Abstract The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are small sternorrhynchan insects, which have the potential to cause significant economic damage to agricultural crops. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding the diversity, disparity, and evolutionary history of these insects, with classification based on the immatures, called puparia. The fossil record of whiteflies is sparse and incomplete, with the majority of fossils representing imaginal forms preserved as inclusions in fossilized resins. In this study, we present the first inclusion in succinite associated with the layers of Lower/Middle Miocene 2nd Lusatian Lignite Seam of Wanninchen in Brandenburg, Germany. The objective of the present study is to elaborate this fossil, and as a consequence, a new fossil genus and species, Pudrica christianottoi gen. et sp. nov., is described. This fossil is a representative of the subfamily Aleyrodinae, and it is the third fossil genus of this whitefly subfamily to be described. The discovery of the fossil inclusion in the succinite from the lignite deposits of Lower Lusatia challenges the current understanding of the character and conditions of formation and deposition of central and east European Paleogene fossil resins. Succinite is a fossil resin that occurs in the Eocene deposits of the Gulf of Gdańsk, belonging to the Prussian Formation, containing a glauconite-rich horizon known as the ‘Blue Earth’. Similarly, glauconite-rich deposits are present in the Lublin area of Poland, where they are associated with the occurrence of succinite. Additionally, succinite has been found in deposits in the Rovno-Zhitomir area of Ukraine, which are alluvial deposits containing glauconite and lignite layers. Succinite was also identified in Eocene strata of Spitsbergen and in Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian Arctic. Succinite has also been discovered in early Miocene deposits in Bitterfeld, Germany, where it occurs alongside lignite deposits (the deposit actually encompasses different fossil resins, so potentially originating from different source plants). Furthermore, it has been identified in younger (Pleistocene) deposits across Europe. The autochthonous (parautochthonous) character of the lignite deposits in Lower Lusatia raises questions regarding the time range of the succinite-producing gymnosperm trees and the autochthonous or allochthonous character of the lignite layers associated fossilized resins.
W artykule wskazano dalsze możliwe kierunki badań dotyczące terenów folwarków miejskich Krakowa, zwłaszcza w aspekcie nowożytnych działań militarnych. Przeanalizowano kilka nowożytnych planów, nieznanych lub słabo zbadanych. Teren folwarków był wykorzystywany przez stulecia jako dogodne miejsce stacjonowania wojsk, począwszy od XVI w.
Militarne wątki w dziejach folwarku Turzonowskiego nad Prądnikiem w epoce nowożytnej Military threads in the history of the Turzonowski folwark by the River Prądnik during the early modern period
The article indicates potential research options concerning the areas of Krakow’s folwarks, especially in terms of early modern military activities. A few early modern plans, unknown or poorly-researched, have been analysed. The land of folwarks was used for centuries as a convenient place for stationing armies, starting from the 16th century.
KEY WORDS: Krakow, maps, early modern period
The paper is devoted to the first and at the same time the most famous novel by Wacław Gąsiorowski – Huragan (Hurricane, 1901), which began the “Napoleonic Trilogy”. In the introduction, its origins and the history of reception have been presented, followed by: a literary image of the Napoleonic era and the world of heroes, with a particular emphasis on the figure of Joanna Żubrowa – a sergeant in the army of the Duchy of Warsaw, the first woman to be decorated with the Virtuti Militari Order. The patron and master of Gąsiorowski, who often referred to the model of a “cloak and sword novel”, was Henryk Sienkiewicz. However, Huragan, which can be situated between Trylogia and Popioły, also demonstrates Young Poland origins.
A Socially Conditioned Hero: The Protagonist of the Cantar de mio Cid and Iberian Frontier Mentality
The objective of the article is to provide an example of how the notion of social conditioning of literature might be employed both in literary studies and in history of mentalities. The author applies the concept of conditioning factors of literary texts to an analysis of the hero’s image in the Cantar de mio Cid. There are three general conditioning factors: episteme, worldview, mentality, and a specific one: the habitus. While the general conditioning factors are common for a society in each period, the habitus emphasises the impact of the living conditions of a particular group. The author analyses the conditioning of the protagonist’s image by the so-called espíritu de frontera, a set of values and patterns of behaviour shared by the Christian population of the lands located on the frontier with Al-Andalus, where the poem was created. The frontier caused a particular attitude of Iberian Christians towards Muslims, especially the local ones. On the one hand, it implies a division into two territories: those inhabited by ‘Us’ and those populated by the ‘Others’. On the other hand, the frontier is also an area of regular contact between ‘Us’ and the ‘Others’, which attenuates the Otherness. On the frontier, the ‘Others’ become neighbours, with whom Christians are, under some conditions, willing to cooperate. An example of such a situation in the poem is the alliance and friendship of the Cid with the Moor Avengalvón. Nonetheless, despite the cases of collaboration between Christians and Muslims, the frontier is still an area of war. That conflict has, however, a specific character. The war is waged neither for religious, nor ideological reasons but simply to gain booty. Another crucial aspect of the frontier mentality as found in the poem is a particular notion of honour. On the frontier lands, honour does not depend on noble ancestry, but on virtues and personal achievements. In the poem, honour is not given but gained, which is portrayed in the career path of the protagonist. Although by birth he belongs to the lower class of chivalry (infanzones), thanks to his military success and exemplary conduct he acquires the status of rico hombre, which means that he enters the higher chivalric class. The author discusses the episodes of the poem which show the contrast between the infanzones and the ricos hombres and two different notions of honour: the one which belongs to the frontier mentality and the other, typical for the inland.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The article has been prepared within the scope of works on the Research Project No. 2020/37/N/HS3/04149: “Cavallero de prestar. Etos rycerski na Półwyspie Iberyjskim w XII–XIII w. w świetle Pieśni o Cydzie oraz innych wybranych poematów epickich” [Cavallero de prestar: The Chivalric Ethos in the Iberian Peninsula of the 12th and 13th c. in the light of the Cantar de mio Cid and other selected epic poems]” (National Science Centre, Poland) and the Research Project No. PGC2018-095757-B-I00: “Magia, Épica e Historiografia Hispánicas: Relaciones Literarias y Nomológicas II” [Hispanic Magic, Epic Poetry, and Historiography: Literary and Nomological Relation] (Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Regional Development Fund).
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages, Literature (General)
Introduction. Educational and career counseling has in Poland almost a hundred years of history. The first counseling centers were established in the interwar period, and their main task was to support young people in choosing a profession.
Research Objective. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of psychological and pedagogical canter in the process of choosing a profession for young people. The article is a review. The primary focus here is on the person of a career counselor (in the context of the formal requirements for this profession, i.e., qualifications, competencies, desired personal characteristics), as well as delineated by the educational law tasks, areas of activity, content, forms, methods, and tools necessary for work in this position.
State of knowledge. The career counselor employed in the psychological and pedagogical counseling center is a specialist in vocational orientation and guidance, assisting primary and secondary school students in planning their educational and career. It is a person with high formal qualifications and competencies (in terms of knowledge and skills), endowed with such desirable personal qualities as openness, kindness, empathy, communication skills, and patience. The counseling process is based on establishing a positive relationship with the client, recognizing the individual's resources (supported by diagnostic testing), and developing an individual action plan (IPD). Professionals' workshop is created according to the provisions of educational law, according to clients' different needs and expectations.
Conclusion. Supporting the student in educational and professional choices makes the decision-making process more conscious and thoughtful, thus increasing the client's chances of success in future school and work. On the one hand, counseling activities have their specific methodology; on the other hand, they are performed in a very dynamic reality. Therefore, this specialist's knowledge, skills, and workshops must be constantly expanded and updated to meet today's challenges best.
Ks. prof. Jan Fijałek (1864-1936) uznawany jest za jednego z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków Kościoła. Jego działalność profesorska ma już kilka opracowań naukowych, choć wciąż czekamy na kompletne jej opracowanie. W tym tekście podjęto próbę przedstawienia jego dróg do profesury. Najpierw w latach 1871-75
uczęszczał do szkoły powszechnej w Bochni, w latach 1875-79 do niższego Gimnazjum w Bochni, a w latach 1879-1883 do Gimnazjum św. Anny w Krakowie. Gimnazja w Bochni i w Krakowie wydały wielu znanych polskich uczonych. Po maturze wstąpił do Seminarium Duchownego i na Wydział Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Wybrał seminarium naukowe z historii Kościoła ks. prof. Władysława Chotkowskiego.
Po święceniach kapłańskich w 1887 r. udał się do Rzymu. Studiował prawo na Uniwersytecie Gregoriańskim, ukończył Szkołę Paleograficzną na Watykanie i podjął współpracę z działającą w Rzymie stacją naukową krakowskiej Akademii Umiejętności pod kierunkiem prof. Stanisława Smolki. W 1891 r. doktoryzował się. Podjął wykłady na Wydziale Teologicznym UJ jako suplent. Habilitował się w 29 roku życia na podstawie dorobku i pracy pt. „Życie i obyczaje kleru w Polsce średniowiecznej na tle ustawodawstwa synodalnego” (1893). Habilitacja dawała mu uprawnienia do prowadzenia wykładów. Gdy w 1896 r. zawakowała katedra historii Kościoła na Wydziale Teologicznym Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego zgłosił się do konkursu i go wygrał.
W wieku 32 lat został profesorem nadzwyczajnym. Na każdym etapie jego edukacji zwracano uwagę na jego niezwykłą pracowitość. Pracowitość pozostała jego cechą własną przez kolejnych 40 lat profesorskiego żywota.
Artykuł analizuje doniesienia prasowe w dostępnych rocznikach „Kaliszanina” z lat 1870-1892 poświęcone działalności TZSP i TPSP. Większość tekstów zawiera informacje dotyczące: sprzedaży akcji – składek towarzystwa przez kaliskich księgarzy, reprodukcji dzieł sztuki przeznaczonych na premie dla opłacających składki członkowskie, wyników losowania zakupionych przez Zachętę dzieł sztuki, zwłaszcza jeśli trafiały one do mieszkańców Kalisza i okolic. Pojawiły się jednak obszerniejsze teksty dotyczące oceny działalności Komitetu TZSP, oceny artystycznej dzieł sztuki wystawianych i kupowanych przez towarzystwo. Istotną rolę odgrywają teksty dotyczące funkcjonowania Zachęty w odniesieniu do członków towarzystwa mieszkających na prowincji, którzy nie mogli korzystać z udogodnień zagwarantowanych statutem. Większość z nich zawiera krytyczną ocenę działalności TZSP. Omawiane na łamach kaliskiej prasy zagadnienia są odbiciem istotnych problemów tego stowarzyszenia i wskazują na dobrą orientację anonimowych autorów w życiu towarzystwa. Możliwości szybkiego przekazu informacji jakie stworzyła lokalna prasa pozwoliły na pełniejszy udział mieszkańców prowincji w życiu TZSP i były jednym z czynników modernizacji cywilizacyjnej miasta.
General Works, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
The cult of Divine Mercy appeared in the first third of the 20th century in Poland and thanks to the efforts of several priests and with the support of Pope John Paul II, it became popular in many Catholic countries. The cult is associated with the figure of the catholic visionary Saint Faustina Kowalska (1905–1938). She came from a poor family, did not receive any education (including theological), and took monasticism at the age of 21. From childhood, Faustina had visions in which Jesus Christ appeared to her. He spoke about God’s Mercy, the Chaplet of Mercy and asked his sister to help create the Image of God’s Mercy. After taking eternal vows, Faustina talks about the visions to her confessor, Fr. Michael Sopoćko, who first sends her for a psychiatric examination, and after making sure that her sister is healthy, he helps her in creating the Image. After the death of Faustina, a tradition of theology of mercy was formed within fifty years, which will become the basis of the pontificate of John Paul II. In this article, we consider only one side of the Veneration of Divine Mercy, namely the history of the creation of the Image of Jesus of Mercy from the first image, which was created with the direct participation of Sister Faustina Kowalska by the artist Eugeniusz Kazimirowski (1873–1939) before the variations of the Image, which were created in the 60s–80s of 20th century.
St. Faustina and her visions symbolize a new stage in catholic theology, and this applies not only to the appeal to Mercy, but also to the visual turn that has taken place. Description of the vision of St. Faustina is a kind of theological prescription, where there are obligatory characteristics (for example, a blessing hand and two rays that emanate from the chest), but different forms and variations of performance are allowed. At the same time, the figure of Sister Faustina Kowalska, the emergence of the “theology of the little man” and the theology of mercy, the visualization of compassion in the Image are a kind of forerunner of the changes in the Roman Catholic Church in the second half of the 20th century and the policy of the pontiffs, starting with John Paul II. Культ Божьего Милосердия появился в первой трети XX века в Польше и благодаря усилиям нескольких священников и при поддержке папы Римского Иоанна Павла II стал популярен во многих католических странах. Культ связан с фигурой визионерки, католической святой Фаустины Ковальской (1905–1938). Она происходила из бедной семьи, не получила никакого образования (в том числе теологического), приняла монашество в возрасте 21 года. С детства у Фаустины были видения, в которых ей являлся Иисус Христос. Он говорил о Божьем Милосердии, Венчике Милосердия и просил сестру, чтобы она способствовала созданию Образа Божьего Милосердия. После принятия вечных обетов Фаустина рассказывает о видениях своему духовнику о. Михаилу Сопоцько, который сначала отправляет её на психиатрическое освидетельствование, а убедившись, что сестра здорова, помогает ей в создании Образа. После смерти Фаустины, в течение пятидесяти лет формируется традиция теологии милосердия, которая станет основой понтификата Иоанна Павла II. В данной статье мы рассматриваем только одну сторону почитания Божьего Милосердия, а именно историю Образа Иисуса Милосердного от первого изображения, которое было создано при непосредственном участии св. Фаустины Ковальской художником Евгениушем Казимировским (1873–1939), до вариаций Образа, которые были написаны в 60–80-ее гг. ХХ столетия. Сестра Фаустина и её видения символизируют новый этап в католической теологии, причём это касается не только обращения к Милосердию, но и произошедшего визуального поворота в благочестии.
Agnieszka GENOWSKA, Maciej POLAK, Beata GOWORKO-SKŁADANEK
et al.
Background: To evaluate the changes of mortality among children aged 1–14 yr due to road traffic injury and related demographic and economic factors in an ecological study undertaken in 33 European countries.
Methods: Information about mortality due to road traffic injury among children aged 1–14 yr in European countries was obtained from the WHO database. Changes in the mortality for the years 2000–2009 were estimated as linear regression. These deaths were correlated with demographic and economic factors.
Results: The greatest burden of child mortality due to road traffic accidents was observed in Baltic States, three times lower mortality levels than that in Northern States. Between 2000 and 2009, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in mortality among children aged 1–14 yr in Southern-West countries and Western countries, 1–4 yr in Central and Eastern countries, and 5–14 yr in Northern countries. Mortality due to road traffic injury among boys was strongly associated with the level of urbanization. Both sexes showed strong negative correlations with the economic level and strong positive correlations with income inequality.
Conclusion: Although in European countries the mortality of children due to traffic injury was considerably reduced, efforts should be made to educate and design a safe environment.
Jakub Markiewicz, Sławomir Łapiński, Patryk Kot
et al.
Cultural heritage objects are affected by a wide range of factors causing their deterioration and decay over time such as ground deformations, changes in hydrographic conditions, vibrations or excess of moisture, which can cause scratches and cracks formation in the case of historic buildings. The electromagnetic spectroscopy has been widely used for non-destructive structural health monitoring of concrete structures. However, the limitation of this technology is a lack of geolocalisation in the space for multispectral architectural documentation. The aim of this study is to examine different geolocalisation methods in order to determine the position of the sensor system, which will then allow to georeference the results of measurements performed by this device and apply corrections to the sensor response, which is a crucial element required for further data processing related to the object structure and its features. The classical surveying, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry methods were used in this investigation at three test sites. The methods were reviewed and investigated. The results indicated that TLS technique should be applied for simple structures and plain textures, while the SfM technique should be used for marble-based and other translucent or semi-translucent structures in order to achieve the highest accuracy for geolocalisation of the proposed sensor system.
Theocharis Tsoleridis, Joseph G. Chappell, Okechukwu Onianwa
et al.
The recent discovery of novel alphacoronaviruses (alpha-CoVs) in European and Asian rodents revealed that rodent coronaviruses (CoVs) sampled worldwide formed a discrete phylogenetic group within this genus. To determine the evolutionary history of rodent CoVs in more detail, particularly the relative frequencies of virus-host co-divergence and cross-species transmission, we recovered longer fragments of CoV genomes from previously discovered European rodent alpha-CoVs using a combination of PCR and high-throughput sequencing. Accordingly, the full genome sequence was retrieved from the UK rat coronavirus, along with partial genome sequences from the UK field vole and Poland-resident bank vole CoVs, and a short conserved ORF1b fragment from the French rabbit CoV. Genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that despite their diverse geographic origins, all rodent alpha-CoVs formed a single monophyletic group and shared similar features, such as the same gene constellations, a recombinant beta-CoV spike gene, and similar core transcriptional regulatory sequences (TRS). These data suggest that all rodent alpha CoVs sampled so far originate from a single common ancestor, and that there has likely been a long-term association between alpha CoVs and rodents. Despite this likely antiquity, the phylogenetic pattern of the alpha-CoVs was also suggestive of relatively frequent host-jumping among the different rodent species.
Authors presents the history of the cataloging the Early Medieval Silver Hoards (c. 550-1150) and Coins from Poland, starting with the first works of Joachim Lelewel from the first half of the 19th century, through the series Polskie Skarby Wczesnośredniowieczne of the mid-twentieth century, to the newest series Frühmittelalterliche Münzfunde aus Polen. For to the newest series, the principles and rules are outlined regarding to the chronological and territorial frames. The rules for the finds and coin description are given. The basic data on the number of registered finds, their types and distribution are also provided.
The species Lathecla carolyna Busby, 2015 described recently from Ecuador is reported to occur also in Venezuela and Colombia. An additional Peruvian occurrence of L. mimula (Draudt, 1920) is also documented.
<p>In this article the political and publishing activity of the Native Peasants’ Party of Lithuanian-Belorussian Lands ‘Unification’ was presented, which has hitherto been omitted in the studies of the history of Polish political parties in the interwar period. The formation of this new political organization was inspired by the central authorities of Pilsudski’s ruling camp. Its main task was to keep under surveillance, and finally take over or split political structures of peasants’ and Belorussian parties acting in the northeastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland (those of Vilnius and Nowogrodek), which in the assessment of the representatives of the post-May regime could pose a threat to the electoral register of the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government. Similar activities were undertaken by supporters of Pilsudski during the election campaign for the Second Term Sejm (1928–1930) all over the country. The press organ of the new party was a weekly ‘Village’, which was published at the beginning of 1928. Apart from that, the party’s authorities issued their announcements and political programme on the pages of ‘Kurier Wilenski’ and ‘Białoruski Dzień’. The latter title functioned as a platform for Native Peasants’ Party of Lithuanian-Belorussian Lands ‘Unification’ aimed at the Belorussian population inhabiting the so-called Eastern borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland.</p>
The article concerns the phenomenon of prison tattoos. It can be recognized that the modern tattoo outside of prison in Poland is going through its “boom”, which was started in 1989, and since the new millennium has begun to be treated as art at the highest artistic level. As a result of this, also prison tattoo has begun to evolve. According to the concept of transmission, prisoners transfer all patterns from freedom to the prison environment and there they adapt them to the prevailing conditions. Therefore, the broached issues oscillate around both the traditional symbolism of prison tattoos, and their modern aspect. The article also describes the history and importance of the prison tattoo artist, whose position – due to interest among prisoners in the aesthetic tattoo – has increased significantly.
Perrin Luc, Ormaasen Vidar, Op de Coul Eline LM
et al.
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The prevalence and the origin of HIV-1 subtype B, the most prevalent circulating clade among the long-term residents in Europe, have been studied extensively. However the spatial diffusion of the epidemic from the perspective of the virus has not previously been traced.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the current study we inferred the migration history of HIV-1 subtype B by way of a phylogeography of viral sequences sampled from 16 European countries and Israel. Migration events were inferred from viral phylogenies by character reconstruction using parsimony. With regard to the spatial dispersal of the HIV subtype B sequences across viral phylogenies, in most of the countries in Europe the epidemic was introduced by multiple sources and subsequently spread within local networks. Poland provides an exception where most of the infections were the result of a single point introduction. According to the significant migratory pathways, we show that there are considerable differences across Europe. Specifically, Greece, Portugal, Serbia and Spain, provide sources shedding HIV-1; Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg, on the other hand, are migratory targets, while for Denmark, Germany, Italy, Israel, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK we inferred significant bidirectional migration. For Poland no significant migratory pathways were inferred.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Subtype B phylogeographies provide a new insight about the geographical distribution of viral lineages, as well as the significant pathways of virus dispersal across Europe, suggesting that intervention strategies should also address tourists, travellers and migrants.</p>