Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Amr Sayed Ghanem, Laszlo Trefan, Ildikó Márton et al.

Boglárka Mária Schilling-Tóth, Silvia Ondrašovičová, Eszter Vámos et al.

<b>Background:</b> Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have several beneficial properties that make them effective as intracellular drug carriers, and their potential for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications is gaining recognition. Depending on their size and shape, AuNPs can cross the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the CNS, they can exert a variety of influences on neuronal and glial cells, which can be both supportive—promoting cell health and function—and cytotoxic, potentially leading to cellular damage. The hypothalamus (HT) is the first region where nanoparticles (NPs) interact, as this neuroendocrine center is particularly sensitive to factors in the systemic circulation due to its function and location. This area is affected by systemic factors, including pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, which regulate metabolic function and maintain homeostasis. The activity of mitochondria within these cells influences their response to both external factors and the presence of AuNPs, thereby facilitating a complex interplay between nanoparticle interactions and cellular metabolism in this vital brain region. <b>Aims:</b> This study investigates how AuNPs, at different concentrations and exposure times under in vitro conditions, affect the mitochondrial activity of POMC neurons, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms in the HT. <b>Methods</b>: The study investigates the effect of varying gold nanoparticle concentrations on the mitochondrial activity of POMC neurons over treatment periods of 1, 15, 24, and 48 h. Mitochondrial activity was measured using a Seahorse XFp Analyzer to provide high-resolution insights. Additionally, mitochondrial functionality was assessed through the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability. <b>Results:</b> The findings indicated that the effects of gold nanoparticles on mitochondrial activity depend significantly on their concentration and exposure time. Specifically, exposure leads to an increase in early response systems, the citric acid cycle, and proton efflux, ultimately resulting in the inhibition of mitochondrial function and ATP production in POMC cells. This disruption may affect hypothalamic regulation and energy metabolism.

Tamás Visnovitz, Dorina Lenzinger, Anna Koncz et al.

Recent studies showed an unexpected complexity of extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis pathways. We previously found evidence that human colorectal cancer cells in vivo release large multivesicular body-like structures en bloc. Here, we tested whether this large EV type is unique to colorectal cancer cells. We found that all cell types we studied (including different cell lines and cells in their original tissue environment) released multivesicular large EVs (MV-lEVs). We also demonstrated that upon spontaneous rupture of the limiting membrane of the MV-lEVs, their intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) escaped to the extracellular environment by a ‘torn bag mechanism’. We proved that the MV-lEVs were released by ectocytosis of amphisomes (hence, we termed them amphiectosomes). Both ILVs of amphiectosomes and small EVs separated from conditioned media were either exclusively CD63 or LC3B positive. According to our model, upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with autophagosomes, fragments of the autophagosomal inner membrane curl up to form LC3B positive ILVs of amphisomes, while CD63 positive small EVs are of multivesicular body origin. Our data suggest a novel common release mechanism for small EVs, distinct from the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies or amphisomes, as well as the small ectosome release pathway.

Damaris Werunga Simuli, Gábor Biczó

From existing scholarly sources, the traditional Bukusu community in western Kenya existed on a structured socio-economic, political, and cultural framework. Gender roles were played out distinctively by men and women, boys and girls. However, external factors continue to influence the contemporary community, creating a fluid and blurry distinction of roles. This paper focuses on women's roles in the traditional Bukusu community to uncover their cultural significance and impact on social structures. This article analyzes how these roles shaped the community's identity and influenced interpersonal and generational dynamics. To achieve this objective, the study uses a comprehensive literature review methodology and authors’ observations from the Bukusu community to identify patterns, contradictions, and gaps in the current body of knowledge. The literature review synthesizes data from ethnographic studies, historical texts, and relevant scholarly works; hence, this article provides a basis for understanding the historical and cultural significance of the roles of Bukusu women. We establish that women's traditional roles in the Bukusu community were based on the community's patrilineal structure, some of which continue to be reinforced. These included marriage, fecundity, childbearing, caregiving, food security, home management, ownership and wealth sources, and craftsmanship. In contrast, others continue to undergo significant transformations due to underlying factors that are not the focal point of this paper for now. Further, women's roles are deeply rooted in Bukusu cultural values and practices, which are critical in maintaining social cohesion and transmitting cultural heritage. This work is a foundation for further scholarly work on women, culture, and change.

Aman Agarwal, Ulyana Dupletsa, Konstantin Leyde et al.

Gravitational wave sources are standard sirens that provide an independent way to map the cosmic expansion history by combining with an independent redshift measurement, either from an electromagnetic counterpart for a bright siren or using different statistical techniques for dark sirens. In this analysis, we perform the first Blinded Mock Data Challenge ( Blinded-MDC ) to test the robustness in inferring the value of Hubble constant H _0 for a dark siren technique which depends on astrophysical mass distribution of binary black holes (BBHs). We have considered different analysis setups for the Blinded-MDC to test both statistical and systematic uncertainties and demonstrate the capabilities in inferring H _0 with detector sensitivity as per the fourth observation run of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA. We find that when the astrophysical population of BBHs matches with the underlying assumption of the model, a cosmological pipeline can recover the injected parameters using the observed mass distribution. However, when the mock mass distribution of the astrophysical population depends slightly on redshift and one is ignorant about it in analyzing the data, it can cause a systematic discrepancy in the inferred value of H _0 by about 1.5 σ , above the statistical fluctuations due to noise and a limited number of events. In the future, elaborate studies will be required to mitigate systematic uncertainties due to unknown astrophysical complexities. This MDC framework sets the road map for inspecting the precision and accuracy of standard siren cosmology and provides the first insight into the robustness of the population-dependent cosmology inference in a blinded analysis setup.

Berndt Müller, Lukas Ebner, Andreas Schäfer et al.

Nonabelian gauge theories are chaotic in the classical limit. We discuss new evidence from SU(2) lattice gauge theory that they are also chaotic at the quantum level. We also describe possible future studies aimed at discovering the consequences of this insight.

Gábor Bíró, Gábor Papp, Gergely Gábor Barnaföldi

Hadronization is a non-perturbative process, which theoretical description can not be deduced from first principles. Modeling hadron formation requires several assumptions and various phenomenological approaches. Utilizing state-of-the-art Deep Learning algorithms, it is eventually possible to train neural networks to learn non-linear and non-perturbative features of the physical processes. In this study, the prediction results of three trained ResNet networks are presented, by investigating charged particle multiplicities at event-by-event level. The widely used Lund string fragmentation model is applied as a training-baseline at $\sqrt{s}= 7$ TeV proton-proton collisions. We found that neural-networks with $ \gtrsim\mathcal{O}(10^3)$ parameters can predict the event-by-event charged hadron multiplicity values up to $ N_\mathrm{ch}\lesssim 90 $.

Marilena Poulou, Michael Filippakis, Janaina Zanchetta

A coupled damped Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equations are considered where $\Omega$ is a bounded domain of $\mathbb{R}^{2},$ with smooth boundary $\Gamma$ and $\omega$ is a neighbourhood of $\partial \Omega$ satisfying the geometric control condition. The aim of the paper is to prove the existence, uniqueness and uniform decay for the solutions.

Serhat Yüksel, Serkan Eti, Hasan Dinçer et al.

Ensuring energy performance management is important in many ways, such improvement of energy efficiency and decrease of energy costs are reduced. There are various indicators of the effectiveness of energy performance management of buildings. Due to this situation, businesses need to make the necessary improvements for the development of these factors. Nonetheless, these actions cause an increase in the costs of the companies. Hence, among these actions, the more important ones need to be identified. Owing to this issue, businesses can use their limited budgets for more priority indicators. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the main indicators of energy performance management systems. In this way, a new model is proposed to make a priority analysis for the hospitals. Firstly, five indicators of energy performance management systems are selected by considering ISO 50006 standards. Furthermore, these indicators are weighted by using Spherical fuzzy CRITIC. Secondly, G7 countries are examined with fuzzy RATGOS technique. Identification of the most significant indicators of the energy performance systems is an important novelty of this study. The most significant methodological novelty of this study is proposing a new technique to the literature named RATGOS. It is understood that energy efficiency is the most crucial indicator of energy performance management. Furthermore, it is also identified that France is the most successful G7 economy with respect to the energy performance management. Japan and United States have also high performance in this respect. It is recommended that necessary actions should be taken to increase energy efficiency. By conducting an energy audit, energy consumption data is analyzed so that energy losses and inefficiencies can be detected. This assessment provides opportunities for energy efficiency and helps identify improvement strategies.

Viktor Löki, Jenő Nagy, Zsolt Neményi et al.

Fishing is a widely popular activity that provides an opportunity for laymen to collect reliable ecological data. It is now recognized that recreational fishers possess valuable ecological knowledge (recreational FEK) that can significantly enhance our understanding of nature, and prioritizing nature conservational tasks. This literature review focuses exclusively on the ecological knowledge of recreational fishers, their perceptions of nature, and the potential for co-production of knowledge through citizen science programs. By conducting literature searches in Google Scholar and Web of Science, we have analysed published articles and evaluated the contributions of recreational anglers and spearfishers to conservation and other ecologically relevant fields. We reviewed a total of 81 studies from five continents, including 22 studies that examined other stakeholder groups, predominantly commercial fishers. Our findings suggest that the mapping of recreational fishers’ knowledge presents an opportunity to gain a better understanding of aquatic habitats and wetlands. Their factual observations and perceptions can also provide essential data for species conservation and habitat management, and can help establish citizen science projects for marine and freshwater ecosystems worldwide.

Katya Krylova, Siobhan Leddy

Poornima Singh, Vinay Kumar Pandey, Sourav Chakraborty et al.

This study employs artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to maximize antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from green coconut shells. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction performed at different combinations of time (10, 20, and 30 min), temperature (30, 35, and 40 °C), and the ratio of solid-solvent (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 g/ml). The presence of these bioactive compounds exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Quantitative analysis showed that the total phenolic compounds ranged from 7.08 to 33.46 mg GAE/g, flavonoids ranged from 2.09 to 28.46 mg QE/g, tannins ranged from 70.5 to 141.09 mg TAE/g, and antioxidant activity of 49.98–66.1 %. The FTIR analysis detected the presence of CO, O–H, and C–H bonds. The optimized condition of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with the optimized condition of the microwave. The result of ultrasound-assisted extraction was observed to be better than microwave-assisted extraction.

P. Dr. Fadgyas-Freyler

Introduction According to international publications the burden of mental diseases is considered to be significant and rising. Objectives Scope of analysis is to present 1) patient numbers and 2) direct mental health costs from the database of the National Health Insurance Fund Hungary for patients with F00-F99 ICD code between 2015-2019. Methods An Oracle database was created with direct mental care costs for each patient in a given year with a three-digit ICD code and type of care (primary, specialist, prescribing) and handled via sql queries. Data on capacity and performance came from the NHIF and NSO website for 2008-2019 and were handled via Microsoft Excel. Results Mental problems affected 3 million people (more than 30% of the population) in a five year period, though patient numbers are continuously declining. Almost half of the patients only visit a general practitioner and don’t get a prescription. There is also a drop in proportional mental spending which has fallen from 5,03% to 4,02%. This tendency is accordance with international findings. There is a dramatic fall of inpatient cases and a growing number of outpatient interventions, though we see a move from individual therapy sessions to group interventions and a decline in specialist psychotherapy sessions. We can see a shift towards more young patients both in inpatient and outpatient setting. Conclusions The analysis raises the question whether declining patient numbers and shrinking proportional spending are due to smaller provider capacities and unmet need or a mentally healthier population. Disclosure No significant relationships.

István Harkai, Péter Mezei

A 2019/790/EU irányelv (a CDSM irányelv) nemzeti átültetésének határideje 2021. június 7-ével lejárt. Az uniós tagállamok egy része elmulasztotta időre teljesíteni e feladatot, és az irányelv nem csak rájuk rótt terheket. Az uniós jogszabály 17. cikke a tartalommegosztó szolgáltatókra nézve is új, a végfelhasználói szerződéseikben megjelenítendő előírásokat tartalmazott, többek között az új korlátozások és kivételek érvényre juttatását, valamint az eltávolított tartalmak tekintetében a feltöltést végző végfelhasználó előtt nyitva álló, hatékony panasztételi és jogorvoslati mechanizmus kiépítését. Tanulmányunk egy folyamatban lévő uniós kutatás második állomásaként azt vizsgálta, hogy meghatározott tartalommegosztó szolgáltatók mennyiben feleltek meg ennek az uniós kötelezettségnek. Empirikus tapasztalataink szerint a kevés előrelépés mellett új konfliktusok forrásai is azonosíthatók, erre hívjuk fel a figyelmet.

György Norbert Szabados, Éva Bácsné Bába, Veronika Fenyves et al.

Az egy tudományterületen belüli szakterületi önállósodás a XXI. századra plurális jelleget öltött. A menedzsment diszciplína XX. század eleji megjelenése az ipar területére korlátozódott, és a hatékonyság maximalizálásával volt összefüggésben. Mára a menedzsment az egészségügy területén is önállósodott, a képzések terén bizonyosan, melyet nemzetközi szinten számtalan képzési forma kínálata erősít meg. Itthon a képzési formák felsőoktatási szinten egyelőre bináris jelleget öltenek, egyetlen BA és egyetlen MA képzési lehetőséget kínálva. Tanulmányunk célja feltárni a nemzetközi képzések sokszínűségét, bemutatva azok fontosabb sajátosságait, összevetve a hazai viszonyokkal, mely összességében új vagy újszerű képzési formák megjelenésének szükségességére világíthat rá.

Nicoleta Ramona Ciobanu , Karla Melinda Barth, Maria Cristina Florescu

Solving learning tasks, among students, is usually done in the context of an interaction based on competition or cooperation. Either of the two types of interaction - cooperation and competition - has different effects in terms of the students' mutual attitudes, the degree of involvement, and the degree of participation in the performance of school tasks and individual school performance. The success of the school inclusion of students with SEN implies the cooperation between all the factors involved in this process. Special education is a part of the Romanian education system and should support educational programs for pupils with SEN suitable for their harmonious development. We started in our research from the application of a questionnaire to which teachers from Bihor County responded. If, in the preceding article, this working instrument was applied to a number of 163 teachers from mass education, to mixed classes that had in their composition and children with special educational requirements, in this article we extract the data that we have collected from to a number of 63 teachers in special education. The questionnaire comprises a total of 46 items referring to the atmosphere of cooperation and competition and comprises two parts. The first part includes questions regarding seniority in work, educational grade, age, number of the group of students they work with, etc.      

Ruben Willems, Lore Pil, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou et al.

Abstract Background The clinical and economic burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus on society is rising. Effective and efficient preventive measures may stop the increasing prevalence, given that type 2 diabetes mellitus is mainly a lifestyle-driven disease. The Feel4Diabetes-study aimed to tackle unhealthy lifestyle (unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and excess weight) of families with a child in the first grades of elementary school. These schools were located in regions with a relatively low socio-economic status in Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Hungary and Spain. Special attention was paid to families with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The aim of this paper is to describe the detailed methodology of the intervention’s cost-effectiveness analysis. Based on the health economic evaluation of the Toybox-study, both a decision analytic part and a Markov model have been designed to assess the long-term (time horizon of 70 year with one-year cycles) intervention’s value for money. Data sources used for the calculation of health state incidences, transition probabilities between health states, health state costs, and health state utilities are listed. Intervention-related costs were collected by questionnaires and diaries, and attributed to either all families or high risk families only. Conclusions The optimal use of limited resources is pivotal. The future results of the health economic evaluation of the Feel4Diabetes-study will contribute to the efficient use of those resources.

Clark Lisa B., González Eduardo, Henry Annie L. et al.

Coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) are frequently represented by large datasets with varied data including continuous, ordinal, and categorical variables. Conventional multivariate analyses cannot handle these mixed data types. In this paper, our goal was to show how a clustering method that has not before been applied to understanding the human dimension of CHANS: a Gower dissimilarity matrix with partitioning around medoids (PAM) can be used to treat mixed-type human datasets. A case study of land managers responsible for invasive plant control projects across rivers of the southwestern U.S. was used to characterize managers’ backgrounds and decisions, and project properties through clustering. Results showed that managers could be classified as “federal multitaskers” or as “educated specialists”. Decisions were characterized by being either “quick and active” or “thorough and careful”. Project goals were either comprehensive with ecological goals or more limited in scope. This study shows that clustering with Gower and PAM can simplify the complex human dimension of this system, demonstrating the utility of this approach for systems frequently composed of mixed-type data such as CHANS. This clustering approach can be used to direct scientific recommendations towards homogeneous groups of managers and project types.

Gisella Clementini

Gaia, the European Space Agency spacecraft successfully launched on 19 December 2013, entered into nominal science operations on 18 July 2014 after a few months of commissioning, and has been scanning the sky to a faint limit of G = 20.7 mag since then. Gaia is expected to observe more than a hundred thousand RR Lyrae stars in the Galactic halo and bulge (most of which will be new discoveries), and to provide parallax measurements with about 10 μas uncertainty for those brighter than <V>$\sim$ 12-13 mag. Status and activities of the spacecraft since launch are briefly reviewed with emphasis on preliminary results obtained for RR Lyrae stars observed in the Large Magellanic Cloud during the first 28 days of science operations spent in Ecliptic Pole scanning mode and in light of the first Gaia data release which is scheduled for summer 2016.

Antoni Szczurek, Rafal Maciula

We discuss the single-parton and double-parton scattering (SPS or DPS) effects in four-jet production at the LHC. The calculations of both single-parton and double-parton scattering components are done in the high-energy (or $k_{T}$)-factorization approach. Here we follow our recent developments of relevant methods and tools. The calculations are performed for kinematical situations relevant for two experimental measurements (ATLAS and CMS) at the LHC. We compare our results to those reported by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations for different sets of kinematical cuts. A special attention is given to the optimization of kinematical conditions in order to enhance the relative contribution of DPS in four-jet sample. Several differential distributions are calculated and carefully discussed in the context of recent and future searches for DPS effects at the LHC. The dependences of the relative DPS amount is studied as a function of rapidity of jets, rapidity distance, and various azimuthal correlations between jets. The regions with an enhanced DPS contribution are identified.