Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Serafima A. Emme-Kreile

The article conducts textual and intertextual analysis of the image of the sun as a secondary but significant figure in Andrei Platonov’s novel Chevengur. A comparison of the sun’s characteristics reveals a striking contrast between its portrayal inside and outside the city of Chevengur. The source of this antithetical duality can be traced back to Nikolai Fedorov’s Philosophy of the Common Task. His teachings define the “common task” as the regulation of nature, both external and internal, transforming this blind, destructive force into something rational and life-giving. The sun in Chevengur functions as a meronym of the whole “nature” and divides the space of the work into two parts. The sun outside Chevengur symbolizes destructive natural forces, as it brings only hunger and death. In Chevengur, after the liquidation of the bourgeoisie, the sun becomes a creative and nourishing force, as the inhabitants of Chevengur managed to regulate it through communal unity. The Chevengurian sun performs various functions and possesses diverse symbols, whose foundations can be found in the pages of Fedorov’s teachings.

Lily Hamourtziadou

Koch, Anne, Schambeck, Mirjam

Wie können religionspädagogische Konzepte des interreligiösen Lernens diepost- und dekolonialen Problemstellungen ausreichend berücksichtigen? Im Artikelwerden dazu religionswissenschaftliche und religionspädagogische Perspektivenineinander gelesen, um Wegmarken der im religionswissenschaftlichenDiskurs differenziert ausgearbeiteten Debatten für interreligiöses Lernen auszuloten.Es steht an, Sprecher*innenpositionen, die Einbettung von Religion/en undeingetragene Machtkonstellationen stärker einzubringen. Schließlich sind mehrAkteur*innen mit ihren Stimmen einzubeziehen und die Transformation von patriarchalenund ganze Personengruppen ausschließenden Strukturen steht an.

Vasiliki Koukoulioti, Stavroula Stavrakaki, Maria Vomva et al.

The acquisition of clitics still remains a highly controversial issue in Greek acquisition literature despite the bulk of studies performed. Object clitics have been shown to be early acquired by monolingual children in terms of production rates, whereas only highly proficient bilingual children achieve target-like performance. Crucially, errors in gender marking are persistent for monolingual and bilingual children even when adult-like production rates are achieved. This study aims to readdress the acquisition of clitics in an innovative way, by entering the variable of gender in an experimental design targeting to assess production and processing by bilingual and monolingual children. Moreover, we examined the role of language proficiency (in terms of general verbal intelligence and syntactic production abilities). The groups had comparable performance in both tasks (in terms of correct responses and error distribution in production and reaction times in comprehension). However, verbal intelligence had an effect on the performance of the monolingual but not of the bilingual group in the production task, and bilingual children were overall slower in the comprehension task. Syntactic production abilities did not have any effect. We argue that gender marking affects clitic processing, and we discuss the implications of our findings for bilingual acquisition.

Rahile Kızılkaya Yılmaz

The West is known to have had interest in Islam since the 18th century through the transformative effect of the methods developed to examine religious sources within the framework of this interest in Islamic studies. Revealing the academic background and historical, ideological, psychological, religious, political and socio-cultural factors that have led orientalists working in the field of Islamic sciences is important for this field. This study will reveal in the context of Goldziher’s method for evaluating hadiths how Orientalists had been influenced by the culture and civilization they emerged from and how these influences directed their studies on Islam. Studies that have drawn attention to how Goldziher adopted his method for evaluating hadiths and took inspiration from Hegel’s philosophy of history prepared the intellectual background for the writing of this article. The study will first point out Goldziher’s postition within the Orientalist tradition and then present his method for dating hadiths alongside his Muhammedanische Studien, which is considered the most important work upon which Goldhizer based his method. Hegel’s philosophy of history will be explained in terms of the subject of the study, followed by a look into how Hegel’s philosophy of history affected Goldziher’s method for evaluating hadiths.

Kandiri Kandiri, Arfandi Arfandi, Moh. Zamili et al.

School or madrasah needs to instill good attitudes in the form of speech and behavior in daily activities. The prophet taught Muslims a good example (uswatun hasanah) for students when they gathered and interacted with different communities. Uswatun hasanah, or excellent conduct, is an Islamic religious value born from training and habitual action by providing a good example. Religious and moral education is essential as the root of forming a believer-pious person. This study seeks to understand uswatun hasanah through systematic literature by exploring knowledge patterns in the national database. The results indicate that good moral guidance (uswah) is not based on theoretical teaching but necessitates concrete examples through the role and responsibility of educators in the context of learning and learning processes. As such, educators should be an example (uswatun hasanah) (a good example) for students through excellent conduct in day-to-day activities.

Alexander Zavalii

У статті розглянуто результати археологічного дослідження трипільського храмового комплексу – Небелівського храму. Автор виокремлює особливу знахідку, а саме – залишки керамічного диска з групою фішок до нього. Ця знахідка в науковому світі дістала назву Небелівський Диск. Відзначено, що засадничим явищем інтер’єрного простору Небелівського Храму стала умовна яма (заглиблення) у самому центрі ритуального залу. Вона є центральною храмовою точкою, яка надає ключ до інтерпретації головного храмового символу, котрий ймовірно був рослинного походження. У статті проводяться паралелі між головним ритуальним залом Трипільського Храму та особливою ритуальною спорудою ведичної релігії «prâcînavamsa» («прачинаванса»), в якій проводився найголовніший ритуал ведичної релігії «ашвамедха». Це засвідчує значну подібність двох сакральних споруд, а найголовніше – це подібність заглиблень у центрі священного простору, яке позначалося «Світовим Деревом» (за В. Топоровим). Автор доводить, що особливості інтер’єрного наповнення Небелівського Храму висвітлюють уявлення давніх людей про структуру священного Космосу, про місце людей у ньому та символи, які пов’язують сакральне суспільство з космологічними уявленнями. Особливість даного дослідження полягає в тому, що внутрішнє храмове наповнення є, по суті, матеріалізованим духовним світом давніх землеробів, який транслює їхню релігійну космологію

V. I. Ignatyev

Introduction. The purpose of the paper is to test the hypothesis about the entry into the social interactions of actors of a special kind - devices with artificial intelligence. The author proposes to discuss a hypothesis about the emergence of a new species of a subject of artificial nature. The concept is based on the concepts developed by the author of a technosubject and a new kind of subjectivity. The character of a new type of interaction agent is analyzed, its varieties are revealed.Methodology and sources. When identifying signs of similarity between human and machine subjectivity, the author proceeds from interpretations of the subject and subjectivity in the works of G. Tononi, M. DeLanda, G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, S. Beskaravayny. The sources are the studies of T. Walsh, R. Brooks, D. Jordan, D. Markoff, R. Jonck, R. Kurzweil, A. Greenfield, K. Kelly, Sh. Turkle. The results of experiments on the construction of the social community of robots at the Kurchatov Institute and the Institute of Robotics at Carnegie Mellon University, the results of sociological studies of the nature of human relationships with robots carried out by Sherry Turkle from Massachusetts Institute of Technology are taken into account.Results and discussion. It is proved that human interaction with a techno-subject forms a special type of sociality - a hybrid society. The mechanism and features of social interactions in a hybrid type of society are revealed. The specificity of inter-actions arising between a person and various types of techno-subject is revealed. The process of the occurrence and occurrence of human anthropomorphic reactions to the activity of robots is analyzed. There is a transition from copying anthropomorphic features to devices with artificial intelligence to the formation of their subjectivity. The options for constructing human relationships with robots are considered.Conclusion. The conclusion is drawn that there is a high degree of likelihood of an increase in the future conflict between the two lines of improvement of androids based on the creation of a universal humanoid intelligence: strengthening or replacing a person. An alternative possibility of the third direction is considered: harmonization of relations between participants in a hybrid society.

Halilović Muamer

The well-known Muslim thinker Fayz Kashani (17th century) considers the active participation of every individual in some form of social life to be indispensable, and claims that this necessity derives from religious literature, that is, from the Islamic philosophical and juridical thought. Fayz employs philosophy in order to shape the structure of his social idea, while he uses jurisprudence whenever he wants to talk about the practical solution of certain social problems. In this context, he believes that social life guarantees 'an organization of material life' as well as 'spiritual and mental education', in which he, as a representative of the traditional Islamic thought, also included upbringing. However, these two aspects will be enabled only if a religious authority, harmonized with the divine law or with religion, is established. It is because every being can progress in a versatile way if there is a clear plan ahead based on all its capacities and abilities. And its capacities and abilities are fully known only by the being who created it. However, one should not forget that a divine authority is represented in human society at various stages. In this paper, we will explain Fayz's opinion on all these stages, as well as on the social results of each of them. Fayz lived in the central cities of Iran during the rule of the Safavid dynasty, and since he was in direct or indirect contact with the supreme structures of authority and social life for most of his life, his social thought will not only reveal the universal aspects of the Islamic view of society, but will also provide us with a lasting approach to general social turmoil in the period of the political domination of the Safavids, but also in the period when this domination began to wane.

Shaveko, N. A.

This interview explores the extent to which Kant’s philosophy, which postulates certain moral principles categorically, has influenced the contemporary theory of justice. Many academics believe such principles to be relative and emphasise that justice lies beyond the remit of science. Otfried Höffe is convinced that categorical legal principles remain a valid subject for an academic discussion. In his works, he often appeals to Kantian philosophy. In the interview, Prof. Dr. О. Höffe refers to such famous German Neo-Kantian philosophers of law as R. Stammler and G. Radbruch. He also mentions J. Rawls and J. Habermas — self-confessed adherents of the Kantian tradition in moral philosophy. Prof. Dr. Höffe expounds his views on the problems discussed by these authors. He dismisses G. W. F. Hegel’s criticism of Kant and denies the dependence of the fundamental principles of justice on the Zeitgeist and the opinions of the masses. The interviewee calls freedom the supreme human value, advocates the idea of a democratic constitutional state (he considers the principles of a social state as a mission of the state rather than a subjective right of citizens), and argues that dictatorship and tyranny deserve resistance. Prof. Dr. Höffe gives detailed definitions of the notions of transcendental exchange, categorical legal principles, enlightened liberal democracy, and a world republic. This interview will supplement the body of Prof. Dr. Höffe’s works that have already been translated into Russian.

Richard Obinna Iroanya

This paper reviews Sanya Osha’s latest book on Africa’s postcolonial conditions, especially as it concerns democratic governance. The review considers the book as trans-disciplinary and focuses on its three sub-themes, namely, postmodernity, decolonization and globalization. The main arguments of the author on these sub-themes are highlighted and briefly discussed. While the review finds the author’s overall discourse interesting and insightful to the understanding of African postcolonial conditions, it nevertheless raises concerns on some of the issues the author discussed such as criticisms of Achille Mbembe and others.

Dora Zhang

Luca Diotallevi

J. Díaz, J. Medina

Radim Hladík

zpráva z konference / conference report The Politics of Austerity and the Reshaping of Europe. Warwick University, Coventry (Velká Británie), 3. července 2013.

Adriana Claudia Poquet

En diálogo con las fuentes griegas de la Antología Palatina de la colección de Cambridge se analiza el tema cultural de mesura-desmesura en el género epi- gramático cuyo valor testimonial de quince o dieciséis siglos de literatura griega sorprende. Se trata de un cuerpo de poesías de variada inspiración y de autores datados entre el VII a.C. y el VII d. C., conocidos y anónimos y en mayoría pagana. Llama la atención el campo casi inexplorado de un género que refleja el modo de pensar y sentir griego así como la falta de una traducción castellana que acerque la lectura de estas pequeñas obras de arte, más o menos ignotas, a un público lector más amplio. Entre la variedad de epigramas, se pretende seleccionar y analizar un corpus de poemas protrépticos que en tono dialógico aconsejaban, amonestaban a conquistar la excelencia, el orden y la reflexión en el comportamiento y costumbres humanas, válidas para el hombre de todas las épocas.

B. Küppers

M. Heel

F. J. Pelletier

Tuomo Kuosa