Marijana Dugalić, Ljiljana Rakočević-Bošković, Dragana Latković
et al.
Pseudogley soils in Serbia are characterized by poor chemical and physical properties that limit maize yields. Nevertheless, they are still used on large areas due to their favorable topographic position and lack of better-quality soils. It is common practice to regularly apply mineral fertilizers to these soils, but this does not increase maize yields to an economically sufficient level, although the doses are increased. At the same time, the inappropriate application of mineral fertilizers deteriorates soil chemical properties. Lime is only moderately used in Serbia despite its known benefits, whereas manure is not satisfactorily used. Therefore, a two-factorial experiment was set up as a randomized block design with three replications and conducted near Kraljevo, Serbia, to investigate the effect of mineral fertilizers, manure and lime on maize growth. The experiment included three fertilization regimes: F—application of common fertilizer doses, LF—application of the same fertilizer doses with 3 t·ha−1 of lime, and LMF—application of the same fertilizer doses with lime and 30 t·ha−1 of manure. The response of four maize hybrids to different fertilization practices was investigated. The soil was acid, poor in humus, and contained an increased content of mobile aluminum. There was a significant increase in the 3-year average yield of all hybrids in LMF- and LF-treatments compared with F-treatment, 30.7 and 25.6%, respectively. The increase in yield was accompanied by an improvement in soil chemical properties after three years, i.e., increased soil reaction in LF- and LMF-treatments, increased content of available phosphorus, an increase in base saturation by 61 and 75%, and aluminum immobilization by 2.55 and 4.19 fold, respectively, compared to initial conditions. The hybrid NS 640 demonstrated the highest yield when only mineral fertilizers were used, which indicated its tolerance to the unfavorable physical and chemical soil properties and suggested that it can be recommended for growing on pseudogleys without applying amelioration practices. The hybrids NS 6030 and ZP 606 achieved statistically significantly higher yields than the other hybrids when lime and manure were applied, which indicates that adequate fertilization coupled with soil improvement practices should be used in order to achieve satisfactory yields. The obtained results showed that liming can be considered as a longer-term sustainability practice in maize production in Serbia on pseudogley soils, and that there is an array of maize hybrids which can be grown depending on management strategies applied.
Agostinho Sousa Pinto, António Abreu, Manuel Pérez Cota
et al.
Abstract Since the 1990s, large corporations and governments have been adopting the shared services model to reduce costs, improve the quality of services, and better manage organizational knowledge. The application of emerging digital technologies in shared services centers (SSCs) like blockchain, Cloud Computing, and Data Analytics will have a profound impact. For this scoping review, following the PRISMA protocol, 106 studies were examined to map the terrain of studies on digital transformation in SSCs. Findings point toward an undue geographical bias where most literature comes from China, and a remarkable lack of studies is observed from Southern Europe, Latin America, and Africa. Studies were categorized into seven major technological domains: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (14 articles), Blockchain (9), Cloud Computing (24), Big Data and Data Analytics (25), ERP Systems (6), Robotic Process Automation (10) and Challenges in Digital Transformation and Construction of SSCs (24). This scoping review pinpoints significant research gaps in cybersecurity threats, data privacy, ethical AI regulation, and the role of Shared Services Centers (SSCs) in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Future studies should address these yet-to-be-explored niches and extend their theoretical and geographical boundaries. This article serves as a starting point to advise academics and practitioners on generating safe, ethical, and sustainable digital solutions for shared services. It emphasizes that subsequent research needs to draw on broader theoretical foundations and empirical observations from underrepresented regions to facilitate equitable and secure innovations in SSCs.
Ефективність і безпека сучасних колісних транспортних засобів значною мірою визначаються надійною взаємодією пневматичних шин з опорною дорожньою або ґрунтовою поверхнею за різних режимів навантаження. Ця взаємодія формується під впливом складного поєднання пружних, в’язких і пластичних деформаційних процесів, що відбуваються як у конструкції шини, так і в опорному шарі поверхні контакту. Для точного опису цих процесів необхідні розробка та застосування вдосконалених реологічних моделей, здатних відтворювати нелінійну та часозалежну поведінку матеріалів шини.
У роботі запропоновано аналітичні та експериментальні методики визначення реологічних параметрів пневматичних шин, включаючи жорсткість, модуль деформації, коефіцієнт в’язкого опору та характеристики внутрішнього тертя. Методи базуються на аналізі статичної та динамічної поведінки деформацій шини, а також на дослідженні просторового розподілу контактних напружень у зоні взаємодії шини з опорною поверхнею. Підхід дозволяє враховувати вплив різного рівня навантаження та внутрішнього тиску повітря на механічну реакцію шини.
Отримані реологічні параметри створюють основу для побудови числових моделей системи «шина–дорога», що забезпечує точне прогнозування контактних напружень, закономірностей деформування та динамічних навантажень під час експлуатації транспортних засобів. Запропоновані методики зменшують експериментальну складність та підвищують точність визначення параметрів, маючи практичне значення для конструкції шин, оптимізації динаміки руху та інженерії транспорту.
Luis Alberto Quintero-López, José Luis Consuegra-González, Jorge Andrés Silva-Parada
et al.
This article analyzes the feasibility of driving for individuals with hearing impairments by identifying challenges, technological adaptations, and regulations that facilitate their vehicular inclusion. Studies indicate that although deaf individuals do not perceive auditory signals, they develop enhanced visual perception to compensate for this limitation on the road. The importance of interdisciplinary evaluations and technological adaptations, such as visual alert systems, is emphasized to ensure safe driving. In Colombian context, regulations such as Law 1618 of 2013 and recent resolutions have advanced the accessibility of driver’s licenses for this population, promoting their autonomous mobility. However, challenges persist, particularly regarding communication barriers in training and certification processes. This underscores the need to continue fostering inclusive technologies and regulatory frameworks to enhance equity in access to vehicular mobility.
Strahinja Vidosavljević, Nikola Maravić, Zita Šereš
et al.
Sunflower meal represents a protein- and fiber-rich by-product of the oil industry with potential application as a natural stabilizer in food emulsions. Building upon previous findings that emphasized the role of protein content in emulsion stability, the present study further investigated the combined effect of protein level and particle size distribution of sunflower meal fractions on the formation and stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Two sets of sunflower meal fractions were prepared from finely milled material, fractionated, and blended in controlled proportions to obtain four protein-enriched (30 ± 1%) and four cellulose-rich (15 ± 1%) fractions, each defined by particle size ranges of 250/200, 200/125, 125/100, and <100 µm. Emulsion stability was evaluated through droplet size analysis, zeta potential measurements, and creaming index determination during seven days of storage. The results demonstrated that both protein content and particle size significantly affected the emulsifying and stabilizing behavior of sunflower meal fractions. For the low-protein group (15%), larger particle sizes (250/200 µm) yielded smaller emulsion droplets (D[4.3] = 66.03 µm) and higher zeta potential values (−15.53 mV), while in the high-protein group (30%), droplet size distribution was more uniform (D[4.3] from 72.13 to 76.29 µm). During seven days of storage, all emulsions exhibited a gradual increase in creaming index, followed by partial stabilization at later time points. Emulsions prepared with sunflower meal fractions of higher-protein content showed consistently lower creaming index values, indicating improved physical stability throughout storage. Overall, the study confirmed that the interplay between composition (protein level) and physical structure (particle size) governs the emulsification efficiency of sunflower meal fractions, providing insights for their potential application as plant-based stabilizers in food systems.
Francisco Muro, Eduardo Baena, Tomaso de Cola
et al.
The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) with 5G represents a monumental leap in wireless network capabilities, significantly enhancing capacity, range, and reliability. This fusion fosters technological innovation and global connectivity. Crucial to this development is the softwarization of 5G networks through Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) within the OpenRAN paradigm, which disaggregates traditional radio access networks into Central and Distributed Units (CU and DU), accelerating deployment and facilitating upgrades. However, incorporating edge computing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites into this virtualized infrastructure presents arising management complexities, particularly in the interaction and resource sharing among VNFs, including satellite components. The absence of advanced emulators capable of simulating these environments represents a significant hurdle. As a response, this study introduces a groundbreaking emulation framework based on the Open Air Interface platform, tailored to reflect OpenRAN’s disaggregated network architecture. The contribution of this work encompasses the design and implementation of a 5G-NTN platform, laying on Kubernetes for VNF lifecycle management automation, enabling a boost in multi-domain networks operational efficiency. The emulation of the NTN environment is performed at network level, abstracting the setup from the radio link implementation. The platform’s capabilities in VNF deployment and resource optimization are validated by extensive performance metrics, with a full slice instantiation taking approximately 76.30 seconds, highlighting its contribution in emulating 5G-NTN orchestrated systems. The presented innovation lays the groundwork for future research in efficient resource management within complex multi-domain network environments, enabling the exploration of diverse VNF deployment scenarios and facilitating networks to adapt dynamically to advanced mobile communication demands.
This research focuses on integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the field of distribution logistics of consumables, specifically on the optimization of dispensing through vending machines in a corporate environment. The primary goal was to identify IoT-based vending machine solutions that increase the work efficiency and cost-effectiveness of consumables distribution. In the first part, this paper focuses on the definition of IoT, and its current trends and development over time. With the help of the authors, we define the key aspects of its use in practice, and we also focus on establishing critical security points. We evaluate its impact on the industry, where there is currently a great pressure for automation and robotization of production, as a result of which the labor market is experiencing a major transformation of job positions from executive to technologically creative ones. Using the performance measurement method, this study established key performance indicators (KPIs), which we then collected and, through thorough research, determined the basis for setting the future state. Using the method of technological innovation, we prepared prototypes of the vending machine, which were then placed at the customer’s location for a 3-month trial period using the method of technological demonstration. During the trial period, key performance indicators were collected again using the performance measurement method, and we then evaluated them using the comparison method. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the cost of consumables and a simultaneous increase in employee efficiency. These results underline the potential of IoT technologies in the field of distribution logistics for consumables. The research points to the advantages and perspectives of using the Internet of Things in the business environment, especially in the field of distribution logistics.
Gairah Sinulingga, Adriani Gunawan, U. Wibowo
et al.
The rise of digital disruption has fundamentally transformed the landscape of talent management, presenting both challenges and opportunities for organizations. This article examines how businesses are adapting their talent management strategies to cope with the rapid advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence, automation, and the growing prominence of remote work. The study explores the challenges posed by digital disruption, including the widening skills gap, the need for continuous reskilling, and the increasing competition for top talent in a globalized workforce. On the other hand, digital tools also offer opportunities for organizations to enhance their talent acquisition, development, and retention processes. The use of data analytics and AI-powered recruitment tools, for instance, allows for more efficient and data-driven decision-making in hiring and workforce planning. Furthermore, the integration of learning management systems and virtual collaboration tools facilitates employee development and enables organizations to foster a more agile and adaptable workforce. The article presents case studies from various industries, demonstrating how companies are leveraging digital solutions to overcome talent management challenges while embracing opportunities for growth and innovation. The findings suggest that organizations that prioritize digital transformation and align their talent management strategies with technological advancements are better positioned to thrive in an increasingly competitive and digital-first world.
The incorporation of intelligence (AI), into business practices worldwide signifies a change in how organizations operate. This study delves into the reaching effects of AI technology on aspects of organizational activities, such as operational effectiveness, employee involvement, customer satisfaction and creativity. By examining real life examples and analyzing data it explores how AI driven automation simplifies processes, improves decision making and encourages a culture of innovation in sectors like finance, customer support and product design. Furthermore the study discusses the obstacles associated with integrating AI, including challenges, dilemmas and skills shortages while suggesting methods for successful organizational adaptation. It also outlines pathways for incorporating AI by stressing the importance of adhering to guidelines promoting AI literacy among employees and embracing forward thinking leadership practices. In essence this research highlights the impact of AI on reshaping structures and underlines the necessity, for strategic planning and ethical deliberation when navigating this technological landscape.
THE PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE is to theoretically deepen the essence of marketing management and determine the main components of the innovative marketing system through the prism of digital technologies. RESEARCH METHODS. During the research, various general and scientific methods were used to obtain a detailed understanding and analysis of this problem: the method of literary analysis; empirical methods; analytical methods; expert methods; tabular and graphic method. PRESENTING MAIN MATERIAL. The marketing management system in the era of digitalization includes the use of digital technologies and online tools for planning, implementing and measuring marketing strategies and campaigns. The marketing management system takes into account changes in consumer behavior, the speed of technological change, and the availability of large amounts of data. Digital transformation requires enterprises to constantly adapt to new technologies and changes in consumer trends for effective marketing management. It has been established that digitization plays an important role in all marketing in any field of the enterprise, which helps to collect huge amounts of data, analyze them with the help of artificial intelligence and accurately determine the vector of campaign development. The integration of CRM systems, the automation of marketing processes and the use of analytics make it possible to more accurately define the target audience and personalize offers. A comprehensive study of innovative digital marketing tools becomes an important stage for understanding their impact and optimal use, which allows companies to effectively adapt to changes in the digital environment, increases their competitiveness and helps build strong relationships with customers. Innovative development of the marketing service should be aimed at ensuring a high level of customer satisfaction and adaptation to the rapidly changing market environment. Technological innovations affect the competitiveness of business organizations, providing them with the opportunity to adapt to changes in market conditions and meet the needs of modern consumers. Companies that successfully incorporate digital technologies into their marketing strategy are often able to compete more effectively and ensure sustainable growth. CONCLUSIONS. In the research process, it was proven that the conditions of digitalization define a new context for marketing, requiring enterprises to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. Innovative marketing management systems play a key role in ensuring the efficiency and competitiveness of companies in a digitalized world. So, among the innovative systems of marketing management of digitalization conditions, we included: analytics and artificial intelligence; content marketing and interactive content; social media and influencer marketing; mobile marketing and marketing using messengers; e-commerce and personalized recommendation system; marketing automation; blockchain technology for trust and transparency. Innovative marketing management systems in conditions of digitalization allow companies to interact more effectively with the audience, adapt to changes in market conditions and increase competitiveness. Together, these systems can create a powerful marketing stack to function successfully in a digitalized economy. KEYWORDS: innovative systems; marketing management; digitalization; digital technologies; marketing strategies; digital transformation; artificial intelligence; company development vector; CRM systems; automation of marketing processes; target audience.
The swift expansion of e-commerce and supply chain operations has significantly enhanced the efficiency of warehouse management systems, establishing them as vital components in augmenting organizations' competitiveness. This paper delves into warehouse sorting systems to enhance the sorting process, reduce error rates, and simplify internal warehouse procedures. It aims to develop a scalable, adaptable, and efficient warehouse sorting system that can maximize sorting efficiency while effectively responding to changing market demands through the use of advanced automation technologies. The study provides an in-depth review of the literature that has explored the Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) within the context of warehouse operations. It offers a comprehensive introduction to the operational systems of warehouses, detailing each type of ASRS along with the technologies that can improve the efficiency and accuracy of these systems. Moreover, the paper thoroughly investigates and classifies the ASRS design decision problem and compares multiple types of ASRS. The analysis aims to delineate the distinctions among various ASRS configurations, assessing their scalability, adaptability, and their impact on operational efficacy in warehouse environments Through this comparative review, the paper emphasizes the potential enhancements in sorting processes that modern ASRS can provide, ensuring that warehouse operations can rapidly adapt to market changes and demands. The goal is to highlight best practices and technological innovations that can lead to more responsive and efficient warehouse management systems. This exploration contributes to a better understanding of how cutting-edge automation and adaptable system designs can significantly influence the efficiency of warehouse sorting processes.
PurposeDespite the continuous development and application of new digital technologies in the construction industry, there has been little research on digital technology trajectories in the construction industry. The study addresses the issue faced by the construction industry in exploring digital technology trajectories: how to comprehensively identify and analyse digital technology pathways across multiple technology fields in the construction industry.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, the digital technology patent identification and classification method based on text mining is used to identify digital technology patents and construct a digital technology innovation network. Second, the main path of the digital technology innovation network is identified with the help of SPNP. Then, the subpaths of the digital technology innovation network are identified with the help of the Louvain algorithm and SPNP. Finally, starting from the technology nodes where the main path and subpaths intersect, the technological similarity of the paths is analysed to explore the evolutionary characteristics of the technology trajectories. In light of this, the developed method is applied to the global construction industry patent dataset to analyse the trajectories of digital technologies.FindingsThe technological innovation path in the construction industry starts with construction materials and gradually expands to intelligence, automation and digital data processing technology. Equipment and devices with electronic digital data processing capabilities as well as improvements in green building technologies and user experience-enhancing technologies, may be the future of the construction industry. With the increasing demand for green buildings and intelligent buildings, the direction of digital technology innovation in the construction industry is gradually tilted towards these areas. In addition, influenced by geographic and economic factors, there is a spatial clustering effect of digital technology innovation in the construction industry.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should analyse in depth the performance of different countries and regions in digital technology innovation and explore the root causes, motivations and influencing factors behind it, such as the policy environment, the level of the economy and the investment in research and development. Exploring the reasons affecting digital technology innovation can help formulate more targeted policies and promote cooperation and exchange of digital technology innovation in the global construction industry. Meanwhile, to solve the problems of overly broad IPC categorization and the difficulty of accurately describing cross-field innovations, combining IPC co-occurrence networks with patent citation networks is an effective strategy. This strategy can track technologically interrelated patents and provide more specific contents to know the advantages and challenges of the construction industry in the field of digital technology innovation.Practical implicationsThe study has practical implications for the construction industry. The identification of digital technology innovation trajectories provides valuable insights for industry firms and research institutes. It helps them understand the current and future directions of digital technology in construction, enabling them to stay at the forefront of technological advancements. The findings highlight the importance of focusing on areas such as solar energy utilisation, green energy, intelligence, automation and data applications. This knowledge can guide firms in developing new building materials, incorporating digital information technologies and enhancing user experiences. The study’s results can inform strategic decision-making, technology adoption and innovation management in the construction sector.Social implicationsThe social implications of this study are significant for various stakeholders. The identification of digital technology innovation trajectories in the construction industry highlights the potential benefits for society. The focus on green energy, intelligent buildings and enhanced user experiences aligns with the increasing demand for sustainability, energy efficiency and comfortable living environments. These technological advancements can contribute to reducing environmental impact, improving quality of life and promoting sustainable development. The findings can inform policymakers, urban planners and architects in shaping regulations, designing sustainable cities and creating buildings that prioritize energy efficiency and user well-being. Ultimately, the study’s social implications aim to foster a more sustainable and livable built environment.Originality/valueAn identification method integrated with SPNP and the Louvain algorithm is developed to map digital technology innovation trajectories in the construction industry. This study helps to reveal the trajectories of digital technology innovation, provides new perspectives, insight and ideas for research in related fields and has great potential for applications in practice to promote the innovation and development of the construction industry.
Abstract Germany is experiencing a significant decline in potential output. The main reason is demographic aging and, in particular, the retirement of the baby boomers. The available labour volume is also being exacerbated by low employment rates among older workers and a decline in average working hours. In order to overcome weak growth, it is key to strengthen the economy’s potential output through technological progress and the efficient allocation of resources. This article analyses the development of potential output growth, quantifies possible contributions to overcoming weak growth and concludes by outlining economic policy options. We discuss two areas that are important for strengthening potential growth: mitigating the consequences of demographic aging and increasing investment and innovation. Mitigating the aging effects requires measures to increase labour market participation and the substitution of labour with capital goods where possible. The latter helps to ensure that more workers become available in areas where substitution through automation is more difficult. Increasing investment and innovation is crucial in order to increase productivity, modernise and expand the capital stock and open up new growth areas.
Aim/Purpose: Disruptive technologies impact business cycles and work practices, paving the way for new-generation manufacturing trends. Organizations are constantly working to introduce products with a higher degree of innovation, catering to customer demands in the market. Background: The automobile industry plays a significant role in applying disruptive technologies while proving value to all stakeholders. The technological disruptions in the auto sector can potentially change the relationship between consumers and the automobile while impacting business trends and work practices. Methodology: Various scholarly research material was reviewed to understand the impact of technology disruptions on manufacturing methods, work practices, employee engagement, and skill development. Secondary data analysis was conducted for this qualitative and descriptive study. Contribution: This paper helps to understand the impact created by various technologies in the auto sector on employee retention—the role of man- Machine collaboration in creating job satisfaction among employees. Findings: Besides automation and digitalization, AI, Robotics, and Mechatronics play a crucial role in the sector's evolution. The study findings help us understand the impact of technology on manufacturing and business practices. Recommendation for Practitioners: Investment in training the workforce and embracing collaboration helps employees to benefit from the real world of work. Recommendation for Researcher: To ensure the relevance of research studies, practitioners and researchers should maintain a collaborative approach, using research insights to inform business strategies. Impact on Society : Analyze how technologies like collaborative robots (cobots) are integrated into manufacturing processes and their impact on job roles and efficiency. Technology continues to evolve, so societies shall proactively address challenges and leverage opportunities to take advantage of these innovations. It is the role of government policymakers, industry stakeholders, and educators to shape the auto industry's future in a way that maximizes the benefits to society from technological innovation. Future Research : The study's scope is to be done quantitatively by covering OEMs all over India. It discussed disruptive technology in general. Specific technological advancements can be analysed to dive deep into the phenomenon. A similar study could be undertaken in another industry besides the automobile.
Miljana R. Đorđević Zlatković, Nikola M. Stojanović, Dragan B. Zlatković
et al.
An essential oil dominated by germacrene D (19.3% by GC) was isolated from the fresh fruit of Amorpha fruticosa L. (Fabaceae). Agglomerative clustering and k-means clustering were employed to compare the composition of the oil with the existing literature data, suggesting that the A. fruticosa used in this study represents a new chemotype. The essential oil was evaluated for its antinociceptive activity using the acetic acid-induced writhing test in rats at doses of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg. All tested doses reduced the number of writhes induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid. The 400 mg/kg dose of the oil demonstrated a 54.4% inhibition, which was statistically different from the positive control, aspirin, which showed 90.2% inhibition at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Since the injection of acetic acid produces the release of prostaglandins, such as PGE2α and PGF2α, as well as sympathetic nervous system mediators in peritoneal fluids, the results suggest that the inhibition of prostaglandin release might represent one of the possible mechanisms of action exerted by the oil.
Vinicius Akyo Matsuda, Ivan Talão Martins, Debora Carneiro Moreira
et al.
In this study, we introduced modifications to a prior existing enthalpic lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) tailored for simulating the conjugate heat transfer phenomena in non-homogeneous media with time-dependent thermal properties. Our approach is based upon the incorporation of the remaining terms of a conservative energy equation, excluding only the terms regarding flow compressibility and viscous dissipation, thereby accounting for the local and transient variations in the thermophysical properties. The solutions of verification tests, comprising assessments of both transient and steady-state solutions, validated the accuracy of the proposed model, further bolstering its reliability for analyzing heat transfer processes. The modified model was then used to perform an analysis on structured cavities under free convection, revealing compelling insights, particularly regarding transient regimes, demonstrating that the structured cavities exhibit a beneficial impact on enhancing the heat transfer processes, hence providing insights for potential design enhancements in heat exchangers. These results demonstrate the potential of our modified enthalpic LBM approach for simulating complex heat transfer phenomena in non-homogeneous media and structured geometries, offering valuable results for heat exchanger engineering and optimization.
Engineering machinery, tools, and implements, Technological innovations. Automation
This article explores the factors influencing customers' decision to buy in online stores. The literature analysis showed that previous studies related to the factors influencing the decision of customers to buy in online stores focused on risk perception, online shopping features, price, convenience, online customer loyalty programs and online accessibility. Qualitative research – in-depth interviews were used by incorporating participants from a broad spectrum of online shopping categories (universal shop, food and beverage, clothing, consumer electronics, personal care and beauty, digital services). The research questions were related to the purpose of the research. The authors seek to clarify which factors of online stores influence the purchase decision. The study results showed more in-depth characteristics of online shopping and discovered the link between online shopping and consumer intentions. After the research, product categories mainly focused on e-commerce, factors leading a consumer to make a repeated purchase in an online shop, and factors encouraging consumers to shop online in the future were defined.
Technological innovation has been closely intertwined with the growth of modern anesthesiology as a medical and scientific discipline. Anesthesia & Analgesia, the longest-running physician anesthesiology journal in the world, has documented key technological developments in the specialty over the past 100 years. What began as a focus on the fundamental tools needed for effective anesthetic delivery has evolved over the century into an increasing emphasis on automation, portability, and machine intelligence to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care.