Hasil untuk "Special types of environment"

N. Luhmann

Helen Markelova, R. Meinzen-Dick, J. Hellin et al.

R. Handy, R. Owen, E. Valsami-Jones

A. Glazier, J. Nadeau, T. Aitman

S. Ali, Tamer Elsamahy, Rania Al-Tohamy et al.

The growing accumulation of plastic wastes is one of the main environmental challenges currently faced by modern societies. These wastes are considered a serious global problem because of their effects on all forms of life. There is thus an urgent need to demonstrate effective eco-environmental techniques to overcome the hazardous environmental impacts of traditional disposal paths. However, our current knowledge on the prevailing mechanisms and the efficacy of synthetic plastics' biodegradation still appears limited. Under this scope, our review aims to comprehensively highlight the role of microbes, with special emphasis on algae, on the entire plastic biodegradation process focusing on the depolarization of various synthetic plastic types. Moreover, our review emphasizes on the ability of insects' gut microbial consortium to degrade synthetic plastic wastes. In this view, we discuss the schematic pathway of the biodegradation process of six types of synthetic plastics. These findings may contribute to establishing bio-upcycling processes of plastic wastes towards biosynthesis of valuable metabolic products. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for microbial valorization of degraded plastic wastes.

Tao Song, Xiaolei Zhang, Ji Li et al.

Richard A. Brase, Elizabeth J Mullin, D. Spink

Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).

Ruchika Verma, Neeraj Kumar, Abhijeet Patil et al.

Detecting various types of cells in and around the tumor matrix holds a special significance in characterizing the tumor micro-environment for cancer prognostication and research. Automating the tasks of detecting, segmenting, and classifying nuclei can free up the pathologists’ time for higher value tasks and reduce errors due to fatigue and subjectivity. To encourage the computer vision research community to develop and test algorithms for these tasks, we prepared a large and diverse dataset of nucleus boundary annotations and class labels. The dataset has over 46,000 nuclei from 37 hospitals, 71 patients, four organs, and four nucleus types. We also organized a challenge around this dataset as a satellite event at the International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) in April 2020. The challenge saw a wide participation from across the world, and the top methods were able to match inter-human concordance for the challenge metric. In this paper, we summarize the dataset and the key findings of the challenge, including the commonalities and differences between the methods developed by various participants. We have released the MoNuSAC2020 dataset to the public.

Igor Zupanets, Nataliya Bezugla, Inna Otrishko

Abstract Background Viral infections are a real challenge of our time, given the high prevalence of viruses, their ability to constantly mutate and quickly adapt to their environment, and the fact that people (hosts) are highly mobile nowadays, travelling long distances within short time. In particular, acute respiratory viral infections are one of the most common groups of diseases characterized by a predominantly respiratory tract involvement, and are widespread in today’s societies all over the world. Methods The conducted research uses a complex of general scientific and special methods: theoretical, generalization, data systematization, comparison, methods of studying literary references, analysis, etc. Results A special pharmacotherapeutic place in the treatment of viral infections is occupied by phytoneering medicines that have multivector pharmacodynamics, namely, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial effects. All of these types of pharmacological activity are present in BNO 1030 extract. This review aims to discuss those effects and their impact on the clinical manifestation of upper respiratory tract infections. The composition of BNO 1030 extract is leading to a unique synergistic selection/combination of medicinal herb extracts, namely: oak bark (contains tannins with unique antibacterial and antiviral effects); walnut leaves (synergy of natural antioxidants and antiviral activity); dandelion herb (cocktail of biologically active compound with a wide range of action and nutritional value; blockade of receptors to SARS-CoV-2); horsetail herb (immunomodulation without stimulation of apoptosis and necrosis); chamomile flowers (powerful anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect); marshmallow root (antitussive effect, stronger than prenoxdiazine + expectorant); yarrow herb (essential oil with a rich content of biologically active compounds, including camphor and eucalyptol). Conclusions The unique pharmacodynamic potential of BNO 1030 extract, due to the extracts of seven medicinal herbs in its composition, justifies its use at all stages of viral infection. By reducing the number of ARVI complications, BNO 1030 extract reduces the need for antibacterials, provides pharmacoeconomic benefits and makes a significant contribution to solving a particularly urgent problem today – preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Jiani Sun, Mengsong Sui, Tao Wang et al.

The pollution of microplastics (MPs) has received widespread attention with the increasing usage of plastics in recent years. MPs could enter the human body and exist in the circulatory system. Endometrium, with rich blood vessels, acts as an essential role in human health and female fertility. However, there is no study reporting the MPs exposure in human endometrium. We collected the endometrium samples to detect the presence of MPs qualitatively and quantitatively via laser direct infrared. We found that there was a total of 13 types of MPs existing in the collected samples, among which 6 special types of MPs were with both high abundance and high detection rate. The abundance of these MPs ranged from 0 to 117 particles/100 mg, with a median abundance of 21 particles/100 mg. Most detected MPs, accounting for 88.35 %, were in small size (20-100 μm). Among small-size MPs, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer ranked first while polyethylene accounted for the largest proportion among large-size MPs (100-500 μm). Correlation analysis indicated there was no significant relationship between age and MP abundance or BMI and MP abundance. We also designed a questionnaire to investigate lifestyle and daily habits, aiming at revealing the potential relationship between MP exposure and living habits. We discovered that some drinking habits and chewing gum were significantly correlated with a higher level of MP exposure. For the first time, we identified the presence of MPs in human endometrium and clarified the potential connections between MP exposure and lifestyle. Further studies are still necessary to explore more underlying information.

Olena Semenog

The article examines the current problem of training a new generation of future managers in the face of modern challenges: European integration processes, digitalization of the state, and the consequences of the full-scale war. It is substantiated that the Ukrainian language at the current stage is not only a tool for communication but also a powerful resource for national security and identity. The aim and objectives of the study consist in substantiating the theoretical foundations and highlighting the practical experience of forming the cultural and linguistic personality of future specialists in public management and administration at the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education. The objectives of the work include clarifying the definition of “the cultural and linguistic personality of a manager”, monitoring current educational and scientific programs (ESP) of leading Ukrainian universities, and analysing the experience of Sumy A. S. Makarenko State Pedagogical University regarding the integration of the linguistic component into the training of PhD students. Research methods include a complex of complementary approaches: theoretical analysis, systematization, and generalization of scientific sources; empirical methods, in particular, monitoring the content of the ESP in the specialty 281 “Public Management and Administration”; pedagogical observation of the process of professional and scientific communication of postgraduate students, as well as an analysis of the results of their public and scientific activities. Research results allowed characterizing the cultural and linguistic personality of a modern manager as a complex integrative entity that combines several key components: linguistic (knowledge of the system and norms of the literary language); speech (actualization of knowledge in various types of speech activity); communicative-discursive (strategic interaction in public and interpersonal spaces); foreign language (ability to engage in professional communication in an international environment); and communicative- technological (culture of communication in a digital environment, adherence to netiquette) ones. It is noted that in modern conditions, a high level of language consciousness inherent in a “linguistic leader” acquires special importance; such a specialist perceives language as an instrument of the state’s “soft power” and a guarantee of successful communication. The analysis of ESPs (Kharkiv V.N. Karazin National University, NTU of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky KPI”, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine) confirmed the cross-cutting nature of language training, implemented through the synergy of academic, pragmatic, and international vectors. The experience of Sumy A. S. Makarenko State Pedagogical University is highlighted, where the formation of a linguistic personality occurs through the study of specialized disciplines (Ethics of Scientific Research, Academic Foreign Language, Communication Strategies), assistant practice, and interaction with stakeholders. The effectiveness of using interactive methods (case studies, training sessions etc.) and implementing elements of language management (the “One Voice” technology, social responsibility through language volunteering) has been proven. It is concluded that the formation of the cultural and linguistic personality of future specialists in public management and administration at the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education under the conditions of modern challenges ensures the transformation of language from a subject of study into an active instrument of state-building, scientific research, and professional reputation in an open democratic society.

Rayhane Rezagholizade, Zahra Sadeqi-Arani, Esmail Mazroui

Abstract Today, customer participation in branding through brand co-creation behavior is one of the most important concerns and challenges of industries in this field. To achieve this goal, it is very important to pay attention to the concept of gamification. This research seeks to investigate the effect of gamification on customer brand co-creation behavior regarding the mediating role of consumer engagement and the moderating role of consumer hedonic and innovativeness. The study focused on the customer base of Snapp and TAPSI brands within the city of Isfahan. Given the challenges in determining the exact number of customers and their statistical data, a convenience sampling approach was adopted, resulting in a sample size of 306 individuals. The extensive nature of the target population, combined with restricted access to the entire community, necessitated the use of this accessible sampling method. To collect data, standard and researcher-made questionnaires were used. Data analysis with SmartPLS software shows the positive and significant effect of gamification on customer brand co-creation behavior, partial mediating role of consumer engagement variable, positive moderating effect of hedonic and innovativeness, and finally confirming the moderated mediation. Findings indicate that both Snapp and TAPSI's applications incorporate elements of gamification, such as game mechanics and dynamics. Given the significant role of gamification in enhancing brand value co-creation, it's recommended to conduct a detailed analysis of how each gamification component—dynamics and mechanics—is utilized within these platforms to identify areas for improvement. Furthermore, acknowledging the influence of consumer personality traits, like hedonic and innovativeness, as moderating factors, can offer valuable insights. This understanding could guide the developers of ride-hailing applications in tailoring and evolving their platforms through the strategic use of various gamification elements, tailored to customers segmented by these personality traits. Extended Abstract                                           Introduction Brand Co-creation is a type of cooperation and personal interactions between consumers and companies to create shared experiences and ultimately value creation, which requires the use of techniques to engage consumers with the desired brand (Merhabi, et al, 2021). In the virtual businesses, consumer engagement is a useful tool for understanding how companies and customers interact to co-create value (Storbacka et al., 2016). Consumer engagement actually includes the organization's relationship with its customers beyond trades and transactions (Leclercq, et al., 2018). With the increasing growth of the Internet and related technologies, the brand concept has changed, and today the value of online brands has grown significantly (Jalali, 2021). Today, researchers use game-based platforms to engage consumers and engage them in the brand. These gamified platforms enable companies to provide a compelling experience to stakeholders and thereby create, maintain, and develop customer engagement over time (Breidbach, et al, 2014). Benefits such as increased organizational performance (Bawa, 2023), increased efficiency (Tuna, 2023), improved training experience (Trinh, et. al, 2023), increased consumer engagement, sales, and increased brand favorability (Öztürk & Hersono, et. al., 2023; Mariyum & Qazi, 2023), improving concentration and learning (Mazlan, et al., 2023) are among the most important advantages of this technique; as a result, it can be used to strengthen brand co-creation behavior. To increase the effect of gamification on consumer engagement, the level of novelty and pleasure seeking of the consumer can be effective and somehow moderate this relationship. Among internet businesses, car internet request systems are one of the pioneers in this field, and several companies have been able to take a significant share of intra-city transportation (Zarei et al., 2020). Considering the importance of online transportation and the special position of the customer in this industry, the current research aims to answer the research question: “How does the effect of gamification on the brand co-creation with the mediating role of consumer engagement and the moderating role of consumer hedonic and innovativeness?” Theoretical Literature Brand Co-creation: Co-creation is considered a social and collaborative process in which two or more parties interact with each other to create value (Iglesias, 2017). Co-creation has 4 aspects: 1- exchange of ideas, 2- access, 3- transparency, and 4- risk. The exchange of views shows that co-creation includes interaction and deep involvement on both sides (company and consumer). In a social commerce platform like Facebook, on the pages of different brands, consumers interact with each other as well as with the target company to post their opinions, suggestions, and experiences (Siano et al., 2022). Gamification: Gamification is the process of adding game elements to a non-game situation. Gamification has been defined as "the use of thinking and game mechanics to engage users and solve problems". (Zichermann & Cunningham, 2011). Gamification refers to transforming activities, systems, services, products, or organizational structures to afford gameful experiences (Huber & Ropke, 2015). Consumer engagement: Consumer engagement is a state of being occupied, fascinated, or immersed in something (meaning constant attention) that ultimately creates a certain attractive or repulsive force (Higgins & Scholer, 2009). Consumer engagement is defined as “behavioral manifestation of customers towards a brand or company, beyond purchase, caused by motivational stimuli”; these demonstrations include actions such as: positive word of mouth advertising, providing recommendations and supporting other customers. Consumer engagement is “a psychological state that occurs through the interactive and creative experiences of a customer with a focal agent or object (such as a brand) in a focal service relationship” (Brodie et al., 2010). In fact, consumers produce different types of value for themselves by involving their resources such as time, knowledge or social capital in the context of innovation. Therefore, it can be concluded that they are part of the value co-creation process (Leclercq et al., 2018). Consumer innovativeness: Consumer innovativeness refers to the willingness of consumers to buy new and different products and services instead of staying in the previous and current choices and patterns, and in fact, consumers who have a great desire to accept new products and services to meet their needs are considered innovative. Researchers recognize innovativeness as an important personality trait in consumer behavior (Kim et al., 2020). Basically, consumers who have a high degree of novelty are naturally curious and enjoy creative discovery (Aidi, 2024), and as a result, they tend to accept new products and services. Consumer hedonic: Hedonic value is considered as one of the main characteristics influencing consumer repurchase intention (Fang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2020). Hedonic value is the overall evaluation of the empirical benefits (e.g. entertainment) that the consumer can have during the purchase process. Enjoyment can become a basic condition that motivates to perform shopping activities (Bical & Ispir, 2021). Research Methodology This research has a paradigm of positivism, quantitative approach, and survey strategy. The statistical population of the study is the customers of Snap and TAPSI brands as the most popular online transportation platforms. Due to the indeterminacy of the sample size, the available sampling method and the sample size of 306 people were selected. Due to the large size of the target community and the lack of access to all members of the community, it was not possible to fully investigate the members of the community, which is why the accessible sampling method was used. In order to remove the limitations of available sampling, it has been tried to distribute questionnaires at different times and places in Isfahan city. To collect data, standard and researcher-made questionnaires were used. Questionnaires were provided to the statistical community in both paper and electronic form. The variables examined in the questionnaire included gamification, brand co-creation, consumer engagement, consumer hedonism, and consumer novelty. To evaluate the validity of questionnaires, in addition to face validity, factor validity was used in the form of convergent and divergent validity. To assess reliability, in addition to Cronbach's alpha, a composite reliability index was also used. In order to analyze the data, structural equation software was used. Smart-PLS software was used to fit the model. Research Findings In order to test the hypotheses or conceptual model of the research, smart-PLS 3 software was used. The research results indicate a significant and positive effect of gamification on brand co-creation (B=0.332, t=5.834). Also, the results of the research showed that consumer engagement plays a mediating role in the relationship between gamification and brand co-creation (B=0.372, t=8.554). In the relationship between gamification and consumer engagement, the consumer hedonic and innovativeness variables play a moderating role. The path coefficient of the consumer innovativeness is equal to (-0.092), and its test statistic is equal to 2.014; which shows the negative effect of this relationship; since the test statistic is more than the critical value (1.96), it can be said that this effect is significant. Also, the path coefficient of the consumer hedonic is equal to (0.046) and its test statistic is also equal to 1.96; which shows the positive effect of this relationship; since the test statistic is equal to the critical value (1.96), it can be said that this effect is significant. In general, it can be said that all research hypotheses have been confirmed at the 95% confidence level. Conclusion Considering the importance of online transportation and the sensitivity of this industry to customer behavior, the effect of gamification on customer brand co-creation behavior was investigated in this research. The results showed that gamification has a positive and significant effect on customer brand co-creation behavior. Therefore, the result of examining this hypothesis is in line with researches of Nobre & Ferreira (2017); Merhabi et al., (2021); García-Magro et al., (2023); Martín-Peña et Al., (2023). This result is because gamification provides a platform for developing interaction with the brand and improving relationships; through fun, challenge, continuous experiences, and brand participation. In this way, it provides opportunities for consumers to participate in the brand co-creation. The result of examining the hypothesis of the mediating role of consumer engagement in the relationship between gamification and brand co-creation has also been confirmed. In other words, consumer engagement plays a mediating role in this relationship. The result of examining this hypothesis is in line with researches of Rather et al., (2023a); and Rather et al., (2023b). By involving consumers in the brand, gamification causes more participation of consumers in the brand co-creation, creating cooperation, and ultimately more consumer loyalty. In the relationship between gamification and consumer involvement, the consumer hedonic and innovativeness variables play a moderating role. Thus, at higher levels of consumer hedonic and innovativeness, the effect of gamification on consumer involvement will be greater. This issue is indirectly mentioned in the research of Kim et Al., (2020). Hedonics increases the overall evaluation of experiential benefits (e.g., entertainment) when using a service or product. Also, it causes the customer's emotional state to overcome him in the purchase, and a higher level of this dominance can lead to a higher effect of gamification on consumer engagement. People with novelty characteristics tend to buy new and different products and services instead of staying in the previous and current choices and patterns. In other words, novice- who are open to experiences based on the Neo personality model - show less desire to be loyal to a brand, and because of their willingness to diversify, they are less involved in a brand. In general, it can be said that gamification by creating an attractive environment in online car applications can engage the customer for a longer time, and more involvement of the customer can lead to his co-creation behavior. The effect of gamification on consumer engagement can be moderated depending on the hedonic level of the individual. Many people are pleasure-seekers and will stay engaged with a topic for a long time if the gamification is done right. Also, in the case of novelty, if the expansion of the variety of gamification elements and innovation in their creation can keep people with high novelty characteristics loyal to using the service, these things should be considered by decision-makers in designing applications. In order to improve brand co-creation behavior, in addition to creating the chance of customer participation in branding through the creation of a customer club, the possibility of giving feedback to customers and viewing it by others, the possibility of transferring experiences, suggestions, and criticisms; it is necessary to focus on strengthening gamification.

Payam Manochehri, Aeizh Azmi

Having a large number of bird species in all seasons of the year and in most regions, Iran has many capabilities to implement bird watching programs. Villages, as places that are far from the hustle and bustle of the city and close to the pristine nature, have the ability to accommodate and welcome tourists, can benefit from this enjoyable and growing branch of ecotourism. Therefore, the main goal of this research is the effect of migratory bird attraction areas on the development of rural tourism (case study: villages around Heshilan Wetland). It is a quantitative, applied, descriptive, analytical research method that uses a questionnaire tool to collect information. The software used is spss. The reliability of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (economic, 0.88, social and cultural, 0.84, physical, 0.83, tourism, 0.77) and validity was confirmed by experts in geography, environment and social sciences. The sample size of 256 households was 100 households. The sampling method was systematic random sampling. The findings show that bird watching and incoming tourists have had a positive effect on the economy, society and culture. Also, from an environmental point of view, with the government paying more attention to migratory birds, good environmental opportunities have been created, but pollution, waste, and a lot of garbage were collected in the place. Unfortunately, investment in tourism in the region is limited and the infrastructure is inadequate, which needs attention. The findings from Kruskal Wallis show that there is no significant difference between villages in terms of the impact of bird watching on tourism. Also, Spearman's correlation findings show that there is a significant relationship between bird watching and economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental components. Finally, the regression findings show that the effect on the village environment is the most important strength of bird watching. It is also in the second rank of job creation. In the third place, the reduction of migration has been introduced as the most important effect of bird watching. 1. Introduction Heshilan Wetland has an important role in increasing the biodiversity of the region and has created a suitable habitat for attracting various species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and especially birds. Heshilan Wetland creates a nutritional habitat and a suitable resting place for various types of winter, transient, summer and native birds. On the other hand, the appropriate depth of water, the feeding of plants by aquatic birds and the diversity of aquatic plants provide a suitable substrate for the habitat of aquatic birds in the wetland (Baghrabadi, 1400: 19). The set of these factors shows that this wetland is suitable for the development of rural tourism based on bird watching. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of migratory bird attraction sites on the development of rural tourism in the villages around Heshilan Wetland. 2. Literature Review Ecotourism or nature tourism is one of the branches of tourism that is based on natural attractions. Identifying areas prone to nature tourism and planning for these areas, in order to attract those interested and create infrastructure facilities for them, is one of the solutions for the development of the ecotourism industry. Since the previous research related to ecotourism is very extensive, in this part it is enough to mention only the cases related to bird watching. In 2010, Rhonda J. Green and Daryl N. Jones studied the characteristics of birdwatching tourists. According to the results of their research, the majority of bird watchers are middle-aged people and they hate hunting. In addition to birds, these people are also interested in other wildlife and have the ability to recognize more birds, and most of them are concerned about environmental issues. Wildlife watching tourism is one of the important forms of nature tourism and ecotourism. The wide variety of animals and their habitats has made this type of travel very diverse. Meanwhile, bird watching or "bird watching" is considered one of the most important types of wildlife watching tourism. A research conducted by the American Wildlife, Hunting and Fishing Recreation Association in this country shows that birds ‌ Viewing is a people-friendly and popular form of outdoor recreation and it is growing at a high speed, the reason for attracting a lot of attention is the negative environmental consequences, in this regard, there are also forms of tourism under the title of green, responsible, low-harm tourism (based on special environmental considerations) (And finally, ecotourism was brought up Ecotourism is one of the forms and actually the important concepts of alternative tourism. Buckley, one of the theorists, emphasizes that ecotourism should be based on the environment and natural products; be accompanied by environmental education or interpretations; contribute to conservation; Along with benefits for the local community, in many parts of the world, ecotourism has contributed to the dual goals of economic development (along with reducing poverty) and protecting natural resources. Watching birds in their natural habitat is known as birdwatching tourism. According to a comprehensive definition, birdwatching is the recreational activity of observing birds with the naked eye or with the help of optical equipment, which has protective, educational and moral aspects. 3. Methodology The research methodology is descriptive-analytical. In terms of the general approach: the current research was of a quantitative type. In terms of the purpose: the present research is applied and results-oriented, because the purpose of the research is to reach the principles and rules that are applied in real and practical situations and help to improve the implementation methods. Heshilan Wetland is located in the northwest of Kermanshah on the Kermanshah-Ravansar road. This wetland is located at a distance of 36 kilometers northwest of Kermanshah city at 34 degrees and 35 minutes north and 45 degrees and 53 minutes east longitude. According to the existing research, there are 6 villages with a population of 936 people and 261 households living around the Heshilan lagoon. 4. Results Research findings show that tourism can have positive economic effects. Considering that bird watching is the most important attraction of tourism in the region, it can be said that bird watching has created employment, income, and job opportunities for rural women. Also, the findings of this research show that the social and cultural effects of bird watching are extensive. Reduction of poverty and reduction of the migration process, along with the creation of cultural interactions between local communities and tourists and recognition of non-local people and their culture, are among the concrete effects of bird watching. Also, in the physical dimension, paying attention to the reconstruction of roads and buildings and investing in the improvement of the village is one of the physical effects of bird watching development. In the environmental aspect, noise pollution and waste are among the negative results, but besides that, it is important to pay attention to animals and biodiversity, the surrounding environment, and the government's environmental investment. Finally, in the aspect of tourism, the growth of employment opportunities in tourism and the development of visitors and the presence of investors are among the results of the research. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test show that there is no significant difference between the villages in terms of the effects of tourism and birdwatching components. Also, the results of Spearman's correlation and regression show that the effect on the village environment is the most important strength of bird watching. It is also in the second rank of job creation. In the third order, the reduction of migration has been introduced as the most important impact of bird watching. 5. Conclusion There are various types of tourism that any society can attract tourists according to the existing conditions and characteristics. Today, thanks to the virtual space and the media, there are few people who are not interested in tourism and the concept is unfamiliar to them; In all advanced societies where tourism has become a job and profession, continuous education to residents is inevitable. Certainly, the tourism industry requires planning and facilitation by the officials and by holding classes and courses they can help the local communities in this important matter and also the wetland even in terms of basic facilities such as proper access, security, Water and electricity remain at zero. Undoubtedly, tourism without accommodation and serving local food will be meaningless. The first step in the tourism industry is to establish a residence. Recently, eco-tourism residences have opened up in many rural communities. In many villages there are special species that cannot be found in other places. For example, in one of the villages studied in this research, a large number of storks have built nests on electric poles, which can be interesting for tourists. Heshilan Wetland is one of the rare and unique wetlands in the world, which unfortunately has not yet been registered in the world and has a semi-functional bird-watching building, from which no bird-watcher has yet visited with a camera. A lagoon that even many local people have only heard of.

Suprokash Hazra

In this article, we introduce special domains and discuss the geometry of these domains, which includes showing that every pseudoconvex truncated tube domain is a special domain. Next, we prove a theorem for the envelope of special domains in $\C^n ~(n\geq 2)$. Our theorem on special domains is a generalization of a recent result by Jarnicki-Pflug on the envelope of holomorphy of truncated tube domains in $\C^n$. We also establish a result on schlichtness in complex dimension 2, and conclude this article with two higher-dimensional generalizations of the same result by Jarnicki-Pflug mentioned above.

Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska, Julia Habaj, Izabela Krzemińska et al.

Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials’ fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.

B. Lamont, J. Pausas

1. Many internal (inherent) and environmental (imposed) factors control seed dor - mancy and germination that we divide into three basic dormancy-release path - ways: Maternal structures and embryo physiology control inherent dormancy that is broken by various types of scarification and physiological changes, fol - lowed by imposed-dormancy release when the prevailing environment is replaced by certain ‘standard’ conditions that stimulate germination (Pathway 1); imposed dormancy prevails even if inherent dormancy is broken or not applicable that is released when replaced by certain ‘standard’ environmental conditions which stimulate germination (Pathway 2); and release from inherent dormancy by light/ dark or cold stratification is contingent on the pre-existence of certain environ - mental conditions that stimulate germination (Pathway 3). 2. On-plant seed storage (serotiny) and frugivorous seeds are recognized here as representing special types of physical dormancy, as their properties are consist - ent with those

Matthias Eberl

Denotational models of type theory, such as set-theoretic, domain-theoretic, or category-theoretic models use (actual) infinite sets of objects in one way or another. The potential infinite, seen as an extensible finite, requires a dynamic understanding of the infinite sets of objects. It follows that the type $nat$ cannot be interpreted as a set of all natural numbers, $\lbrack\!\lbrack nat \rbrack\!\rbrack = \mathbb{N}$, but as an increasing family of finite sets $\mathbb{N}_i = \{0, \dots, i-1\}$. Any reference to $\lbrack\!\lbrack nat \rbrack\!\rbrack$, either by the formal syntax or by meta-level concepts, must be a reference to a (sufficiently large) set $\mathbb{N}_i$. We present the basic concepts for interpreting a fragment of the simply typed $λ$-calculus within such a dynamic model. A type $\varrho$ is thereby interpreted as a process, which is formally a factor system together with a limit of it. A factor system is very similar to a direct or an inverse system, and its limit is also defined by a universal property. It is crucial to recognize that a limit is not necessarily an unreachable end beyond the process. Rather, it can be regarded as an intermediate state within the factor system, which can still be extended. The logical type $bool$ plays an important role, which we interpret classically as the set $\{true, false\}$. We provide an interpretation of simply typed $λ$-terms in these factor systems and limits. The main result is a reflection principle, which states that an element in the limit has a ``full representative'' at a sufficiently large stage within the factor system. For propositions, that is, terms of type $bool$, this implies that statements about the limit are true if and only if they are true at that sufficiently large stage.

Romy Marie Merkel

We study special Lagrangian submanifolds in the Calabi-Yau manifold $T^*S^n$ with the Stenzel metric, as well as calibrated submanifolds in the $\text{G}_2$-manifold $Λ^2_-(T^*X)$ $(X^4 = S^4, \mathbb{CP}^2)$ and the $\text{Spin}(7)$-manifold $\$_{\!-}(S^4)$, both equipped with the Bryant-Salamon metrics. We twist naturally defined calibrated subbundles by sections of the complementary bundles and derive conditions for the deformations to be calibrated. We find that twisting the conormal bundle $N^*L$ of $L^q \subset S^n$ by a $1$-form $μ\in Ω^1(L)$ does not provide any new examples because the Lagrangian condition requires $μ$ to vanish. Furthermore, we prove that the twisted bundles in the $\text{G}_2$- and $\text{Spin}(7)$-manifolds are associative (coassociative) and Cayley, respectively, if the base is minimal (negative superminimal) and the section holomorphic (parallel). This demonstrates that the (co-)associative and Cayley subbundles allow deformations destroying the linear structure of the fiber, while the base space remains of the same type after twisting. While the results for the two spaces of exceptional holonomy are in line with the findings in Euclidean spaces established by Karigiannis and Leung (2012), the special Lagrangian bundle construction in $T^*S^n$ is much more rigid than in the case of $T^*\mathbb{R}^n$.

V.A. Barabanschikov, V.V. Selivanov

<p style="text-align: justify;">The work is aimed at considering the influence of modern special training programs in virtual reality (VR) on personality anxiety in adolescence. Materials of empirical research obtained on a sample of students of 2-4 courses of Moscow and Smolensk universities are presented. Respondents aged from 19 to 24 years old participated in the study 1 (N=15) (using the training VR environment with a first-person avatar) and 2 (N=24) (using the training VR program with an anthropomorphic avatar (female) (third-person). To diagnose anxiety we used methods: Spielberger-Hanin Self-Assessment Anxiety Test, A.T. Beck Anxiety Scale. A single-factor experimental design with independent groups was used; dependent variables were different types of anxiety, independent variables were the parameters of subjects' work with the training VR-program of high immersiveness. The results show that the high level training VR environment has a significant effect on anxiety reduction. Both personal and situational anxiety, as well as the general level of anxiety, decreased. In the control samples, either anxiety decreases, but at a much lower level, or no change occurs. Psychosemantic analysis of consciousness indicates changes not only in the conscious plan (connections between connotative meanings), but also in unconscious attitudes about one's anxiety state (manifested in the triad of depression: decreased mood, ideomotor and motor retardation). In general, VR programs with avatars should be considered as effective technologies and means of changing functional personality properties, in particular anxiety.</p>

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.