Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Chingduang Yurayong

The present study examines the diachronic development and renewal of demonstrative systems in the Finnic languages within the Circum-Baltic context. Drawing on usage-based data from existing Finnic corpora, the reconstruction addresses historical changes from Proto-Finnic to modern Finnic, identifying processes of reduction and restructuring, while unveiling also obsoletion of specific demonstrative forms. The analysis reveals that while Finnish and Karelian proper retain relatively archaic tripartite systems, Livonian, North Estonian, Votic, and Veps display substantial renewal, often leading to bipartite or monopartite paradigms. Comparative evidence indicates that contact with Slavic, and to a lesser extent Baltic and Germanic languages, played a key role in shaping these developments. Parallels with Russian compound demonstratives and Old East Slavic forms highlight recurring patterns of areal diffusion and contact-induced change within wider Circum-Baltic language ecology. At a theoretical level, the findings affirm the instability of demonstratives as a grammatical category prone to contact influence. Kokkuvõte. Chingduang Yurayong: Läänemeresoome keelte demonstratiivsüsteemide uuendamine Läänemere keeleliidu kontekstis. Uurimus käsitleb demonstratiivide diakroonilist arengut ja uuendamist läänemeresoome keeltes Läänemere keeleliidu kontekstis. Tuginedes olemasolevate läänemeresoome keelte korpuste kasutuspõhistele andmetele, käsitleb rekonstruktsioon ajaloolisi muutusi alates läänemeresoome algkeelest tänapäeva läänemeresoome keelteni ja toob esile süsteemide lihtsustumise, ümberkorraldumise ja paradigmade uuendamise protsesse, samuti konkreetsete demonstratiivsete vormide kasutusest välja jäämise. Analüüs näitab, et kuigi soome ja karjala keeled on säilitanud suhteliselt arhailised kolmetasandilised süsteemid, on liivi, põhjaeesti, vadja ja vepsa keeles toimunud märkimisväärsed uuendused, mis on viinud kahe- või üheosaliste paradigmadeni. Võrdlevad andmed osutavad nende arengute kujunemisel slaavi ning vähemal määral balti ja germaani keelte mõjule. Paralleelid vene liitdemonstratiivide ja vanaidaslaavi vormidega rõhutavad areaalse leviku ja kontaktmuutuste korduvaid mustreid laiemas Läänemere keeleliidu kontekstis. Teoreetilisel tasandil tõstab uurimus esile demonstratiivide ebastabiilsust grammatilise kategooriana, mis on keelekontaktide mõjudele kalduv.

Ene Vainik, Geda Paulsen, Jelena Kallas

A new field has emerged alongside constructional linguistic theories and electronic lexicography, known as constructicography (Lyngfelt 2018: 11). Its goal is to compile a constructicon, a resource that organizes and presents linguistic constructions much like dictionaries present words. This concept stems from the theoretical framework of Construction Grammar (see Fillmore 2006; Goldberg 2003; Hoffmann, Trousdale 2013). The main purpose of this study is to outline the necessary theoretical concepts, map out existing solutions, and identify the main challenges in creating different types of constructicons. This aims to inform decisions when beginning to create a potential Estonian language constructicon. First, we discuss the main theoretical considerations and concepts essential for constructicon building. The basic assumption of this theory is that there is a continuum-like transition from grammar to lexicon, rather than a sharp boundary between these two basic linguistic phenomena. According to this view, linguistic units are constructions – pairings of form and meaning with a variable number of lexical components and various levels of schematicity. We further examine the theoretical and methodological principles behind current constructiographic practices, using examples from eight initiatives across seven languages: English, German, Japanese, Russian, Hungarian, Swedish, and Brazilian Portuguese (Perek, Patten 2019; Ziem et al. 2019; Janda et al. 2020; Lyngfelt et al. 2018; Ohara 2018; Fillmore et al. 2012; Torrent et al. 2014; Sass 2023). Meta-analysis reveals that most constructicographic databases are linked to FrameNet resources created for respective languages. The target audiences for these resources vary from language experts to second language learners and language technology applications. The coverage of constructions ranges from 73 to approximately 13,000 entries. The constructicons include semi-schematic constructions, abstract valency patterns, argument structure constructions, and even idiomatic constructions located at the “lexical end” of the grammar–lexicon continuum. As constructions form networks characterized by inheritance relations, describing these relations is a crucial part of constructicon building. Challenges discussed in the paper include defining a construction – whether narrowly or broadly; deciding if a constructicon should encompass general phrase structure constructions or be limited to idiosyncratic constructions; determining which constructions should be included in the resource and how to arrive at a nomenclature; handling constructions at different levels of abstraction; ensuring that the meta-language of descriptions is accessible to learners, native speakers, linguists, and NLP applications alike; and providing effective search functionalities in the dictionary/database for users. Based on the analysis results, we highlight questions that need to be addressed if a constructicon is to be created as part of a relational lexicographical database for Estonian, specifically within the database of the EKI Combined Dictionary compiled within DWS Ekilex (Tavast et al. 2018).

Marili Tomingas

This article studies the inflectional forms of Livonian third person and demonstrative pronouns as used in spoken language recordings. In Standard Livonian, these words have the nominative singular forms tämā/ta ‘he/she; this’, se ‘this’, tūo ‘that’, and the nominative plural forms nämād ‘they’ (for tämā), ne ‘they; these’ (for both ta and se), and tuoist ‘those’ (for tūo). The current empirical study describes their use based on Livonian fieldwork recordings from the Archives of Estonian Dialects and Kindred Languages (AEDKL). In the present article, the inflectional forms and the main functional tendencies of Livonian third person and demonstrative pronouns are described, comparing them also to the forms mentioned in earlier Livonian grammars and dictionaries to see if there is any change in their use. Kokkuvõte. Marili Tomingas: Kolmanda isiku ja demonstratiivpronoomenite vormid suulises liivi keeles. Artikkel uurib liivi keele kolmanda isiku ja demonstratiivpronoomenite käändevorme suulise liivi keele salvestistes. Andmestikuna kasutati 13 salvestist viie liivi keele kõnelejaga. Kuna liivi keeles võib kolmanda isiku ja demonstratiivpronoomenitel olla nii pikki kui ka lühikesi vorme, oli eesmärk teada saada, millisel kujul need suulises keeles esinevad ja kas kasutatakse rohkem pikki või lühikesi vorme. Samuti uuriti, kas demonstratiivpronoomen tūo on suulises keeles veel kasutuses. Tulemusi võrreldi ka varasemate liivi grammatikate andmetega. Ilmnes, et suulises keeles kasutatakse lisaks kirjakeele vormidele ka kolmanda isiku ainsuse nominatiivi vormi tä ja mitmuse vorme nēd, nad ja nät, lisaks kolmanda isiku ainsuse daativi lühikest vormi täm ning demonstratiivpronoomeni se puhul kasutatakse instrumentaalis ja sisekohakäänetes veidi enam lühikesi vorme. Kubbõvõttõks. Marili Tomingas. Kuolmõnd pärsōn ja nägțijizt azūmsõnād morfolōgij sūlizõs līvõ kīels. Kēra tuņšlõb līvõ kīel kuolmõnd pärsōn ja nägtijizt azūmsõnād morfolōgliži formidi sūlizõs līvõ kīels. Dattõd ātõ perīņ vīd līvõ kīel rõkāndijizt kīelst. Kēra merk vȯļ seļțõ, mingizt azūmsõnād sūlizõs kīelsõ ātõ kȭlbatõd pitkād ja lītizt formõdõks, ja mingizt formõd sōbõd kȭlbatõbõd jemīņ. Sai ka tuņšõltõd, või azūmsõnā tūo vel sōb kȭlbatõd sūlizõs kīels. Tuņšlimizõs um nǟdõb ka rezultātõd ītlimi jedmilizt gramatikādõks ja sõnārōntõdõks. Um nǟdõb, ku sūlizõs kīels kērakīel formõd kūoral sōbõd mūndakõrd kȭlbatõd ka nominatīv formõd tä, nēd, nad ja nät, nei īž ka kuolmõnd pärsōn datīv līti form täm. Instrumentāls ja sizāližis kūožnõtkīs sūlizõs kīelsõ nägțijiz azūmsõnā se lītizt formõd saitõ kȭlbatõd rōz emīņ äbku pitkād.

Meryem ER

Uzbek Turkic belongs to the Karluk (Southeast) group of Turkic dialects and it is regarded as the continuation of Chagatai Turkic together with the New Uyghur Turkic. It is the official language of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which remarks as the most crowded country among the Turkic Republics because of the population of approximately thirty-five million. In terms of both its historical background and the number of speakers today, Uzbek Turkish occupies an important position within the Turkic dialects. Following the declaration of independence in Uzbekistan in 1991, various scientific studies on Uzbek Turkic have been carried out inside and outside Turkey. The aim of this study is to present a bibliography of Uzbek Turkic by collecting the publications brought out in Turkey. The study consists of introduction, bibliography and conclusion parts. In the introduction, it was briefed about Uzbekistan and Uzbek Turkic. Bibliography part involves dictionaries, grammar books, book chapters, articles, doctoral theses and master's theses studied on Uzbek Turkic in Turkey till 2022.

Triin van Doorslaer, Janela Tähepõld-Tammert

Tõlkimisel on palju definitsioone, kuid kõige muu hulgas on tõlkimine ka keerukas kognitiivne tegevus, mis hõlmab mitmesuguseid teadmisi ja oskusi, aga sõltub suuresti ka tõlkija töökogemusest ning tema individuaalsetest kognitiivsetest võimetest. Alates 1960. aastate lõpust on koostatud erinevaid uurimusi, mis keskenduvad tõlkeprotsessi erinevatele etappidele, tõlkeüksustele ja segmenteerimismustritele, probleemilahendamisele, otsustusprotsessidele jne. Siinses artiklis käsitletakse tõlkimist kognitiivse tegevusena ning vaadeldakse, millised kognitiivsed probleemid tekivad algajatel ja kogenud tõlkijatel tõlkeprotsessi käigus ning kuidas erineva kogemusega tõlkijad neid lahendavad. Uurimistöös viidi läbi tõlkekatse valjustimõtlemise protokollide abil, lisaks vastasid katses osalejad küsimustikule. *** Cognitive problems in the translation process of novice and experienced translators Translating is a complex cognitive activity that requires diverse knowledge and skills. Depending on this knowledge and skills as well as on the work experience of the translator and on the cognitive abilities of a particular person, the translation process may lead to many problems, which are solved using different strategies. The aim of this article was to find out which cognitive problems arise in the translation process of novices and experienced translators and how they solve these problems. Empirical data was collected by think-aloud protocols. The sample was six people, including three novices (translation students) and three experienced translators (professional experience of at least 10 years). Participants were asked to think aloud while translating a short automotive marketing text (317 words) and record their thoughts with voice recording technology. The participants also filled in a questionnaire. The think-aloud protocols were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The coding scheme was created using Angelone’s (2010) problem-solving bundle comprising of problem recognition, solution proposal and solution evaluation, and the selected problem indicators proposed by Krings (1986). The results of the study showed that both novice and experienced had problems with vocabulary. All of them also encountered uncertainty; however, the novices experienced it more frequently. All participants had problems while translating and there was no difference between the novice and experienced translators. However, the results of the study showed that the novices had more problems in the revision stage than the experienced translators. All translators used information retrieval and reference materials to solve the problems. Differences occurred in the reference materials used, namely the novices used machine translation while experienced translators did not. Also, experienced translators used specialty dictionaries and bilingual corpora and suggested asking a colleague or a client to solve the problem, while the novices did not.

Alexander I. Grishchenko, V. V. Ponaryadov

The paper for the first time publishes monuments of the Old Permian language written with Abur, or the script of St. Stephen of Perm; these sources are previously unknown or have not been introduced into academic circulation. They are published here as fac-similes, with transliteration, transcription, and Russian translation. Perhaps the oldest of these inscriptions (from the 1460s — the early 1470s?) is the postscript written in a mixture of Old Permian and Russian at the end of the Church Slavonic Homilae by St. Gregory the Great: it was copied in the Ferapontov Monastery, in the White Lake area, perhaps by the hand of St. Martinianus of White Lake (Belozersky). The next earliest of the Old Permian documents — and the earliest to be dated precisely — is scribal mar-ginalia on a manuscript book with the spiritual homilies of St. Isaac the Syrian in a Church Slavonic translation; it was copied in Ust-Vym (the Komi area) in 1486 by Gabriel (Gavrila) the Deacon (Ki̮ldaś). Other Old Permian postscripts were made at the court of the archbishop of Novgorod the Great in the early 1490s in two volumes with the new Church Slavonic translations from the Vulgate; they were prepared in the circle of Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod and Pskov. Finally, the last word of the late 15th — early 16th century inscription in the Church Slavonic Corpus Areopagiticum has been re-attributed as Old Permian rather than Slavic cryptog-raphy in Abur; this book was donated to the Annunciation Church of Ust-Vym by St. Pitirim, bishop of Perm. The total number of new texts is 37 word-forms, including lexemes that were not previously recorded for this period — this is significant for the Old Permian corpus of the 15th — early 16th centuries. Although from the graphic, phonetic, grammatical, and lexical points of view, these texts basically represent the same linguistic system found in previously known Old Permian monu-ments, they demonstrate, on the one hand, the inclusion of Old Permian scribes into the activities of professional Old Russian scrip-toria and, on the other, they testify to the emergence of interest on the part of East Slavic bookmen in “indigenous” languages. Knowing these languages could be a sign of belonging to a special intellectual stratum that included both the creators of the first Church Slavonic complete biblical collection (the Gennady Bible) and members of the so-called heresy of the Judaizers.

Julia V. Normanskaja

This review analyzes the ways in which the Concise Cheremis-Russian Dictionary differs from the literary Mari language in order to answer the following question: was the dictionary compiled in the Pizhan subdialect of the Yaransk dialect of Northwestern Mari, which was spoken at that time in the Kukarskaya Sloboda, where the dictionary was created, or, as O. A. Sergeev claims, “words belonging to all the main dialects of the modern Mari language can be found in the Concise Cheremis-Russian Dictionary” [Сергеев 2020: 17]? To answer this question, a comprehensive graphic-phonetic analysis of the dictionary has been carried out. Three innovative features inherent in the Yaransk dialect have been identified (PMari *ć > ц, PMari *-j > 0, PMari *ńč́, *ńʒ́, *nǯ > нз) together with five more features that are characteristic of other first books: the preservation of the PMari *i, the reflection of PMari *ӧ as o and PMari *w as b, and the retention of vowel harmony. The only feature that occurs neither in the nineteenth-century books, nor in the modern dialects is the PMari *ӧ > е/э, which may indicate a later origin of Mari ӧ < Finno-Ugric *е than previously thought. Thus, the review shows that the dictionary could have been written in the Pizhan subdialect of the Yaransk dialect, which differed significantly from its modern state in the 18th century as it retained many archaic features characteristic of other first books. The analysis of the dictionary allows one to refine the history of the Yaransk dialect and the dating of certain sound changes.

Gerth Jaanimäe

Ajalooliste tekstide normaliseerimine ehk tänapäevasele kujule viimine võimaldab uurida tekste praeguse keele analüüsivahenditega, otsida tekstidest märksõnu ning võrreldes tänapäevaseid ja vanu kirjakujusid saada paremini aimu keele muutumise kohta. Käesolev artikkel annab ülevaate normaliseerimisest, selle erinevatest meetoditest, mujal maailmas tehtud katsetustest selles valdkonnas ning normaliseerimise põhiproblemaatikast 19. sajandi teisest poolest pärinevate eestikeelsete tekstide näitel. *** Normalizing historical texts Normalizing historical texts or in other words converting them to modern spelling enables us to analyze them with tools designed for contemporary language. It also makes it possible to search the texts for different keywords and automatically compare the old spelling to contemporary spelling. This article gives a general overview of normalizing, different methods, previously performed experiments and the main problems in the context of the old Estonian texts from the second half of the 19th century.

Minh Q. Bui, Vu Tran, Nguyen Ha Thanh et al.

Jiexi Liu, Ryuichi Takanobu, Jiaxin Wen et al.

I. Pirozhkova

The article discusses development of an integrated approach of teaching English to students majoring in Management and IT technologies in the Ural State University of Economics and describes the experience of its implementation. Current trends in education require the use of non-traditional means in class to activate students’ potential and help them master the necessary competences. This integrated approach meets the requirements of the educational standard and is based on the survey among students held to reveal their needs and interests in a foreign language. It exceeds the boundaries of the textbook (which is still the basis for learning) and includes participation in multi-university projects and scientific conferences, use of on-line resources and creative tasks.

L. G. Babenko

The dynamics of understanding lexical sets in theoretical and practical aspects over the past 50 years is provided, highlighting the main stages of their identification, study and interpretation features in the light of various scientific approaches: structural-semantic, functional-linguistic, cognitive-discourse, lexicographic, determining the system of principles of their identification, formation of the composition and description of the structural organization. The results of a multidimensional study of lexical sets of different types as an integral dynamic system, that have received multiple interpretations both in theoretical research and in ideographic dictionaries, are presented. The following types of sets are considered: lexical-semantic, functional-lexical, denotative-ideographic, semantic-syntactic, complex lexical-phraseological, synonymous-antonymic, conceptual-discursive. The research is carried out on the material of ideographic dictionaries created by lexicographers of the Ural Semantic School. Examples of descriptions of linguistic and speech sets with emotive semantics presented in a series of these dictionaries are used as illustrative material. The study showed that over half a century, lexical set theory has advanced significantly due to the situation of polyparadigmality in linguistics. It is noted that in such circumstances, different approaches to the study of sets of language and speech units were formed, the identification of fundamentally new semantic associations was substantiated, their typology was developed, the sources, factors and principles of their formation were characterized.

Jerry Lipka

Indigenous people whose way of life remains closely connected to their traditional lands are experiencing additional existential threats to culture and language, now exacerbated by climate change. Yet, Traditional Ecological Knowledge is being recognized as a potential contributor in addressing this crisis. Five case vignettes presented in this paper illustrate the depth of resistance, resilience, and adaptation demonstrated by Indigenous people in the face of previous threats to culture and language. ural Alaska, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, the setting of the vignettes.. Though their locations, history, and customs vary, they share an underlying similarity in the urgency expressed for their Traditional Ecological Knowledge and to use it in adaptive ways that lead to sustainability. An outlier case is included, as it illustrates a different strategy that results in novel and accessible steps to combat climate change.

O. A. Teusch

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the discursive field “Forestry activity in the Urals”. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased attention of modern linguistics to the problems of regional specificity of professional discourse, the development of which is at the initial stage. The aim of the article is the etymological and onomasiological description of the units of the discursive field, characterized as “Forestry activity in the Urals”. Semasiological, onomasiological methods and the method of scientific description are used to achieve this goal. Lexical units included in the field are identified, their origin is interpreted. The main field segments are defined. As a result of the analysis of the empirical material belonging to the “Forestry activity in the Urals” discursive field, it was revealed that in the Ural regional lexical system a specific system of concepts was developed. It has been implemented in the speech activity of dialect speakers. The Ural General dialect foundation is the basis for the modern professional communication of foresters and timber producers of the region.

Andra Annuka

Artiklis on vaadeldud, kuidas kasutavad kõnelejad naervat häält eestikeelses ametlikus ja argivestluses. Analüüsimaterjal pärineb Tartu Ülikooli suulise eesti keele korpusest. Naervat häält on varem uuritud väga vähe, samuti ei ole võrreldud, kuidas erineb naerva hääle kasutus ametlikes ja argivestlustes. Eesti argivestluste naervatest häältest esineb valdav enamik huumoriga seotud olukordades, ametlikes vestlustes kasutatakse naervat häält enamasti probleemsete situatsioonide leevendamiseks. Analüüs näitab, et eestlased kasutavad naervat häält sama tüüpi humoorikates olukordades nagu need, milles on leitud naeru (naljad, humoorikad lood, öeldu absurdsus või vastuolulisus). Samuti kasutatakse naervat häält naeruga sama tüüpi probleemsetes olukordades (piinlikkus, vabandamine, mitte-eelistatud olukorrad). Lisaks kasutatakse naervat häält n-ö tavalise kõneleja järjeotsimistes, mida ei ole siinkirjutajale teadaolevalt varasemates uurimustes käsitletud. *** "Smile voice in institutional and everyday interaction" This paper focuses on smile voice in institutional and everyday interaction. Previous studies have described smile voice as a pseudo-laugh (Lavin, Maynard 2001: 466). Haakana (2010) has described it as a pre-laughing device or a response to laughter in previous turn. I have collected conversations from the University of Tartu Corpus of Spoken Estonian. I analyzed 232 pieces from everyday conversation, which included 342 turns that were said with smile voice, and 140 pieces from institutional talk, which included 169 turns that were said with smile voice. Smile voice appears both in humorous and problematic situations. In humorous situations there are three specific situations: jokes, story-tellings and absurd, in problematic situations there are four specific situations: self-corrections, awkwardness, apologizing and socially not-preferred situations.

Minna Saarelma-Paukkala, Annika Hussar

Soome ja Eesti eesnimekasutuses on olulisi sarnasusi. Nagu mujalgi Euroopas kaasnes 19. sajandil mõlemal maal rahvusliku eneseteadvuse kasvuga soov luua omakeelne eesnimevara. Soomet võib pidada Eesti otseseks eeskujuks, kuivõrd sealt on laenatud ka rida nimesid. Paralleelsusi on näha omakeelsete nimede kasutusele tulekus: uute nimede moodustamises, levitusviisides ja omaksvõtus. Ka ajaliselt kujunes Soome eelkäijaks ning Eestis toimusid samalaadsed uuendused paarkümmend aastat hiljem. Artiklis vaadeldakse omakeelseid nimesid kitsamas tähenduses, st oma keelele toetuvate nimedena esitletud nimesid. Abstract. Minna Saarelma-Paukkala and Annika Hussar: Names of native origin in Estonia and Finland from the 19th century to today. A significant change occurred in Finland and Estonia in the second half of the 19th century: given names of native origin were taken into use in addition to international names. Similar changes occurred in many other European countries in connection with the rise in national consciousness. Similar techniques were used in the creation of new names: heathen names in old documents; names from the folklore and mythology; artificially created names; names were translated. There are names which can be interpreted as versions of international names as well as names of native origin. In Estonia, it was recommended to borrow names from closely related languages and Finnish names were primarily borrowed. The Finns have borrowed some Estonian names. The spread of new names was facilitated by their introduction in calendars, their occurrence in the epos and fiction. As of the end of the 19th century, Finland has been ahead of Estonia in terms of time. Already in the last decades of the 19th century, approximately one tenth of children were given names of native origin in Finland. The peak years arrived in the 1930s–1940s when about one third of children were given characteristically Finnish names, girls more often than boys. In Estonia, the peak of female names of native origin occurred at the same time, approximately half of the girls were given names of native origin. Today, naming has become more and more individual, and names of native origin provide plenty of opportunities. In Finland, precisely the names of native origin constitute the source of uniqueness at the moment. In Estonia, the share of persons with unique names has been higher for a longer period of time, but on the account of many versions and spellings. Innovation in names in the 19th–20th centuries has had continuous impact on the use of names by Estonians and Finns. Both languages are full of examples of how certain agreeable structures, sound combinations or name elements will be repeated and reiterated in new names of individual creation.

Jingyi Gao

Selles töös on üle vaadatud Karl August Hermanni 1895. aastal ilmunud artikkel, milles ta võrdles mandariinihiina keelt uurali keeltega, eriti eesti ja soome keelega, ning järeldas, et need keeled on omavahel suguluses. Hermanni toodud tõendid fonoloogia, morfoloogia ja süntaksi alal on mitmesugused. Hermanni leitud mõistete sarnasused on originaalsed. Selle töö autori hinnangul on Hermanni töös välja toodud kaheksast etümoloogilisest võrdlusest viis kehtivad, üks kahtlane, kaks kehtetud. Autor on täiendanud kehtivaid võrdlusi ja parandanud kehtetuid võrdlusi. Nende etümoloogiliste võrdluste tõestamiseks on välja toonud veel 12 etümoloogilist võrdlust, mille loovad kas sõnaalguline või riimivastavus. Tulemusena on esitatud kokku 19 hiinauurali etümoloogiat. Abstract. Jingyi Gao: Karl August Hermann’s Chinese-Finnish-Estonian language comparison, valid and invalid etymologies with corrections. The present study inspects Karl August Hermann’s article published in 1895, in which he compared Mandarin Chinese to Uralic languages, especially to Finnish and Estonian, and concluded that these languages are related. His proofs of phonology, morphology, and syntax domains are various. His findings of conception similarities are original. The present author estimates that of Hermann’s eight etymological comparisons, five are valid, one is doubtful, two are invalid. The author has amended the valid comparisons and corrected invalid comparisons. In order to verify these comparisons, further 12 etymological comparisons are given, which form onset or rhyme correspondences. As a result, a total of 19 Sino-Uralic etymologies are given.

This paper adopts the four steps of “comparative analysis”.First of all, it summarizes the language of Chinese and Uzbek and its Vowels. Chinese belongs to the “Sino-Tibetan language family” and is an isolated language. The Uzbek language belongs to the “Altaic language family” and is an adhesive language. There are 10 single vowels and 13 diphthongs in Chineselanguage. There are 7single vowels in Uzbeklanguage,andone syllable contains one vowel, that is to say, several vowels have several syllables. Generally speaking, there are 4 diphthongsin Uzbeklanguage. Secondly, the single vowels in Chinese and Uzbek pronunciation are selected for comparative analysis. Then, the single vowels of Chinese and Uzbek are compared and analyzed from the aspects of “pronunciation part”, “ tongue position” and “lip shape”. Finally, based on the similarities and differences between the two vowels, the errors that Uzbek learners may have in Chinese vowels acquisition are predicted, and propose relevant teaching suggestions.

Ezgi Sırtı

In the grammar of Turkish, stem with the -ş; -l; -n suffixies that create a category to determine the relation of the verbs with the nouns they are related to, are examined with under the title of voice in verbs in terms of meaning. The verb voicewhich has been formed by the "- t" suffix and which has been used since The Old Turkic, appears with its causative and transitive functions: akıt-, taşıt-, oynat- etc. This -t suffix is also observed that it is formed in the form -Ir-t or -DIr-ton causative and transitive stems: kaç-ır-t, bit-ir-t- or bildir-t-, aç-tır-t- etc. It is also clear that the verb stems ending with open syllable such as oynattır- or beklettir- in Turkish, and this suffixies sequence is different in the form of -t-DIr. This problem is still being dealt with some monographs other than general grammars in Turkish Language. In addition, in Karakalpak which is a written language belonging to the Kipchack area of the General Turkic Language, causative stem -t, has remarkable properties: Causative morpheme -t in verbs like monosyllabic ürkit- “to scare” ; polysyllabic balpayt- (< balpay-) “to sedate, to calm”; antalat- (< antala-) “to force”; baykat-(< bayka-) “to warn”; sanat- (< sana-) “ to force count”, is observed that it contributed to the derivation in Karakalpak, according to the rules of General Turkic Language. However, -t suffix in the passive stems like dizilt- ( < dizil-) “to put in order” and jetilt- (< jetil-) “to arrive” and –t suffix in the reflexive stems like alda-n-t- “ to cheat someone, to confuse; to appease” is revealed with remarkable uses in Karakalpak vocabulary.

Erdem Uçar

It has been over 70 years since Qutadγu Bilig was edited. During this time, many new readings and explanations have been presented about this edition and edition’s index. The scholarly edition of Qutadgu Bilig was edited by Reşit Rahmeti Arat. This edition is based on three manuscripts of this work. Arat successfully prepared this edition after a long endeavour. It has been a great misfortune for us that Arat’s notes about this edition cannot reach to us. It should be appreciated that each problematic reading is explained in this edition. A lot of research has been done and monographies have been written regarding Qutadγu Bilig, however, only few of these were about its original text and manuscripts. It will focus on ayıŋla- and taq in this article.