Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from green coconut shell: Optimization by integrated artificial neural network and particle swarm technique

This study employs artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to maximize antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from green coconut shells. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction performed at different combinations of time (10, 20, and 30 min), temperature (30, 35, and 40 °C), and the ratio of solid-solvent (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 g/ml). The presence of these bioactive compounds exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Quantitative analysis showed that the total phenolic compounds ranged from 7.08 to 33.46 mg GAE/g, flavonoids ranged from 2.09 to 28.46 mg QE/g, tannins ranged from 70.5 to 141.09 mg TAE/g, and antioxidant activity of 49.98–66.1 %. The FTIR analysis detected the presence of CO, O–H, and C–H bonds. The optimized condition of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with the optimized condition of the microwave. The result of ultrasound-assisted extraction was observed to be better than microwave-assisted extraction.