Hasil untuk "History America"

S. Daniels, F. Greer

R. Altman, G. Alarcón, D. Appelrouth et al.

Larry Cuban

N. Rosenberg, R. Nelson

Daniel Carpenter

To the benefit of all of us, Paul Starr has published an updated version of Social Transformation of American Medicine. Nearly everyone in health policy, health politics, or health law who has taken undergraduate or graduate study in the subject—to say nothing of the study of professions, the history of science, the sociology and history of medicine, and the political economy of health—will be familiar with this magisterial 1982 volume. Reading the updated edition gives students and scholars alike a chance to reengage with Starr’s centuries-spanning narrative of the rise of the American medical profession to combined social, economic, and political dominance over the sphere of American health care. To the classic material, Starr appends a new epilogue surveying the last 35 years in light of what came before it. Revisiting the text in the twenty-first century provides an opportunity to examine Starr’s history in light of subsequent academic developments, as well as the intervening years. Starr’s second chapter, “Medicine in a Democratic Culture, 1760–1850,” reads as ever more perceptive in light of four decades of historical, sociological, and political science inquiry that connect the American Revolution more tightly to democratizing patterns in antebellum America. These years saw the undermining of ecclesiastical authority (Hatch 1989), of patriarchal household dominance (Cott 1977; Salmon 1986), of slaveholding magisterium (Sinha 2016), and of landed rentier economies (Huston 2000; McCurdy 2006). It saw the democratization of American political life (Wilentz 2005) and even the democratization of capital through free banking (Lamoreaux 1997; Moss and Brennan 2001). Starr’s description of democratic culture during the “long Revolution” provides a necessary basis for the later liberation of professional expertise. The rise in meritocratic professional authority required first, in some sense, the rupture of earlier barriers that hindered scientific advance. The power accumulated by the medical profession in the late nineteenth century replaced another form of dominance, weakened by cultural democratization. Rereading Starr’s chapters on “The Consolidation of Authority, 1850– 1930” and “The Escape from the Corporation, 1900–1930” reminds us of other work written since that sketches the role of professional and state

C. Ulloa, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, S. Beck et al.

The vascular plants of the Americas Botanical exploration in the Americas has a history that stretches back for half a millennium, with knowledge assembled in diverse regional floras and lists. Ulloa Ulloa et al. present a comprehensive and integrated compilation of all known native New World vascular plant species (see the Perspective by Givnish). This compilation, in a publicly available, searchable database, includes 124,993 species—about one-third of the worldwide total. They further present details of the distribution of species across families and genera, the geographical foci of diversity, and the floristic relationships between regions. The rate of plant species discovery in the Americas averages almost 750 annually, so this valuable resource will continue to grow. Science, this issue p. 1614; see also p. 1535 A database of all known New World vascular plants holds almost 125,000 species, with the highest concentration in Ecuador. The cataloging of the vascular plants of the Americas has a centuries-long history, but it is only in recent decades that an overview of the entire flora has become possible. We present an integrated assessment of all known native species of vascular plants in the Americas. Twelve regional and national checklists, prepared over the past 25 years and including two large ongoing flora projects, were merged into a single list. Our publicly searchable checklist includes 124,993 species, 6227 genera, and 355 families, which correspond to 33% of the 383,671 vascular plant species known worldwide. In the past 25 years, the rate at which new species descriptions are added has averaged 744 annually for the Americas, and we can expect the total to reach about 150,000.

G. Lindzey

Suryanarayana Sankagiri, Jalal Etesami, Pouria Fatemi et al.

The contextual duelling bandit problem models adaptive recommender systems, where the algorithm presents a set of items to the user, and the user's choice reveals their preference. This setup is well suited for implicit choices users make when navigating a content platform, but does not capture other possible comparison queries. Motivated by the fact that users provide more reliable feedback after consuming items, we propose a new bandit model that can be described as follows. The algorithm recommends one item per time step; after consuming that item, the user is asked to compare it with another item chosen from the user's consumption history. Importantly, in our model, this comparison item can be chosen without incurring any additional regret, potentially leading to better performance. However, the regret analysis is challenging because of the temporal dependency in the user's history. To overcome this challenge, we first show that the algorithm can construct informative queries provided the history is rich, i.e., satisfies a certain diversity condition. We then show that a short initial random exploration phase is sufficient for the algorithm to accumulate a rich history with high probability. This result, proven via matrix concentration bounds, yields $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret guarantees. Additionally, our simulations show that reusing past items for comparisons can lead to significantly lower regret than only comparing between simultaneously recommended items.

Paulo Montini de Assis Souza Júnior

RESUMO Em 22 de junho de 1834 foi celebrado, no Teatro Nacional do Recife, o espetáculo A Rusga da Praia Grande ou o Quixotismo do General das Massas. Naquela ocasião, a atração fez parte de uma celebração ao presidente da província de Pernambuco, Manoel de Carvalho Paes de Andrade, que retornava do interior da província com vitória sobre insurretos conhecidos por cabanos, que ameaçavam a ordem imperial. A apresentação desta peça na capital pernambucana naquele momento teve um amplo significado político no Brasil do Período Regencial. O artigo analisa como o apelido que intitula o espetáculo foi criado para desprestigiar José Ignacio de Abreu e Lima, general da Colômbia bolivarista que retornou ao Brasil em 1832 defendendo a restauração de Pedro I ao trono do país. Para isso, abordo a circulação e os usos políticos do epíteto “General das Massas” entre alguns dos impressos periódicos no Rio de Janeiro e no Recife neste cenário das Regências, em meio ao vazamento das correspondências privadas de Abreu e Lima que, para escândalo da classe política fluminense e pernambucana, o colocavam como agente organizador de insurreições armadas próximas ao Rio de Janeiro e em Pernambuco, em articulação inclusive com os cabanos. Concluo apresentando como a referência de “General das Massas”, originalmente pensada para depreciar Abreu e Lima e utilizada posteriormente de forma positiva pela historiografia que abordou a sua trajetória política e intelectual, foi uma dentre tantas outras formas de insultos e provocações mobilizadas no calor das tensões políticas regenciais na década de 1830.

Ana Laura Teresa Ceballos Martínez

Daniel Esteban Unigarro Caguasango

El descubrimiento del río Amazonas implicó la incorporación de una vasta región a los intereses coloniales y la necesidad de contar con descripciones geográficas. Emergió entonces la idea e imagen del río y su cuenca como escenario de conquista e inserción en el sistema de dominación colonial. Con base en las perspectivas de la historia de la cartografía y la historiografía amazónica, se analizan cinco mapas y se proponen dos momentos que evidencian una evolución en la representación de la región: uno imaginativo-mítico y otro científico-pragmático. De esta forma, la cartografía del siglo XVI, que proyectaba un imaginario fantástico, se superó en el XVII para incorporar un método científico preilustrado que moldeó la imagen y la representación colonial de la Amazonia disputada entre los imperios ibéricos y europeos.

K. Winemiller

SummaryTen traits related to life history theory were measured or estimated for 71 freshwater fish species from two locations in the Venezuelan llanos. Multivariate statistics and cluster analysis revealed three basic endpoint patterns bounding a two-dimensional continuum. A suite of attributes associated with parental care and aseasonal reproduction appeared to correspond to an equilibrium strategy. A second group of small fishes was distinguished by traits associated with rapid colonizing ability: early maturation, continuous reproduction, and small clutches. The third basic pattern was associated with synchronized reproduction during the early wet season, high fecundity, absence of parental care, and breeding migrations. A subset of mostly small fishes exhibiting little or no parental care, small clutches, and two to four month reproductive seasons was intermediate between the opportunistic (rapidly colonizing) and seasonal strategies. All ten life history variables showed significant effects of phylogeny. The cluster of species corresponding to the equilibrium group was dominated by siluriform fishes and perciforms of the Cichlidae. The opportunistic cluster was dominated by cyprinodontiform and characiform fishes, whereas the seasonal cluster contained primarily characiform and siluriform fishes. Seven of nine traits were significantly correlated with body length. The three reproductive patterns are interpreted as being adaptative with respect to relative intensity and predictability of temporal and spatial variation in abiotic environmental parameters, food availability, and predation pressure.

M. Frisch

Livia Betz

This paper investigates rate-independent systems (RIS), where the dissipation functional depends not only on the rate but also on the history of the state. The latter is expressed in terms of an integral operator. We establish an existence result for the original problem and for the control thereof, without resorting to smallness assumptions. Under a smoothness condition, we prove the uniqueness of solutions to a certain class of history-dependent RIS where the subdifferential of the dissipation potential is an unbounded operator. In this context, we derive an essential estimate that opens the door to future research on the topic of optimization.

C. Goldin

Sourav Sinha

I study the effects of US salary history bans which restrict employers from inquiring about job applicants' pay history during the hiring process, but allow candidates to voluntarily share information. Using a difference-in-differences design, I show that these policies narrowed the gender pay gap significantly by 2 p.p., driven almost entirely by an increase in female earnings. The bans were also successful in weakening the auto-correlation between current and future earnings, especially among job-changers. I provide novel evidence showing that when employers could no longer nudge candidates for information, the likelihood of voluntarily disclosing salary history decreased among job applicants and by 2 p.p. more among women. I then develop a salary negotiation model with asymmetric information, where I allow job applicants to choose whether to reveal pay history, and use this framework to explain my empirical findings on disclosure behavior and gender pay gap.

Mark Baum, Minmin Fu

Over its multibillion-year history, Earth has exhibited a wide range of climates. Its history ranges from snowball episodes where the surface was mostly or entirely covered by ice to periods much warmer than today, where the cryosphere was virtually absent. Our understanding of greenhouse gas evolution over this long history, specifically carbon dioxide, is mainly informed by deterministic models. However, the complexity of the carbon cycle and its uncertainty over time motivates the study of non-deterministic models, where key elements of the cycle are represented by inherently stochastic processes. By doing so, we can learn what models of variability are compatible with Earth's climate record instead of how exactly this variability is produced. In this study, we address why there were snowballs in the Proterozoic, but not the Phanerozoic by discussing two simple stochastic models of long-term carbon-cycle variability. The first, which is the most simple and represents CO2 concentration directly as a stochastic process, is instructive and perhaps intuitive, but is incompatible with the absence of snowballs in the Phanerozoic. The second, which separates carbon source from sink and represents CO2 outgassing as a stochastic process instead of concentration, is more flexible. When outgassing fluctuates over longer periods, as opposed to brief and rapid excursions from a mean state, this model is more compatible with the snowball record, showing only modest increases in the probability of snowball events over Earth history. The contrast between these models illustrates what kind of variability may have characterized the long-term carbon cycle.

Ke Wang, Lu Chen

In cosmology, the fine-structure constant can affect the whole ionization history. However, the previous works confine themselves to the recombination epoch and give various strong constraints on the fine-structure constant. In this paper, we also take the reionization epoch into consideration and do a consistency test of the fine-structure constant from the whole ionization history. From the data combination of Planck 2018, BAO data, SNIa samples, SFR density from UV and IR measurements, and the $Q_\text{HII}$ constraints, we find the constraint on the fine-structure constant during the recombination epoch is $α_{\text{rec}}/α_{\text{EM}}=1.001494^{+0.002041}_{-0.002063}$ and its counterpart during the reionization epoch is $α_{\text{rei}}/α_{\text{EM}}=0.854034^{+0.031678}_{-0.027209}$ at 68$\%$ C.L.. They are not consistent with each other by $4.64σ$. A conservative explanation for such a discrepancy is that there are some issues in the data we used. We prefer a calibration of some important parameters involved in reconstructing the reionization history.

Fernando García Naharro

Introducción al dossier.

Hugo Beck