DWIE STRONY JEDNEJ TWÓRCZOŚCI. NIEROZDZIELNOŚĆ TRAUMY I ŻYCIA W POEZJI JURKA CHARYTUNA
Artykuł przedstawia kompleksową interpretację poezji Jurka Charytuna (1948–2024), jednego z najważniejszych przedstawicieli współczesnej literatury rusińskiej. Dotychczasowe odczytania jego twórczości koncentrowały się głównie na traumie związanej z przymusowym wysiedleniem mieszkańców Doliny Stariny podczas budowy zbiornika Starina, a jego poezję często określano mianem „lamentu rusińskiego słowika”. Niniejsze studium dowodzi jednak, że obraz ten ukazuje jedynie jeden z wymiarów jego dorobku. Odwołując się do pojęć pamięci zbiorowej i kulturowej, teorii traumy, poetyki przestrzeni oraz refleksji nad nostalgią, autor analizuje wiersze z tomów Мої жалї (Moje żale) i Мої незабудкы (Moje niezapominajki). Analiza pokazuje, że poezja Charytuna funkcjonuje zarówno jako medium pamięci kulturowej, jak i jako afirmacja życia: utrwala obrazy utraconej ojczyzny, a zarazem celebruje piękno prostych chwil i siłę codziennego istnienia. Trauma i miłość do codzienności jawią się tu jako dwa nierozdzielne aspekty jednego aktu twórczego, który – w kontekście literatury rusińskiej – stanowi wyraz oporu kulturowego oraz dziedzictwo kształtujące tożsamość.
Quantum illumination represents one of the most interesting examples of quantum technologies. On the one hand, it can find significant applications; on the other hand, it is one of the few quantum protocols robust against noise and losses. Here we present a short summary of the history of this quantum protocol.
Kamran Forghani, Xiaoming Kan, Lina Reichenberg
et al.
Capacity expansion models used for policy support have increasingly represented both the variability and uncertainty of weather-dependent generation (wind and solar). However, although also uncertain, as demonstrated by the performance of the French nuclear power fleet in 2022, uncertainty arising from nuclear power outages has been largely neglected in the literature. This paper presents the first capacity expansion model that considers uncertainty in nuclear power availability caused by unplanned outages. We propose a mathematical model that combines a scenario-based stochastic optimization approach (to deal with weather-related uncertainties) with a data-driven adjustable robust optimization approach (to deal with nuclear failure-related uncertainties). The robust model represents the bulky behavior of nuclear power plants, with large (1 GW) units that are either on or off, while at the same time letting the model decide on the optimal amount of nuclear capacity. We tested the model in a case for Northern Europe (seven nodes) with a time resolution of 1250 time steps. Our findings show that nuclear power outages do, in fact, impose a vulnerability on the energy system if not considered in the planning phase. Our proposed model performs well and finds solutions that prevent Loss-of-Load (at a price of robustness of 0.6%), even in more extreme weather conditions. Robust solutions are characterized by a higher capacity of gas plants, but, perhaps surprisingly, nuclear power capacity is barely affected.
This paper aims to understand how children and youth aid in the survival of their social environment amid periods of severe systemic oppression by problematizing children as an ideological concept. Conventional perceptions of childhood consign children to passive roles as victims and symbols. An analysis of children’s writings during the Holocaust in former Yugoslavia reveals that children are active participants in the formation of the social world and retain a sense of agency in spaces that afford them little. Through their diaries, letters, and memoirs young people produce works of radical nonconformity that aided in their individual and social survival. As scholarship on the Holocaust and genocide progresses, this contribution shouldn't be overlooked.
History of Central Europe, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Artykuł dotyczy odnotowywanych w aktach czynności biskupa poznańskiego Andrzeja Bnińskiego (1438-1479) spraw niezachowywania przez kler nakazu czystości. Autor analizuje liczbę i rodzaj tych występków, z których najczęstszym był konkubinat. Wiele spraw dotyczy wieloletniego i uporczywego łamania celibatu lub też rozwiązłości połączonej z czynami kryminalnymi. Liczba tych spraw nie jest duża, ale księgi odnotowują chyba tylko najpoważniejsze przypadki. Problem dotykał kleru niezależnie od pozycji społecznej, wykształcenia, rangi i funkcji. W połączeniu z widoczną obojętnością świeckich utrudniało to narzucenie przez władze kościelne odpowiedniej dyscypliny moralnej.
The text describes the farewell ceremony of the French garrison in Wrocław on 20th November 1808, during which the old city banner from 1650 was used, as well as the process of granting the Wrocław Citizens’ Guard (29th January 1809) a new banner with the image of the city coat of arms on one side and the letter W on the other, funded by the merchant Georg Stark (Starck).
W sierpniu 1930 r. w Polsce panował kryzys ekonomiczny, szczególnie dotkliwie uderzający w rolnictwo. Wystąpiła ona wówczas z inicjatywą, w stosunku do znajdujących się w podobnej sytuacji krajów agrarnych Europy Środkowej i Południowej, stworzenia ugrupowania mającego za cel neutralizację jego skutków. Główną rolę w stworzonym bloku rolnym odgrywały Polska i Rumunia, które od 1921 r. powiązane były ze sobą przymierzem polityczno-wojskowym.Od końca 1930 r. podjęto ożywione zabiegi na rzecz stworzenia organizacyjnych podstaw bloku oraz forsowania własnych interesów wobec państw przemysłowych na różnych forach międzynarodowych. Te ostatnie w nikłym zakresie były podatne na dezyderaty państw agrarnych, które równolegle zaczęły indywidualnie szukać sposobów polepszenia sytuacji na swoich rynkach rolnych. Takie intencje przyświecały Rumunii zabiegającej o układ handlowy z Niemcami.Niepokoiło to Warszawę, znajdującą się wówczas w stanie wojny celnej z tym państwem. Jednakże nie posiadała ona większych możliwości oddziaływania na te tendencje w polityce Bukaresztu. Wiosną 1932 r. w polskim MSZ w miejsce optymizmu głoszonego w oficjalnych deklaracjach w odniesieniu do efektów funkcjonowania bloku pojawił się sceptycyzm, skutkujący coraz mniejszym zaangażowaniem w jego działalność.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
This article examines the state secretaries’ meetings as an instrument of government in Nazi Germany. They are mostly known as the forum at which the infamous Wannsee Conference took place, but here the 20 January 1942 meeting will be situated in a context previously ignored by historians by showing that such gatherings were an increasingly regular occurrence during the ‘Third Reich’, and that a range of policy issues were discussed there – not just mass murder. As such, it will shed new light on how the ‘Hitler state’ functioned at this level by showing that Wannsee was not entirely extraordinary, the format having become established practice long before 1942. Similarly, the article will also show that the jurisdictional conflicts that played out at Wannsee were equally common, with participants generally jockeying for influence and advancing claims to departmental authority. Indeed, although they effectively replaced cabinet meetings, which were formally banned by Hitler in 1938, the state secretaries’ meetings did little to salvage collegial government. To illustrate this, a series of meetings called to coordinate the government's response to a particular issue will be examined – the annexation of ‘Greater German’ territories in Austria, the Sudetenland and Poland. As will be shown throughout, very little was achieved by way of coordination, with the state secretaries only advancing those constitutional designs that served their ministries’ claims to power.
The research potential of archaeology in investigating ancient religiosity remains a topic of enduring debate involving both proponents, sceptics and (hyper)critics of the validity of such an approach. The result of this discourse is the emergence of a separate research discipline: archaeology of religions. It has developed its own technique to better understand and interpret traces of ritual practices. However, the research methods used by archaeologists of religion are still not widely applied to the studies of early medieval Slavdom. Clearly, there have been difficulties in understanding phenomena that escape the methods of traditional archaeology. These phenomena include horse burials found within sepulchral areas. While all these objects show a number of similarities to human graves interpreted as atypical and perceived as evidence of ritual activities, they are generally considered to be either alien to Slavic communities or a manifestation of utilitarian activities. What is forgotten is that both phenomena were identified in cemeteries, i.e. areas characterised by the sacred thus, by definition, dedicated to the celebration of various ritual scenarios, whether related to the burial sphere or to images of eschatological nature. The aim as set out by the author of this article is to compare the two types of objects and to determine whether the place and manner of their deposition and the diagnostic features associated with them are different enough to link the former with abstract thinking and the latter with utilitarian practices.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Bronze cuboctahedral weights dated to the VIII-X centuries were found in northwest Russia near Ladoga, one of the most important trading centers in Eastern Europe in the VIII-X centuries. The history of the mathematical study of cuboctahedron and more generally of the entire family of Archimedean solids in the Middle East and Europe supports the archeological hypothesis about the origin of these artifacts and trading contacts between Europe and the Islamic Caliphate at that time when European mathematicians were not aware of such polyhedra, but Arab-Persian scientists and craftsmen were.
This paper analyses the image of home in memoirs of members of the Czechoslovak Legion. It focuses not only on retrospective memories recorded during the service, but also on introductory, biographical and closing sections that are a part of many memoirs, as well as on the visions of the future free state and home they hoped to return to. The paper utilizes sampling method, picking three memoirs of members of the Legion and submitting to comparison the temporary and situationally diverse ideas of home found in them, as well as their development in time. Upon this sample are then demonstrated the repetitive motives and development tendencies observed in memoirs of members of the Legion and hypotheses are drawn to identify the background and causality of such tendencies. The article concludes with summarizing the results and outlining the possible further research in this yet sparsely researched field.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
We reconstruct the history of reionization using Gaussian process regression. Using the UV luminosity data compilation from Hubble Frontiers Fields we reconstruct the redshift evolution of UV luminosity density and thereby the evolution of the source term in the ionization equation. This model-independent reconstruction rules out single power-law evolution of the luminosity density but supports the logarithmic double power-law parametrization. We obtain reionization history by integrating ionization equations with the reconstructed source term. Using optical depth constraint from Planck Cosmic Microwave Background observation, measurement of UV luminosity function integrated till truncation magnitude of -17 and -15, and derived ionization fraction from high redshift quasar, galaxies and gamma-ray burst observations, we constrain the history of reionization. In the conservative case we find the constraint on the optical depth as $τ=0.052\pm0.001\pm0.002$ at 68% and 95% confidence intervals. We find the redshift duration between 10% and 90% ionization to be $2.05_{-0.21-0.30}^{+0.11+0.37}$. Longer duration of reionization is supported if UV luminosity density data with truncation magnitude of -15 is used in the joint analysis. Our results point out that even in a conservative reconstruction, a combination of cosmological and astrophysical observations can provide stringent constraints on the epoch of reionization.
Foul-Weather Democracy
This article is a translation comprising the last chapter and summary of the book Průvodce po demokracii [A Guide Through Democracy], first published in 1997, in which Erazim Kohák shares the experiences of his life in the US and compares it with challenges faced by the new Central-European democracies. This essay describes three fundamental threats the world faces at the turn of the 21st century: demographic, ecological and moral crises. The author underlines the importance of an open dialogue and voluntary involvement of citizens in shaping the social life in a democratic system.
Demokracja na burzliwe czasy
Przełożony tekst stanowi ostatni rozdział i podsumowanie wydanej po raz pierwszy w 1997 roku książki Průvodce po demokracii (Przewodnik po demokracji), w której Erazim Kohák dzieli się swoimi doświadczeniami życia w USA i porównuje je z wyzwaniami stojącymi przed młodymi demokracjami Europy Środkowej. Esej przedstawia trzy fundamentalne zagrożenia przełomu XX i XXI wieku: kryzysy demograficzny, ekologiczny i moralny. Autor podkreśla w nim wagę, jaką ma dla demokracji otwarcie się na dialog i dobrowolne zaangażowanie obywateli w kształtowanie życia społecznego.
Резуме
Апостольска Адміністрация Лемковщины в документах польского Міністерства Віроісповідань і Публичного Просвіщыня з липця 1939 р.
Зараз пред початком другой світовой войны, в липци і серпни 1939 р., польскій уряд выступил до Апостольской Столиці зо старанями, жебы усунути дотеперішнього адміністратора Апостольской Адміністрациі Лемковщины, о. Якова Медвецкого і покликати нового. Кандидатом на тото становиско был римокатолицкій священник з могылівской архієпархіі, ксьондз Антоні Около-Кулак. В статі аналізуваны сут обставины тых старань, одношыня до них двох ватиканьскых достойників (кард. Ежена Тіссерана і ґенерала єзуітів Влодзімєжа Ледуховского) а тіж представлены сут силуеты самого кандидата і ініциятора акциі, Генрика Дунін-Борковского, директора Департаменту Віроісповідань і Публичного Просвіщыня.
Eliška Zazvonilová, Petr Velemínský, Jaroslav Brůžek
Příspěvek v první části představuje současný stav paleodemografie minulých populací. Úskalím jakékoliv interpretace jsou problémy spolehlivého odhadu věku dožití dospělých jedinců, které dovolují exaktní klasifikaci maximálně do tří širokých věkových tříd (např. do 30 let, od 30 do 60 let a starších 60 let). Možnosti nové intepretace úmrtnostního profilu vzhledem k modelové úmrtnosti archaických populací (e0 = 25 až 35 let) podle Ledermanna jsou uvedeny na příkladech tří recentních výzkumů (Praha-Lahovice, Janíky a Diváky – Padělky nad humny). Text upozorňuje na skutečnost, že paleodemografická analýza pohřebišť se provádí s cílem identifikace demografických anomálií, nikoliv pro zjištění jakýchkoliv přímých demografických charakteristik populačního vzorku. Druhá část příspěvku se věnuje revizi pohlaví a věku dožití u jedinců dvou mikulčických pohřebišť (u 3. a 6. kostela), od jejichž prvního zpracování uplynulo půlstoletí. Naše výsledky ukázaly konzistenci výsledků odhadu pohlaví, nikoliv věku dožití. S rozvojem současných metod odhadu věku podle kostry je spojena možnost odhadu jedinců starších 60 let, které původní metody nedokázaly správně identifikovat
To limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, fossil-free energy systems will be required eventually. To understand how such systems can be designed, the current state-of-the-art is to apply techno-economical optimisation modelling with high spatial and temporal resolution. This approach relies on a number of climatic, technical and economic predictions that reach multiple decades into the future. In this paper, we investigate how the design of a fossil-free energy system for Europe is affected by changes in these assumptions. In particular, the synergy among renewable generators, power-to-heat converters, storage units, synthetic gas and transmission manage to deliver an affordable net-zero emissions system. We find that levelised cost of energy decreases due to heat savings, but not for global temperature increases. In both cases, heat pumps become less favourable as surplus electricity is more abundant for heating. Demand-side management through buildings' thermal inertia could shape the heating demand, yet has modest impact on the system configuration. Cost reductions of heat pumps impact resistive heaters substantially, but not the opposite. Cheaper power-to-gas could lower the need for thermal energy storage.
By the end of the 10th century, the area of Opatów and Sandomierz was probably inhabited by a small tribe whose name has not been recorded in written sources. The establishment of a gord in Zawichost Podgórze before the end of the 9th century coupled with the emergence of a local cluster of pyre kurgan grave fields may be evidence of the arrival of new settlers from an area east of the Vistula. Inclusion of the Sandomierz area into the domain of the Wielkopolska Polans in the late 10th century resulted in disappearance of the existing tribal settlement structures which were replaced by new ones. This was related to the arrival to this area of individuals and groups representing the new Piast dynasty rule who came from other parts of the country or even from abroad. They included warriors from the ducal team, craftsmen, merchants as well as settlers relocated voluntarily or by force, possibly captives. As they represented different cultural traditions, their appearance has been well documented in archaeological sources. It also seems to be confirmed in toponymy. On top of the biggest number of Wielkopolska newcomers from the heart of the Piast dynasty domain, in the vicinity of Sandomierz and Opatów there could have also operated merchants related to the broadly defined Scandinavian and Russian culture as well as nomadic tribes, most probably Hungarians. The latter could have arrived as warriors, members of the ducal team, merchants or captives.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe