankert ist, bilden empirisch fundierte Konzepte zum Tastaturschreiben im deutschsprachigen Raumweitgehend ein Desiderat. International liegen jedoch Studien vor, die belegen, dass eine gezielte Förderung die Tastaturschreibfertigkeitenerhöhenundpositive Effekte auf Rechtschreibung und Textproduktionhaben kann. An diesen Ergebnissen setzt das D-A-CH-Projekt Didaktik des Tastaturschreibens und der Textverarbeitung (TasDi) an: Es zielt im Kern darauf, Lernmodule für das Tastaturschreibenzu entwickeln und zu evaluieren, die auf evidenzbasierten Erkenntnissen der Schreib- und Rechtschreibdidaktik aufbauen. Die länderübergreifende Perspektive ist aufschlussreich, da die schulische Implementierung des Tastaturschreibens im D-A-CH-Raum unterschiedlich fortgeschritten ist. In der ersten Phase des Projekts, die im Beitrag im Zentrum steht, erfolgt u.a. eine Analyse existierender Tastaturschreiblehrgänge. Diese zeigt, dass bisherige Lehrgänge v.a. an schreibmotorischen Prinzipien orientiert sind und durch eine schreib- und rechtschreibdidaktische Profilierung profitieren können.
Abstract (english): TOUCH-TYPING INSTRUCTION: An uncharted territory in writing research?
Digital text processing is of enormous importance today. Accordingly, the teaching of corresponding competencies is established in the curricula in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. However, evidence based concepts for keyboarding are a desideratum in German-speaking countries. International studies show that systematic support can increase keyboarding skills andhave positive effects on spelling and text production. The D-A-CH project Didaktik des Tastaturschreibens und der Textverarbeitung (TasDi) is based on these results: At its core, it aims to develop and evaluate keyboarding learning modules that build on evidence based findings in writing and spelling instruction. The cross-national perspective is insightful, as the implementation of keyboarding in school has progressed differently in the D-A-CH region. The first phase of the project, which is the focus of this article, includes an analysis of existing keyboarding courses. First results show that previous courses are mainly oriented towards writing motor principles and can benefit from results of writing and spelling instruction.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo descrever uma ação de formação emergencial que teve lugar em julho de 2020 no âmbito da formação de professores de alemão como língua estrangeira (ALE) nos projetos de extensão de três universidades públicas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. O projeto foi proposto e desenvolvido por professores-formadores das três universidades e teve a participação de graduandos das três instituições que atuavam nos cursos livres ofertados pelas instituições. O intuito do curso era fornecer reflexões teóricas e uma introdução prática ao trabalho online que se impunha então como única alternativa viável. Serão apresentados a estrutura do curso e os conteúdos trabalhados durante as três semanas de duração da formação. Além disso, serão discutidos igualmente os resultados das avaliações feitas pelos participantes do curso logo após o término e um ano após, a fim de se averiguar o papel que o curso possa ter tido na prática daqueles que participaram da formação.
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
The article focuses on the main approaches to the analysis of sentence negation in the modern German language. The phenomenon of full and partial sentence negation has been presented. The special attention is focused on the grammatical meaning of negation. In traditional studies negation is characterized as an expression of non-existing relationships within lingual elements, or when an affirmative sentence is denied by a speaker as an incorrect one. In Germanic grammar studies there is no consensus as to the concept of negation as well as means for its implementation. Theoretical syntax deals with an absolute and double negation. The typology of neg-elements in the German language is not sufficiently highlighted due to their heterogeneity in classification. It causes opacity in the treatment of negative constructions, resulting in ambiguous outcome, and complicates the assignment of the lingual units to the appropriate category. In theoretical grammar the grammatical negation is classified according to word classes. In German a general pattern of sentence negation is represented by the clitic “nicht” in the pre-position and the post-position in relation to the verb. Traditionally negation is regarded in terms of volume of negation and the focus of negation, when the semantic function of negation has been implemented. Also grammatical studies of the German language distinguish between full negation, when the whole sentence is denied, and partial negation, which refers to certain parts of the sentence. Thereby for the grammatical negation in the German sentence the regulated order of subject and verb plays an important role. Regarding the above mentioned the article outlines the criteria for distinguishing the full and the partial negation depending on position of sentence elements in the frame construction. The position of constituents in the negative sentence and its influence on the scopus of negation has been analyzed. The analysis of syntactic distribution of clitic “nicht” in relation to full and partial negation in the models of verbal representation has been outlined.Key words: category of negation, clitic, full negation, partial negation, volume of negation, focus of negation, syntactical distribution. У статті викладено основні підходи до аналізу реченнєвого заперечення в сучасній німецькій мові. Представлено явище повного й часткового реченнєвого заперечення, увагу зосереджено на граматичному змісті заперечення. У статті проаналізовано заперечення як синтаксичну категорію щодо й змісту, й граматичного оформлення. У традиційних мовознавчих студіях заперечення схарактеризовано як вираження ненаявних відношень у межах мовних елементів. У германістиці відсутній консенсус стосовно концепції заперечення та засобів його реалізації. Теоретичний синтаксис має справу з абсолютним і подвійним запереченням. Типологію заперечних елементів у німецькій мові розглянуто не досить через їх неоднорідність у класифікації. Це спричиняє непрозорість у трактуванні заперечних конструкцій, що призводить до неоднозначних результатів та ускладнює зарахування мовних одиниць до відповідної категорії. Теоретична граматика класифікує граматичні засоби вираження заперечення відповідно до класів слів. У німецькій мові загальну модель реченнєвого заперечення представлено клітиком nicht у препозиції або постпозиції щодо дієслова. Традиційно категорія заперечення розглядається в термінах об’єму й фокусу заперечення, коли реалізується семантична функція негації, а запере-чення постає як форма модифікації дійсності. Також у граматичних студіях із німецької мови розрізняють повне й часткове заперечення. У німецькій мові граматичне заперечення пов’язано з рамковою структурою речення. У роботі окреслено граматичне оформлення та функціонування речень із повним і частковим запереченням у німецькій мові, наголошено на їх відмінностях. Проаналізовано позицію конституентів заперечного речення та їхній вплив на сферу заперечення. Визначено критерії виокремлення спеціального заперечення залежно від позиції елементів речення в рамковій конструкції. Також у статті здійснено аналіз синтаксичної дистрибуції клітика nicht щодо повного й часткового заперечення в моделях вербальних репрезентацій заперечення та про-ілюстровано їх неоднорідність.Ключові слова:категорія заперечення, клітик, повне заперечення, часткове заперечення, об’єм заперечення, фокус заперечення, синтаксична дистрибуція.
In this issue of Scandinavian Journal of Pain, Ibrahim and Nigerian co-workers report translation, cross-cultural adaption and psychometric properties of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), translated to Hausa, a language spoken by about 70 million people, mostly in southern Niger and northern Nigeria, but also in other countries in Western Africa [1]. The FABQ was successfully translated into Hausa and cross-culturally adapted. The authors report that the psychometric properties were similar to those of existing versions. This is important because it suggests that the Hausa version of FABQ can be used to evaluate fear-avoidance beliefs about low back pain in Hausa-speaking populations for clinical and research purposes. Results can then be compared to existing and future results from other countries.
The paper explores Charles Fillmore's scenes-and-frames semantics modified by Vannerem/ Snell-Hornby and Vermeer/Witte to be used by translation theory. The study provides in-depth analysis of Dutch and German translations of Bulgarian culture-specific words. The aim of the paper is to show how scenes-and-frames model can be applied to the notion of culture specificity when comparing the source and target language.
Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages, History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia
The response, in Brazil and Portugal, to recently published editions of the novels The Sleepwalkers and The Death of Vergil by Hermann Broch shows a growing interest in, or perhaps a rather late response to, the author. One might wonder what events have been shaping the history of his literary presence in the Portuguese speaking world. This paper takes an unprecedented look at how Broch’s fictional and theoretical works have been received, in Portuguese, from the 1950s to the present day and provides a framework of main events – inclusions in the literary historiography, translations, theoretical and artistic utilizations. The objective is to expand the map of Broch’s readings and to offer references which might promote further discussions and advance the research on the author and his work
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
This paper deals with the Saami Language in Norway. The Saami people are indigenous people in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Due to the assimilation, which was practised towards them by the Norwegian government, most of the Saami people in Norway can't speak Saami today. But they want their children to learn this language. Therefore, there has to be schools and kindergartens that teach these children Saami language. They are trying to make them bilingual in Saami and Norwegian. The aim of this paper was to point out that there is a difference between laws and curriculum and the reality in teaching children Saami language.
Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages, History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia
O artigo dá uma visão panorâmica das classes de orações subordinadas da língua alemã. Suas funções e estruturas sintáticas são descritas mediante o esquema das posições e dos campos. Três aspectos específicos são tratados mais a fundo: as funções (i) de pronomes e (ii) de partículas de comparação em relação a orações subordinadas e (iii) o papel de orações subordinadas em construções clivadas. O artigo pode ser usado para fins didáticos no meio acadêmico e como ponto de partida para estudos em sintaxe comparativa.
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
O presente artigo aborda alguns dos principais escritos de Anatol Rosenfeld sobre teatro, sobretudo O teatro épico, obra em que se debruça sobre os preceitos da dramaturgia de Brecht, bem como seu trabalho como organizador de antologias de autores canônicos da literatura alemã (Lessing, Goethe, Schiller), para mostrar como essas influências se cruzam em sua análise da produção teatral brasileira dos anos 1960. Nas entrelinhas da crítica de Rosenfeld, percebe-se a dimensão ética que ele atribuía à sua atividade intelectual e, ainda, um esforço de adaptar o potencial transformador do teatro brechtiano às demandas de um contexto político e cultural específico como o brasileiro.
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
<p>The present study examines loanwords in Cilubà from both a phonological and a morphological point of view. Two large categories of loanwords can be distinguished: on the one hand those which are entirely integrated and on the other hand more recent loanwords which retain a large number of their original phonological features. On the phonological level, loanwords (1) introduce new phonemes such as [R] and [g], (2) increase the proportion of low tones, and (3) introduce new combinations of phonemes (e.g. in the sequence C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;V, in which consonants C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are respectively a nasal and a semivowel, loanwords allow the presence of any consonant). On the morphological level, one notices the appearance not only of forms whose plural is no longer predictable, but also of forms whose plural can be realized in different classes. This phenomenon has important implications in lexicography. As a matter of fact, it is no longer possible to mention in a Lubà dictionary only the singular form and let the reader infer the plural. For nouns the concept of "gender" must therefore be introduced. Gender is defined as a pair of classes whose left and right poles which generally represent the singular and the plural respectively, are chosen in relation to the syntactic concords for the different class affixes (nominal, pronominal, verbal and object prefixes; enclitics), the possessive and the demonstratives, and no longer only in relation to the nominal prefix. Thus, the gender of a noun appears to play a fundamental role in the macrostructure of a noun lemma. Finally, the study of the processes which are intuitively applied by the speakers to integrate foreign words will be a useful source of stimulation for the coinage of neologisms.</p><p> </p><br><p>Laprésente étude examine les mots d'emprunt en cilubà du double point de vue phonologique et morphologique. On reconnaît deux grandes catégories d'emprunts: d'une part ceux qui sont entièrement intégrés et, d'autre part, ceux qui, plus récents, retiennent un grand nombre de leurs traits phonologiques originels. Sur le plan phonologique, l'emprunt (1) introduit des phonèmes nouveaux tels que [R] et [g], (2) augmente la proportion des tons bas, et (3) introduit de nouvelles combinaisons de phonèmes (par exemple, dans la syllabe de type C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;V, où les consonnes C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; et C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; doivent être respectivement une nasale et une semi-voyelle, les emprunts permettent la présence de consonnes quelconques). Sur le plan morphologique, on observe non seulement l'apparition de formes dont le pluriel n'est plus prévisible, mais aussi de formes qui peuvent former leur pluriel dans différentes classes. Ce phénomène a des implications importantes sur le plan lexicographique. En effet, il ne suffira plus désormais de mentionner dans un dictionnaire lubà la seule forme du singulier et de laisser au lecteur le soin d'en deviner la forme du pluriel. On est ainsi amené à développer pour les substantifs la notion de "genre". Celui-ci est défini comme une paire de classes dont les pôles gauche et droit, qui représentent généralement le singulier et le pluriel, sont choisis en fonction de leurs accords syntaxiques pour les différents affixes de classe (préfixes nominal, pronominal, verbal et objet; enclitiques), le possessif et les démonstratifs, et non plus seulement en fonction de la forme du préfixe nominal. Ainsi le genre d'un substantif s'avère être une donnée fondamentale dans la macrostructure d'un lemme substantival. Enfin, l'étude des procédés appliqués intuitivement par les locuteurs pour l'intégration de mots étrangers sera une source d'inspiration utile pour la création de néologismes.</p><p> </p>
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania