sexual imagery has been a significant phenomenon in modern literature as writers tend to enrich their writings with social taboos and erotic contents. This paper presents the poetry of D. H. Lawrence and Ted Hughes to show how those writers used sexual images to depict their male-ego, and their manhood. Concentrating on Freud`s psychosexual development, and the use of phallic symbols. Through examining Tortoise Shout by Lawrence, and Thought Fox by Hughes, the reader can notice the sexual images that resides behind their stanzas. Accordingly, this paper tries to discover the way both writers present those images.
English literature, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
Dingding Haerudin, Ruswan Dallyono, Usep Kuswari
et al.
Currently, a large number of ethnic languages worldwide are losing their vitality and popularity due to globalization and the influence of dominant languages such as English and Indonesian. Such a linguistic decline is both unsettling and disheartening because, in reality, this loss not only means a loss of communication tools but also a loss of identities and values. Against such a backdrop, this study aims to investigate Indonesian university students’ attitudes to their ethnic languages and to explore the factors that influence students’ fluency in their ethnic languages. To conduct this study, the qualitative method was used, and the data were obtained using questionnaires distributed to 78 university students from 10 universities across Indonesia through Google Forms. These participants were purposively selected from 18 different ethnic groups, including Ambonese, Balinese, and Sundanese. The findings indicate that there are various factors affecting the participants’ fluency in their languages, namely domestic use of their ethnic languages and parental encouragement, which turned out to positively affect fluency and cross-ethnic marriages and relocation of environments, which negatively impacted the participants’ fluency. Therefore, this study recommends two strategies to preserve ethnic languages: (1) teaching programs for ethnic languages: schools should administer classes to support students from ethnic-language-deprived backgrounds, and (2) local government policies: they are expected to issue and implement policies that encourage and protect the use of ethnic languages among younger generations.
Special aspects of education, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
Interpreting of Children and for Children in the Actual Migration Situation in Poland
The paper describes the actual scene of public service interpreting and translation in Poland since the beginning of the war in Ukraine and the influx of a vast number of Ukrainian refugees into Poland. In particular it is focused on the role played by volunteer interpreters and translators who offer linguistic and cultural assistance to Ukrainian children in medical and psychotherapeutic contexts. It also deals with the activities of non-governmental organizations offering linguistic and translational support for immigrants in Poland.
Cet article se penche sur le rôle du texte historique dans la transmission de l'identité
algérienne aux élèves de troisième année du secondaire (3ème AS) pendant l'enseignement du
français langue étrangère (FLE). La langue française occupe une place significative dans tous les
aspects du pays, y compris l'éducation, et son enseignement en 3ème AS a une influence considérable
sur le comportement et la personnalité des apprenants. Le manuel scolaire utilisé à ce niveau est un
outil essentiel dans le processus d'enseignement et d'apprentissage du FLE, fournissant une approche
didactique, pédagogique et formatrice. L'observation du programme de la 3ème AS révèle que la
construction de l'identité des citoyens est étroitement liée au contenu pédagogique du curriculum
scolaire, tel que reflété par le manuel et les différentes méthodologies d'enseignement en vigueur. Le
texte historique du premier projet de la 3ème AS joue un rôle crucial dans cette construction
identitaire en abordant des thèmes tels que l'histoire, la culture et la diversité linguistique. À travers
un questionnaire et une activité d'écriture, cet article analysera comment le texte historique contribue
à transmettre les composantes de l'identité nationale aux apprenants de la 3ème AS lors des cours de
FLE..
Philology. Linguistics, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive and negative attributes at four different levels. The initial level of this theory focuses on analyzing the components associated with vocabulary and the transmission of meaning via language. The second level involves the analysis of syntactic and morphological components, while the third and fourth levels focus on evaluating discourse and text style. Farīd ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair is highly esteemed Persian mystical poetry that has been translated into other languages. Currently, Dr. Badi’ MohammadJomeh’s translation, which he conducted at Ain Shams University, is the most thorough of these translations. Furthermore, Mohammad Jomeh’s original translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Attar has been praised for its self-worth in conveying the logic and invaluable ideas of the author to the Arab world. The translation is particularly notable for its precision, conciseness, eloquence, and literary highlights. As a result, it has been subjected to examination and evaluation using the Garces model and its four levels. The research findings suggest that the translator has faithfully followed the source language in the mentioned translation. Furthermore, the translation demonstrates greater acceptability and adequacy in terms of lexical and syntactic-morphological meaning compared to the other two levels. The translator's proficiency is particularly evident at these two levels. He has employed a greater number of constructive methods. However, the translation being examined has prominently featured negative tactics at two levels of discourse: functional and stylistic-semantic. This might be attributed to the choice of content for translation, specifically mystical systems. Despite incorporating culturally similar parts, the elevation of Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation can be attributed to lexical expansion, compensation, and changes in syntax and structure.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Literary translation, Mantiq Al-Tair, ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur, Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, Carmen Garces.IntroductionMantiq Al-Tair is a highly significant oriental text that has beentranslated into various languages. Dr. Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, anesteemed professor specializing in oriental studies at Ain ShamsUniversity, has successfully rendered a full translation of this work into the Arabic language. Evaluating the translation is vital to ensuring its accuracy, utilizing various translation principles and approaches. Translation criticism serves as a crucial connection between translation theory and translation practice. Garces's theory is a significant destination-oriented theory that consists of four stages. Due to its complete nature, it can serve as an effective model for assessing the quality of translations, particularly in the context of literary translated works, in terms of their acceptability and adequacy. This essay aims to assess the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh using Garces' methodology, employing an analytical-descriptive approach.Literature ReviewSome significant research has been conducted in the field of translation criticism, specifically regarding the translation of Mantiq Al-Tair and the application of the Garces model. Notable articles include "Mantiq Al-Tair of Attar in Lebanon (criticism on the research and translation of the Arabic Mantiq Al-Tair)" (1383) by Nik Manesh, "Criticism and review of the Persian translation of the novel Qalb al-Lil with the title Del Shab based on the model of Garces" (1396) by Ali Sayadani et al., "Lexual criticism of the translation of Sheikh Abdulhaq Mohadath Dehlavi from Fatuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic level - Garces Lexicon" (1400) by Bidkhoni and AghHosseini, "Hermeneutic view of the French translation of somemystical words of Al- Mantiq Al-Tair based on the opinions of Umberto Eco" (1400) by Moghaddam and Akrami Fard company, and "Study in Translation Al-Arabiya for the Mantiq Al-Tair" (2006) by Nadi Hassoun.It is evident that the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair has not been systematically and critically evaluated using translation criticism theories. Furthermore, the studies based on Garces theory are restricted to the translation of novels and fictional works, and despite the potential of Garces theory to assess the translation of poetic texts, no research has been conducted thus far to critique and evaluate text translations using this theory. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the acceptability and sufficiency of the planned translation by listing the favorable and unfavorable characteristics.Research MethodologyGarces theory is a comprehensive model used to assess literary writings. It goes beyond just the translation of words and phrases and takes into account four different levels. The Garces model is widely regarded as a prominent model for evaluating the translation of literary texts. The increasing adoption of this approach by scholars in recent years demonstrates its favorable standing among translation critics. This paradigm operates on the notion of parity between the source and destination texts. According to Garces, the source text and the translation should aim for maximum equivalence on all four levels. The four layers are: semantic-lexical, syntactic-morphological, discourse-role, and stylistic-intentional.ConclusionMantiq Al-Tair is a significant spiritual poem in Persian poetry and literature that has been translated into other languages. This essay critically evaluates the Arabic translation of . Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s Mantiq Al-Tair, using the Garces model as a framework for analysis. Upon evaluating this translation using the four levels of the Garces model, it was concluded that the translation being examined is in the original language. Out of the four levels in the Garces model, this translation demonstrates a higher level of conformity with the semantic-lexical level compared to the other three levels. The subgroups that have emerged in this translation at this level include assimilation, lexical expansion, lexical account, general and specific, definition and explanation, cultural equivalent, and syntactic expansion. At this stage, the translator has employed constructive methods with the exception of one instance (lexical explanation). Out of the subcategories stated, lexical expansion and lexical account are more frequent in this translation.The translation examines modifications in syntax or structure, alterations in viewpoint, compensation, implications, and the elimination of subsets at the syntactic-morphological level. Among these modifications, the change of syntax or structure is particularly prominent in this translation. In addition to implication and omission, which are negative strategies at this level, the translator has employed positive techniques. All subcategories within the two levels of discourse—functional and stylistic-semantic—are seen asnegative strategies. The most common ones are the translator's mistake and changing the function of rhetorical devices.
Neste trabalho se discute a representação do malandro em diferentes movimentos do cinema nacional, a fim de indagar sobre a relação dessa representação com a marginalização e a resistência de personagens com corpos negros. Utilizamos as contribuições de Michel de Certeau (2007) e de Giorgio Agamben (1993) acerca do ser qualquer, de modo a identificar as situações que compelem às formas de vida do malandro, como sobrevivência nos espaços sociais. Com a identificação desse tipo social em filmes de diferentes períodos, e de elementos do malandro na vida cotidiana e como sintoma da comunidade que vem, analisamos Madame Satã (2002) como atualização do personagem no Brasil contemporâneo.
Exploring the longitudinal development of second language (L2) lexical use has been one of the important topics in L2 vocabulary research. One approach to examining longitudinal changes in L2 lexical use is to capture changes in lexical features as found in learner production, such as L2 writing, over time. To further facilitate this approach, the purpose of this article is to discuss considerations and challenges for conducting longitudinal studies on lexical features in L2 writing. The article first provides a summary of relevant previous studies, followed by the promise of longitudinal studies on lexical features in L2 writing. It then presents considerations and challenges in longitudinal studies of lexical features in L2 writing in terms of the data collection and analysis and the choice of lexical measures. More research on the longitudinal changes in lexical features in L2 learner production seems warranted. Ultimately, more longitudinal research in lexical features in L2 learner production will help us have a deeper understanding of L2 lexical development and design better vocabulary intervention in L2 classrooms.
In this reflective essay, I want to show the situation that I experienced in the last semester of my career, which was the investigative pedagogical final practicum at the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. I started developing this last stage in the “Escuela Normal Superior Santiago de Tunja”. Then, I had to change the institution, and I finished my practice in the “Institución Educativa Libertador Simón Bolívar”. In this process, the COVID 19 pandemic was expanding in almost every country, and the world stopped the normal development of activities, which included the academic institutions. For that reason, I decided to reflect about education around the world and some of the challenges that are always present. Also, I wanted to talk about the new difficulties related to the virus and the ways teaching could implement technological devices and internet connection. Finally, I write some of the implications that I consider important in these difficult times in which education will not stop.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Romanic languages
abstract:This article examines a public debate about Arabic translation that took place in Cairo in March 1908. The social transformations of the long nineteenth century had been accompanied in Egypt by a parallel upheaval in conceptions of language, and by 1908 Arabic, like the global economy, seemed threatened by crisis. Some speeches from the debate actually connect these crises, equating linguistic meaning with financial value or critiquing the "costliness" of literary style; others conceive translation as an exchange predicated on equivalence between languages and governed by abstract economic laws. Scholars have suggested that the cultural violence of colonialism has structured modern Arabic literary production and defined its place within world and comparative literary studies. Here, I ask how that place might be reconceived if early twentieth-century Arabic theories of literature and language are understood as embedded not only in colonial ideological paradigms, but also in (imperial) capitalist logics of market efficiency and infinite exchangeability.
Парцеллят и сегмент – нетривиальные синтаксические позиции словоформ, участвующие в выражении субъективных смыслов. Обе позиции выделяются по отношению к базовой части: парцеллят обычно следует за ней, а сегмент ей предшествует. Парцелляция и сегментированная синтаксическая конструкция (именительный темы) являются важными грамматическими механизмами, которые позволяют субъекту речи в соответствии с коммуникативной целеустановкой адекватно выразить ту или иную мысль.
Though distinct fields, linguistics and literature share an interface through stylistics – the study of language in literature that seeks to account for the interpretative effects of a text through an examination of a text‟s linguistic detail (Halliday, 1967; and Simpson, 2004).One of the theories that has gained momentum in exploring the art of language in a literary text is Systemic Functional Linguistics (henceforth SFL). Developed by Halliday (1966), SFL argues that language is a resource for meaning making and is hierarchically organised into strata which are related to realisation. This hierarchical arrangement of language – called stratification – consists of four strata, namely, context, semantics, lexico grammar and phonology/graphology (Martin and Rose, 2003; Eggins, 2004; and Halliday and Webster, 2009). The strata build from the most abstract (the stratum of phonology/graphology) to the most concrete stratum of context, with the lexicogrammar and semantics strata being in-between. In SFL theorisation, language is seen as resource for making meaning and any text, such as Maupassant‟s The Necklace, is seen as an instance (technically called the instantiate) for conveying meaning. Thus, SFL looks at language as a system that performs some Abstract: This study drew upon the theoretical frontiers of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL); the literary notion of characterisation; and the methodological locale of Corpus Linguistics (CL) to study the characterisation of Mathilde in the ideational metafunction of Maupassant’s The Necklace. Drawing from Halliday’s (1966) theorisation of SFL and DiYanni’s (2002) conceptualisation of characterisation, the study has examined characterisation in a naturally occurring text titled The Necklace by use of a methodological backbone of CL methodology as espoused by Wu (2009). The corpus involved a single text hence the study was a monogeneric corpus-based study. Within the CL methodology, the ontological and epistemological dimensions of research were kept in check by the positivist and constructivist paradigms, thereby foregrounding a quantitative and qualitative approach to the study, respectively. Based on the nature of the objectives, a descriptive research design was used within which the qualitative and quantitative approaches were utilised. Content analysis was used as a method in analysing data obtained qualitatively while descriptive statistics was utilised in the analysis of data obtained quantitatively. Data collection and analysis drew on Wu (2009) and proceeded as follows: having read the story several times and understood it, the corpus was fed into the UAM Corpus Tool for semi-automated annotation. Frequency lists were then produced to categorise clauses into process-types. Thereafter, lexical and grammatical patterns associated with Mathilde were extracted. This was followed by the manual analysis of the data in accordance to Halliday (1971) in order to explore the characterisation of Mathilde. The findings have revealed that Mathilde is accorded material, mental, relational and verbal processes but denied behavioural and existential processes. The study further established that Mathilde is attributed transitivity patterns in process-types whose statistical distribution and placement in transitivity is deliberately chosen to characterise heras adesperate, materialistic, ungrateful, poor, fast-aging, lazy-turned-hardworking housewife, flamboyant and fantacist character.The study concludes that Mathilde is deliberately accorded some process-types whose statistical distribution characterises her in a different way from the other characters she appears with in the narrative.
This paper presents a critical evaluation framework for a linguistically motivated conversational software agent (CSA). The CSA prototype investigates the integration, intersection and interface of the language, knowledge, and speech act constructions (SAC) based on a grammatical object, and the sub-model of belief, desires and intention (BDI) and dialogue management (DM) for natural language processing (NLP). A long-standing issue within NLP CSA systems is refining the accuracy of interpretation to provide realistic dialogue to support human-to-computer communication. This prototype constitutes three phase models: (1) a linguistic model based on a functional linguistic theory – Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), (2) an Agent Cognitive Model with two inner models: (a) a knowledge representation model, (b) a planning model underpinned by BDI concepts, intentionality and rational interaction, and (3) a dialogue model. The evaluation strategy for this Java-based prototype is multi-approach driven by grammatical testing (English language utterances), software engineering and agent practice. A set of evaluation criteria are grouped per phase model, and the testing framework aims to test the interface, intersection and integration of all phase models. The empirical evaluations demonstrate that the CSA is a proof-of-concept, demonstrating RRG’s fitness for purpose for describing, and explaining phenomena, language processing and knowledge, and computational adequacy. Contrastingly, evaluations identify the complexity of lower level computational mappings of NL – agent to ontology with semantic gaps, and further addressed by a lexical bridging solution.
Adger, David. 2019. Language unlimited: The science behind our most creative power. New York: Oxford University Press. 251 pp. $25.95 (paper). Audring, Jenny, and Francesca Masini. 2019. The Oxford handbook of morphological theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 613 pp. $150.00 (cloth). Blommaert, Jan. 2018. Durkheim and the Internet: On sociolinguistics and the sociological imagination. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 96 pp. $20.95 (paper). Brentari, Diane, and Jackson L. Lee. 2018. Shaping phonology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 323 pp. $60.00 (cloth). Buckley, Eugene, Thera Crane, and Jeff Good. 2018. Revealing structure. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 280 pp. $30.00 (paper). Cognition. 176 (July 2018), 177 (August 2018), 178 (September 2018), 179 (October 2018), 180 (November 2018), 181 (December 2018), 182 (January 2019), 183 (February 2019), 184 (March 2019), 185 (April 2019), 186 (May 2019). Steven Sloman, ed. The Netherlands: Elsevier. Cognola, Federica, and Jan Casalicchio. 2018. Null subjects in generative grammar: A synchronic and diachronic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 306 pp. $94.00 (cloth). Craenenbroeck, Jeroen van, and Tanja Temmerman. 2019. The Oxford handbook of ellipsis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1038 pp. $199.00 (cloth). Danesi, Marcel. 2019. Understanding media semiotics. 2nd ed. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 264 pp. $39.95 (paper). Giovanelli, Marcello, and Chloe Harrison. 2018. Cognitive grammar in stylistics: A practical guide. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 186 pp. $33.95 (paper). Gundel, Jeanette, and Barbara Abbott. 2019. The Oxford handbook of reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 496 pp. $150.00 (cloth). Gutzmann, Daniel. 2019. The grammar of expressivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 266 pp. $85.00 (paper). Haji?ová, Eva. 2018. Syntax-semantics interface. Prague: Karolinum Press. 286 pp. $25.00 (paper). Khan, Kamran. 2019. Becoming a citizen: Linguistic trials and negotiations in the UK. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 137 pp. $114.00 (cloth). Komel, Mirt. 2019. The language of touch: Philosophical examinations in linguistics and haptic studies. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 190 pp. $128.00 (cloth). Kratochvı́lová, Dana. 2018. Modality in Spanish and combinations of modal meanings. Prague: Karolinum Press. 151 pp. $26.00 (paper). Language. 94.2 (June 2018), 94.3 (September 2018), 94.4 (December 2018), 95.1 (March 2019). Andries W. Coetzee, ed. Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Language and Semiotic Studies. 4.1 (Spring 2018), 4.2 (Summer 2018), 4.3 (Autumn 2018), 4.4 (Winter 2018). Jun Wang, ed. Suzhou, China: Soochow University Press.
This book is a collection of thirteen detailed studies on word order change within the framework of diachronic generative syntax. An initial chapter contextualizes them and introduces the theme in order to make clear from the onset its relevance and appeal. The sample of languages investigated is diverse and displays significant historical depth. Different branches of the Indo-European family are represented both through classical and living languages, namely: a wide range of Early Indo-European languages (Sanskrit, Greek, Indic, Avestan, Hittite, Tocharian, among others), Romance languages (Latin, Italian, European Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese), Germanic languages (Dutch, English), and a Celtic language (Irish). Besides, three chapters are dedicated to Hungarian and one chapter deals with Coptic Egyptian. The essays in the book use the tools provided by the generative theory of grammar to investigate the constrained ways in which older linguistic variants give rise to new ones in the course of time, with the aim of contributing insights into the properties of natural language. Two ingredients of the generative framework make it especially appropriate to deal with word order phenomena, namely movement as a syntactic operation (embedded in the theory of grammar) and a richly articulated clausal architecture composed with lexical but also abstract functional categories. This collective volume is unique in the way it provides through in-depth language-internal or comparative studies new perspectives on the relation between word order change and syntactic movement, under the constraints imposed by particular instantiations of clausal architecture.
The article clarifies the notion of grammar aids. The author systematizes the main types of grammar aids, which are advisable to use in the process of teaching the German language to students of non-linguistic specialties. The essence is revealed, and the examples of schematic, verbal, verbal-schematic and non-verbal aids are given. Particular attention is paid to the specificity of the use and the possibilities of one’s own working-out of aids at the deductive and inductive ways of presenting grammar material. The opinion on the performance of stimulating and guiding functions by the aids at all the stages of work on grammar is argued.