K. R. Amlaev, A. A. Khripunova, D. M. Khubieva
et al.
The purpose of the study is to explore both social economic and demographic characteristics of patients seeking medical care at the Stavropol Kray Consultative Diagnostic Center from other regions and motivation of their satisfaction, contentment and barriers for inner exit tourism. The survey was carried out covering 297 patients arrived to the Center from other regions of the Russian Federation in 2024. The technique of descriptive statistics and the Pearson χ² criterion were applied. It is established that women made up 62% of respondents. Their average age made up to 31–45 years. The main reasons to address from outside of region of residence were absence of specialists of required profile (32.7%), inefficiency of treatment of younger residents (32.3%) and inaccessibility of modern diagnostic resources (25.6%). The high level of satisfaction with provided medical services was reported by 87.2% of patients. The conclusion. The study results permit to conclude that development of inner exit tourism is related to level of accessibility and quality of medical services and information distribution for population. The recommendations concerning development of system of inter-regional medical mobility are proposed.
Mining in Indonesia is a vital sector that contributes significantly to the economy. However, current regulations still reveals a number of weaknesses that impact environmental sustainability and community welfare. These include weak law enforcement, lack of transparency and public participation at all stages of mining activities, inadequate mechanisms to ensure corporate social responsibility and environmental and post-mining reclamation, provisions that are not responsive to changing social and environmental conditions, further exacerbating the situation. This research uses a normative legal research method with an analytical approach to the provisions of laws and regulations based on facts obtained from secondary sources by paying attention to the credibility of these secondary sources. The main findings of the research reveal that environmental problems arise due to misalignment between mining laws and environmental laws. Environmental laws are not positioned as a command to mitigate the environmental impact of mining, and issues are further compounded by overlapping regulations on mining reclamation. The welfare of the community remains an unfulfilled promise, as environmental economic rights are increasingly eroded by the provisions in Article 162 of Law No. 3 of 2020. The rampant illegal mining activities further harm state finances, exacerbated by the absence of sophisticated infrastructure to monitor mining areas and potential sites in real time using satellite imagery. Additionally, inadequate distribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds has left mining and affected areas without proper support, highlighting the urgent need for CSR regulations in the future be regulated at the legislative level. Furthermore, regulatory efforts to adopt green technology remain insufficient, with a lack of fiscal incentives and investment protection for companies committed to sustainable practices. The situation is further worsened by the lack of transparency in the mining sector, further exacerbates the situation as there is still no clear mechanism to ensure accountability or provide the public with access to crucial mining operation data. Based on the complex mining problems from multi-sectors, the regulatory reform framework must involve authorized government institutions and involve public participation in regulatory reform and the outcomes of the rules formed can accommodate the protection of public participation and protection of public rights in mining, respond to effective law enforcement and provide great contribution to the state, society, and global collaboration.
Social recommendation, which seeks to leverage social ties among users to alleviate the sparsity issue of user-item interactions, has emerged as a popular technique for elevating personalized services in recommender systems. Despite being effective, existing social recommendation models are mainly devised for recommending regular items such as blogs, images, and products, and largely fail for community recommendations due to overlooking the unique characteristics of communities. Distinctly, communities are constituted by individuals, who present high dynamicity and relate to rich structural patterns in social networks. To our knowledge, limited research has been devoted to comprehensively exploiting this information for recommending communities. To bridge this gap, this paper presents CASO, a novel and effective model specially designed for social community recommendation. Under the hood, CASO harnesses three carefully-crafted encoders for user embedding, wherein two of them extract community-related global and local structures from the social network via social modularity maximization and social closeness aggregation, while the third one captures user preferences using collaborative filtering with observed user-community affiliations. To further eliminate feature redundancy therein, we introduce a mutual exclusion between social and collaborative signals. Finally, CASO includes a community detection loss in the model optimization, thereby producing community-aware embeddings for communities. Our extensive experiments evaluating CASO against nine strong baselines on six real-world social networks demonstrate its consistent and remarkable superiority over the state of the art in terms of community recommendation performance.
Masanori Takano, Kenji Yokotani, Takahiro Kato
et al.
Online communication via avatars provides a richer online social experience than text communication. This reinforces the importance of online social support. Online social support is effective for people who lack social resources because of the anonymity of online communities. We aimed to understand online social support via avatars and their social relationships to provide better social support to avatar users. Therefore, we administered a questionnaire to three avatar communication service users (Second Life, ZEPETO, and Pigg Party) and three text communication service users (Facebook, X, and Instagram) (N=8,947). There was no duplication of users for each service. By comparing avatar and text communication users, we examined the amount of online social support, stability of online relationships, and the relationships between online social support and offline social resources (e.g., offline social support). We observed that avatar communication service users received more online social support, had more stable relationships, and had fewer offline social resources than text communication service users. However, the positive association between online and offline social support for avatar communication users was more substantial than for text communication users. These findings highlight the significance of realistic online communication experiences through avatars, including nonverbal and real-time interactions with co-presence. The findings also highlighted avatar communication service users' problems in the physical world, such as the lack of offline social resources. This study suggests that enhancing online social support through avatars can address these issues. This could help resolve social resource problems, both online and offline in future metaverse societies.
The evolvement and development of the Russian literary intelligentsia of the XIX century remains an urgent problem of historical science and literature studies. A writer in Russia was not only the creator of literary works. His mission was closely connected with the development of the state and the society. The writer’s activities had a significant impact on politics, public life, and culture. Literature became the “teacher of life.” At the turning points of the Russian history, new talents poured into literary creativity. They searched for their creative credo, overcoming difficulties, became known throughout Russia, but were forgotten in the XX century. The purpose of the study is to study the literary activity of the Russian writer A.A. Tikhonov-Lugovoy, which began in the post-reform era in Russia, the influence of living conditions, new ideas and aspirations on the formation of ideas and features of his creative talent and style. Materials and methods. The sources were the writer’s memoirs “How My Faith Grew”, “Leaves from Autobiography”, the assessments of his contemporaries, as well as the first literary works he wrote – poems and short stories that give the opportunity to evaluate his views, the search for his place in the literary environment and his formation as a writer. The main methods were historicism, objectivity, analysis and synthesis of materials from literary sources and social and political essays. Research results. At the turn of the 1870s and 1880s, the Russian state and the society as a whole were experiencing a time of reforms and transformations undertaken by Emperor Alexander II. The new era of capitalist modernization caused new phenomena in the economy and social relations, and created new contradictions in life. The Russian literature actively responded to the challenges of the time, striving to show the origins and causes of psychological and moral background of events and processes. The “Chekhov era” began. A new generation of poets, fiction writers and playwrights emerged. Among them, the first literary steps were made by A.A. Tikhonov-Lugovoy who decided to devote himself to literary creativity. He experienced many hardships and life lessons, the bitterness of disappointments, the joy of his first successes and recognition, becoming a famous writer of the late XIX and early XX centuries. In his work, he remained in the positions of classical Russian literature, striving like no one else to determine the deep socio-psychological characteristics of typical heroes of the post-reform era belonging to various social strata, ranks and titles. Conclusions. Despite the emergence of new modernist trends in the literature of the coming “silver age”, many new talents came to the writing environment, including A.A. Tikhonov-Lugovoy, they continued the best traditions of the Russian literature of the “golden age”, whose works became a real “teacher of life” for many generations of compatriots.
The article examines current problems and prospects for improving state regulation of sustainable development in the context of modern globalization processes. Globalization, which covers the economic, social and environmental spheres, on the one hand, opens up new opportunities for countries through international cooperation, exchange of technologies, access to new markets and innovations. On the other hand, it exacerbates several challenges, such as the uneven distribution of resources, increased environmental threats, the dependence of national economies on external markets, growing inequality in society and excessive depletion of natural resources. The study analyzes key economic, environmental and social barriers that hinder the effectiveness of implementing sustainable development policies. In particular, the problem of insufficient financing of innovations in the field of the “green” economy, unbalanced priority of economic growth over environmental sustainability, as well as low coordination between states in solving global problems, such as climate change and environmental degradation, is considered. Particular attention is paid to the prospects for improving state regulation using a systemic approach. The article proposes tools to increase the effectiveness of state policy, including tax incentives for enterprises that implement environmental innovations, increasing investments in renewable energy, reforming the regulatory framework considering international standards, as well as the development of digital tools for monitoring the implementation of environmental programs. The authors emphasize the importance of increasing the role of international cooperation, exchanging experience between countries, creating unified platforms for the development and implementation of sustainable development policies. The importance of educational and information campaigns to popularize the principles of environmentally responsible behavior and sustainable consumption among the population is also emphasized. It is determined that only harmonious interaction between economic, social and environmental aspects can ensure long-term balanced development. Thus, the proposed recommendations are aimed at forming an effective state mechanism that will allow countries to adapt to the challenges of globalization and contribute to achieving sustainable development goals at the national and global levels. Keywords: sustainable development, government regulation, globalization, environmental policy, economic growth, climate change, “green” economy, social inequality, international cooperation, innovation, resource efficiency, renewable energy.
Hadassah Ely Sharon, Hansen Hanjaya, Gita Noviani
et al.
Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah merupakan satu kekuatan ekonomi melalui kemampuannya untuk menyerap tenaga kerja. Salah satu kategori usaha yang memiliki peluang yang besar adalah jasa kecantikan karena jumlahnya masih sedikit, terutama di Tasikmalaya. Pandemi Covid-19 menjadi kendala utama bagi pelaku usaha yang memasarkan produk/jasanya secara langsung. Talita Care merupakan salah satu usaha bidang kecantikan yang masih melakukan pemasaran secara konvensional dan belum memiliki kompetensi untuk melakukan pemasaran secara digital. Karena itu diberikan program pendampingan kepada Talita Care untuk mengembangkan kemampuan Talita Care terutama dari sisi Pemasaran Digital. Penerapan Pemasaran Digital diangkat sebagai fokus pembahasan karena memiliki peran penting sebagai strategi promosi bagi produk Talita Care untuk semakin dikenal oleh masyarakat, bahkan setelah pandemi berakhir. Mengingat kondisi pandemi, program pendampingan dilakukan secara online dengan menggunakan media Zoom. Program ini berhasil membuka channel pemasaran baru bagi Talita Care, meningkatkan penjualan melalui platform digital serta meningkatkan kompetensi pemilik dan pegawai Talita Care dalam Pemasaran Digital.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Communities. Classes. Races
Sanjayduth Bhundhoo, Preeya Vijayalakshmee Coolen, Roslyn S. Fraser
Mauritius has a long history of labour migration and has always been an integral part in the socio-economic development of the country. Over the years Mauritius has put in place robust legal framework and has signed several laws to protect and preserve the rights of migrant workers. However, despite all these legislations to protect migrant workers, still there are lot of challenges in terms of poor living conditions, marginalization and exploitation that are still prevalent in our country. This study explores the essence of social work practices and having migrant social workers in enhancing the social and environmental wellbeing in promoting the sustainable living conditions of migrant workers in Mauritius. Qualitative methodology approach using the Grounded Theory by using semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty migrant workers coming from different countries and working in different sectors. Five key themes emanated from the results as follows: (i) Living conditions, (ii) precarious working conditions, (iii) marginalization, (iv) limited access to social support and (iv) psychosocial problems. The study emphasized on the important role migrant social workers can have in terms of advocacy for policy reforms and fostering integration of the migrant workers within the society. Moreover, Social workers can help in addressing the difficulties that the migrant workers endure within their stay in our country.
Purpose. The purpose of the study is to determine the state, identify the main challenges and risks affecting rural development in Ukraine, and assess their influence on the effectiveness of functioning and financial capacity of rural territorial communities in the conditions of power decentralization and self-government reform. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of the research was a systematic approach to the study of the investigated phenomena and processes and the dialectical method of cognition, as well as general scientific and special methods. In order to assess the state and trends of rural development in Ukraine, economic and statistical methods were used in analytical studies (comparative analysis to compare the results obtained in certain years, average and relative values, trend analysis, index analysis, etc.). This was done to establish certain relationships, such as identity, similarity, or difference between characteristics and facts. To determine the influence of individual factors on the operational efficiency and financial capacity of territorial communities, multiple correlation and regression analysis was used. A number of abstract-logical techniques made it possible to formulate intermediate and final conclusions and proposals. Results. Current conditions are analyzed and trends of rural development in Ukraine for 1990–2022 are determined. It was found that over the past 32 years, the socio-economic crisis in rural areas continues to worsen, which is manifested in declining employment rates, increasing unemployment, rising poverty, mass migration of peasants, deterioration of infrastructure and access to social services. The main challenges and problems of rural development have been identified and systematized by groups: socio-demographic, economic, environmental and nature protection, institutional, political. To assess the factors influence on the effectiveness of functioning and financial capacity of territorial communities, a multifactorial correlation and regression analysis was conducted. It was found that the level of capital expenditures is most affected by the fiscal return of the community territory per 1 inhabitant. Originality / scientific novelty. The elements of scientific novelty consist in the introduction of a systematic approach to generalizing challenges and problems affecting the development of rural areas and communities, which were systematized by groups: socio-demographic, economic, environmental and nature protection, institutional, political. The scientific and methodological foundations of studying the socio-economic situation in Ukraine’s rural areas in terms of determining the factors and assessing their influence on the effectiveness of functioning and financial capacity of rural territorial communities have been further developed. Practical value / implications. The identification of factors and their influence on the functioning effectiveness and financial capacity of rural territorial communities can be taken into account by state institutions when reviewing previously adopted documents and elaborating strategic plans for the restoration and development of Ukraine’s rural areas, taking into account internal threats and the long-term external aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine.
L. S. Agalarova, T. P. Rozanova, R. Yu. Stytsiuk
et al.
The analysis of main approaches to determining essence of health-improving tourism in works of national scientists and researchers is presented. The conclusions are made that the most widespread classification of health-improving tourism is its division into medical and health-improving tourism. The medical tourism includes such its types as medical and sanatorium-health resort, and health-improving tourism covers balneologic, SPA-tourism, Wellness-tourism. The difference between medical and health-improving tourism is determined in order to regulate received services. The author's structure of medical and health-improving services, types of tourism and specialized organizations is developed. The analysis of supply and demand for health-improving tourism in 2014-2020 is presented. The main trends of development of health-improving segment in context of such its directions as increasing of SPA and Wellness industry, development of medical tourism, increasing of return on health tourism are formulated. The factors constraining development and reducing competitiveness of health-improving tourism in Russia are identified and structured.
The article highlights the doctrinal and applied political and legal problems of the genesis and development of Ukrainian statehood in the context of today’s challenges.It is proven that Ukrainian statehood is an inviolable requirement of the existence of the Ukrainian people and their sovereign will, the entire centuries-old history of Ukrainian statehood and the right to self-determination exercised by the Ukrainian nation, the entire Ukrainian people. This is a determining factor in strengthening civil harmony on the land of Ukraine and the foundation of the national identity of the Ukrainian people, national patriotic consciousness and spirituality. Preservation of the foundations of national statehood, protection of the state sovereignty of Ukraine, the integrity and inviolability of its territory determines the content and direction of the state’s foreign and domestic policy and is the object of Ukraine’s national security, the cause of the entire Ukrainian people. The problems of the history, theory and practice of Ukrainian state-building in the conditions of full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the Russian-Ukrainian war are considered. It is proven that the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian state faced a number of complex systemic internal and external threats and challenges, primarily related to such fundamental constitutional values as sovereignty, independence, freedom, democracy, territorial integrity, etc. Parallels are drawn between the historical past and the present in the context of the relationship between Ukrainian statehood and Horde Muscovy. It is proven that statehood is a broad, multi-structural concept that consists of various elements, one of which is the state. At the same time, statehood and the stateare concepts that do not coincide, they cannot be equated. The concept of «statehood» in the categorical apparatus of modern political and legal science performs a number of explanatory, axiological and identifying functions that reveal the substantive and formal-legal specificity of various stages of this process in the direction of the formation of a sovereign state and its institutions The conceptual issues of the human dimension of Ukrainian statehood, the strategy of its development through the prism of the realization and protection of human right sare considered. Attention is focused on the fundamental challenges of modernization of Ukrainian statehood from the standpoint of the principles of classical constitutionalism. Certain trends in the development of Ukrainian statehood in the aspect of the formationof civil society in Ukraine, institutions of a social legal state, parliamentarism and implementation of power decentralization are outlined. Key words: statehood, state, Ukrainian people, society, public power, democracy,constitutional reform.
El bicentenario es una oportunidad no solo para conmemorar la Independencia de nuestro país, sino también, para visibilizar los diversos actores de la guerra civil de la Independencia del Perú y descentralizar las narrativas desde las regiones. El presente estudio describe y analiza la participación puneña en la guerra por la Independencia del Perú, que para el caso del Sur Andino fue un proceso largo y complejo. Algunos historiadores refieren que inició, incluso, con la rebelión de Tupac Amaru en Cusco en 1780, se intensificó con las juntas autonomistas de La Paz y Chuquisaca en 1809, además de la rebelión del Cusco de 1814; este periodo fue el más convulsivo y sanguinario en el altiplano. La presencia del virrey La Serna en el sur constitucional y la batalla de Zepita en 1823 demandaron levas y exacciones a la población puneña, que al fin proclamó y juró su independencia recién en diciembre de 1824.
Social sciences (General), Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
The purpose of the article is to highlight the main aspects of the multiperspective approach and prove the efficiency of its use in the process of teaching history in general educational institutions of Ukraine in the conditions of the New Ukrainian School. The key change in this educational reform of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine is a change of approaches to learning and the content of education. The multi-perspective approach is one of the modern methodological approaches to teaching history in general educational institutions. Since multiperspectivity requires the recognition that a "historical object/subject" (event, process, phenomenon, figure) can surround several coexisting perspectives, this approach has now become particularly relevant in historical didactics in the conditions of the New Ukrainian School and the integration of Ukrainian education into European educational and cultural space. The methodological principles of the research are based on such principles of scientific and pedagogical research as the principle of constant studying of the pedagogical phenomenon; the principle of holistic studying of the object of education. In the process of research, the authors used methods of analysis and comparison, in particular, the analysis of official sources of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the analysis of scientific and pedagogical works of the Ukrainian and foreign authors studying to the problem of using a multi-perspective (multi-perspective) approach in teaching history, a comparison of different points of view of these authors about the main principles and features of a multi-perspective approach in school history education. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the authors proved the necessity of using a multi-perspective approach in Ukrainian educational institutions at the current stage and analyzed specific examples of its implementation in the conditions of the New Ukrainian School, in particular, in the tasks of the current State Standard of Civic and Historical spheres the educational program in history: "History: Ukraine and the world" (integrated course) for 10-11th grades of secondary schools. Therefore, the conditions of common life of citizens of multicultural, multiethnic and multiconfessional societies of the European countries and Ukraine provide for the constant use of different points of view in the evaluation of historical events, processes, phenomena and personalities, the formation in the process of education primarily of social and cultural history, oriented to the European general values and the humanistic ideals. The aforementioned involves the use of a multi-perspective methodological approach in the conditions of the New Ukrainian School.
Within the framework of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, goals were formulated, including those targeting to improve quality of life of people all around the world. The task was formulated to ensure universal coverage of health services. In 2019, the United Nations General Assembly noted that at least half of world's population have no access to basic health services. The study developed methodology to carry out comprehensive comparative analysis of values of individual public health indicators and amount of population payments for medications to confirm possibility of applying these indicators to monitor public health, including possibility of international comparisons. The study demonstrated inverse relationship between share of citizens' funds to pay for medications, index of universal health coverage and life expectancy. The stable direct relationship between such indicators as overall mortality rate from non-communicable diseases and likelihood of dying at the age of 30-70 years from any of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases.
V. Zamanzadeh, Majid Purabdollah, Mostafa Ghasempour
Dear Editor Nursing professionalism has been an important issue in the history of nursing and in recent decades significant progress has been made in this direction. One of the most important effective features in nursing professionalism is the public image and social acceptance towards nursing. Since Florence Nightingale, the public image of nursing has always been one of the major challenges of the nursing profession (Moore et al., 2019). The image of nursing is closely related to the identity and role of nurses and their cultural background and affects their clinical performance, job satisfaction, quality of care, social status, economic value and career development (Kaur Pushpinder & Rawat, 2017). The image of nursing has changed over time; from angel and servant in 1919 to a weak and feminine image in the years 1920 to 1929 and the following decades to subordinate and receiver of doctors' orders, and it has finally, morphed into the image of a caregiver in recent decades (Girvin et al., 2016). Findings show that the public image of nursing is a multidimensional, allinclusive, paradoxical, dynamic and complex concept and it is influenced by nursing stereotypes. In previous studies, 34 different nursing stereotypes have been identified, some of which include angels of mercy, the doctor’s handmaiden, battle axe and sexy nurse. It should be noted that most of the identified stereotypes have negative connotations for the nursing profession and the media have played a key role in the lingering effects (Girvin et al., 2016). Furthermore, RezaeiAdaryani et al. (2012) summarized the undesirable social perception of nursing in terms such as gender stereotypes, being a physician subordinate, having lower academic standards, harsh working conditions, low income and limited job opportunities for career advancement. These negative stereotypes can lead to frustration, low selfesteem and disruption of nurses’ professional and social identities, creating a repressive environment for enhancing the nursing profession (Fontanini et al., 2021). There are many factors associated with the public image of nursing. Important factors include media, newspapers, magazines, poor communication, invisibility, nurses' selfimage, behaviours, clothing style, gender issues and professional organizations (Elmorshedy et al., 2020; RezaeiAdaryani et al., 2012). One of the factors that is less known but effective in creating and strengthening the public image of nursing is the occurrence of disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis and emerging diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus (MERS), Ebola, coronavirus and the role of nurses in managing these crises. It should be noted that there are no validated treatments for many new emerging infectious diseases such as SARS, MERS and COVID19 (Wibawa, 2021). The main strategies are symptomatic and supportive care, such as keeping vital signs stable, maintaining oxygen saturation and treating complications, such as secondary infections or organ failure (McGillis Hall & Kashin, 2016; Wibawa, 2021; Wu et al., 2020). Although we are 2 years into the Covid19 pandemic, due to the evolving nature of the virus and the emergence of new variants such as Delta and Omicron, additional studies on standard drug treatments are still underway (Cascella et al., 2022). The many challenges and problems that COVID19 has created worldwide have received a great deal of media attention. The general public relies heavily on the media as well as government and global health organizations for accurate and comprehensive information in times of health crises. Consequently, the media have covered more news and images related to nurses in response to COVID19. The results show that despite a threefold increase in media coverage of nursing between 18 March and 18 April 2020 (coinciding with the outbreak of COVID19) compared to the same period last year, the stereotyped image of nursing, such as the Angels of Mercy with wounded faces, national heroes, selfsacrifices shown to the public and even the use of military terms such as war, the battle on the front lines and death on duty, has become commonplace in both media and political discourses (Bennett et al., 2020). However, the use of these military concepts has recently been questioned. Comparing pandemics to war is both dangerous and wrong, since pandemics require collective, focused and coordinated responses, while wars divide the population (Fontanini et al., 2021; Varma, 2020). Thus, the conflict between the nursing profession and stereotypical public images remains. In this regard, the results of the study of McGillis et al. showed that the media in the early stages of the Ebola outbreak compared nurses to Florence Nightingale
Abstract As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine continues, more and more people are calling for a ban on Russian energy imports. The proponents argue that abstaining from importing billions worth of coal, oil and gas will further increase the pressure on the Kremlin. Critics, however, including German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, warn of what they believe to be incalculable consequences, with the gas supply being particularly at risk. This article outlines the different options for substituting Russian coal, oil, and especially gas and explains why the wait-and-see attitude of the German government towards a complete import ban is understandable.
Economic theory. Demography, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
In her paper, the author presents an analysis of the debate on „mixed marriages“ initiated in June 1994 by Džemaludin Latić, editor-in-chief of the Bosniak national weekly Ljiljan. The research focus of the paper, however, is not on „mixed marriages“ as a „phenomenon of socialist past“ but on discourse in Ljiljan as a linguistically constructed social reality/past that is produced through discussion. That discourse aimed at creating a new narrative and ideological basis for group bonding, i.e. at completing the process of national homogenization. Media elite gathered around Ljiljan was part of the Bosniak political elite – that emerged during the „democratization“ period in the late 1980s and early 1990s - which shaped political paradigm of „the new ethnonational order” and in that sense Ljiljan represented „ideological apparatus” of post-socialist political and social power structures. Main feature of the discourse produced in Ljiljan, through the bitter dispute with Oslobodjenje, newspaper which narratively and ideologically shaped reality in the socialist period, was dramatic revision and simplified stigmatic presentation of the socialist past, victimization of Bosniak nation, and stigmatic collective categorizations of Others. Discussion in Ljiljan was aimed at defining and pointing at both the external and internal enemy of the Bosniak nation, with the latter being represented by those who were considered to be the carriers of the ideological values of the overthrown socialist system. They were to be isolated within the new political order, silenced and pushed towards the social margins, and the values from the social past were re-evalueted and proclaimed to be lie and illusion. Thus, the Internal Others included members of „mixed marriages“ who, with their „multicultural” matrimonial association, were perceived as the ones that violated symbolic boundaries of traditional Islamic collective identity. The Serbs were, on the other hand, defined as the main External Other, and this collective categorization included even those who remained 1992-1995 in besieged Sarajevo, and they were, as well, equated with Chetniks and Communists through discussion in Ljiljan. It is important to stress that the debate in Ljiljan was marked by strong ideological repulsion toward the secularism and civic conceptions, especially European secularism, which relied on the Christian cultural tradition as hegemonic. Source of the hostility and animosity for the main political and social protagonists of the recent socialist past was in the personal traumatic experience of the Young Muslim Group, since 1990 new political elite, which went through the rigged Sarajevo process in 1983, as well as in their ideological repulsion toward the modernization and secularization processes of transformation through which Bosniaks and Bosniak family passed during socialist period. Since the debate erupted in the war year 1994, which was preceded by dense period of brutal violence, concentration camps, mass rapes, and the passivity of European diplomacy towards all these horrific happenings, the author believes that all mentioned contributed to the radicalization of discourse in the national media and that, also, suffered violence was misused by the media and new political elite in order to complete the process of homogenization of the Bosniak collective on the basis of the exclusive ideology of „cultural fundamentalism“. The author also shows that Džemaludin Latić, Ljiljan’s editor-in-chief, tried to use the discussion to encourage the restoration of institutional power and control of the Islamic Community over the matrimonial union of members of national and cultural collective. Namely, within the patriarchal discourse in Ljiljan, the „monocultural matrimonial union“ was perceived as a framework within which the Bosniak national society should be revived and renewed on the basis of Islamic traditional and cultural principles. Within the private sphere, woman as mother played a key role in the process of primary socialization and therefore the focus of a significant part of the discussion within Ljiljan was on her body and life and her responsibility for the postwar biological and cultural revival of the collective. Therefore, the ban on mixed marriages applied primarily to her, Bosniak/Muslim woman. This in fact presented a biopolitical strategy that stood behind the discussion, focused on the bare lives of national subjects, ie. on their subjectivization and socialization within the new political order. Political and social protagonists of that order wanted to ensure „valid“ biological, cultural and ideological reproduction of the new political system and therefore permanent legitimacy of their political, social and economic power. This could be achieved only by directing collective identity self-understanding of national subjects through the monoperspective culture of remembrance and through their social and cultural practices.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform