Juan Federico VON ZESCHAU, Marcial S¡NCHEZ-MOSQUERA
Nous évaluons ici le fonctionnement du conseil économique et social de la République argentine (CES-A) durant ses deux années d’activité (2021-2022). Pour ce faire, nous étudions le déploiement du CES-A dans le cadre institutionnel hiérarchisé de l’économie argentine et comparons l’instance au conseil sur le salaire minimum (CSMVM) en mettant l’accent sur leurs complémentarités institutionnelles. À partir d’informations secondaires, d’observations participantes et d’entretiens semi-structurés, nous mettons en évidence les contraintes internes et externes qui ont influencé le changement institutionnel que le CES-A devait apporter. L’arrivée au pouvoir d’un nouveau gouvernement en 2023, conjugué à un manque de résultats, a entraîné la dissolution du CES-A.
The global coffee market has experienced significant price volatility in recent years, with rising prices influenced by multiple factors, including climate change, supply chain disruptions, increased production costs, and growing demand. This review investigates the causes of global coffee price increases, focusing on their impact on Ethiopia’s coffee sector, a major player in global production and export. Climate change, through extreme weather events, has resulted in fluctuating yields and reduced productivity, threatening the stability of Ethiopia’s coffee industry. Supply chain disruptions, including labor shortages and shipping delays aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, have further strained the market. Moreover, rising input costs, particularly for fertilizers and labor, have added pressure on coffee producers. While the price surge presents opportunities for increased export revenues, particularly in specialty coffee, these benefits are tempered by the challenges of climate variability, labor shortages, and rising production costs. To enhance resilience and sustain growth, Ethiopia must prioritize climate-smart agricultural practices, technological innovation, and market diversification. Government support, including infrastructure development and financial services are essential to strengthen the coffee sector’s competitiveness and ensure long-term sustainability in the face of global market fluctuations.
Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food processing and manufacture
Adel Rouhi Jouybari, Seyed Mohammad Esmaiel Jalali
Iran is considered one of the countries with a relative advantage in the field of mining and related industries due to its important mineral resources and reserves. This issue increases the importance and priority of development programs in the mining and mineral industries sector. Copper, after steel, ranks second among the major metals in terms of value-added production in the world. Iran, with a reserve of about 34 million tons of copper, owns 4% of the world's copper reserves. This article examines the analytical and comparative analysis of copper industry development programs in Iran and India. Although both countries have started their own development programs in the copper industry almost simultaneously, India was ranked among the top economic powers in Asia in 2018 compared to Iran. On the other hand, with some economic growth indicators surpassing China, some analysts believe that this trend may continue and India may achieve growth similar to China and even replace it. On this basis, India’s strategic plans in the field of copper can greatly help in formulating strategic plans in Iran’s copper industry. According to studies conducted in Iran, the most important challenges in the copper industry include increasing the amount of government salaries and export duties, non-entry of mining and industrial machinery, round-the-clock laws, and fluctuations in exchange rates and inflation. This research has examined the damage and analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s copper industry program, reviewed the current situation and copper industry development programs, compared it with India, and addressed the challenges ahead. Finally, solutions have been proposed for the development of this important industry.
Introduction
Iran is located on one of the two copper belts in the world and is considered one of the areas with the economic potential of copper. Evaluations show that Iran’s share of the world’s 20 million tons of copper production is less than 1.5%. The share of the industry in Iran’s gross domestic product is 7%, of which copper covers 1% of the 7%. In fact, the share of the copper industry in Iran’s gross domestic product is 1%, which is relatively low given the volume of copper mineral reserves. Therefore, considering the importance of the copper industry in the country’s economy as a productive sector and the increasing demand for this metal in the world, having an appropriate industrial strategy to maximize the use of copper mines and related industries is important and necessary.
One of the ways to develop the country quickly is to focus on the mining industry alongside export development. Industrial development is important for national development programs from various aspects. Employment, poverty alleviation, proper use of skilled labor, improvement of regional and international status of the country, meeting internal needs, and enhancing national identity are among the aspects of development that have been tied to industrial development. In this regard, according to the emphasis and statements of the upper-level documents, especially the five-year development plans in the last decade, the subject of drafting an industrial development strategy has been one of the important demands of the government and the relevant ministry so that with the determination of industrial policies at horizontal and vertical levels, the necessary institutional infrastructure for better decision-making by private sector activists can be provided in a more reassuring environment by the government.
Methods
The most important challenges in the copper industry in Iran include problems related to sanctions and the resulting lack of access to modern technologies, lack of support for small and medium-sized businesses, price differences in the commodity exchange and free market and their impact on the trade market and copper products, and the level of access of consumers to the market. The challenges of downstream industries are among the main challenges of this market. Sanctions have caused severe fluctuations in exchange rates and have affected the government's economic and trade policies, ultimately leading to increased production costs, market fluctuations, declining exports, loss of some export markets, rent-seeking, thriving intermediaries, and numerous problems in the field of financing and capital circulation of mining units and mining industries in the country.
In addition to sanctions, restrictions and obstacles resulting from the government's economic and trade policies such as exchange policies, market intervention, and mandatory pricing of mineral and metal products by the Market Regulation Headquarters, prevention of exports and providing the grounds for rent and intermediation have become a major internal obstacle to production in the country. In the conditions of the domestic market recession, most mineral and mining products have experienced a decline in exports, and among the country's economic activists, it is known as self-sanctioning. One of the most important internal obstacles in the mining and mining industries sector is ambiguity in calculating the amount of government salaries for mines, non-return of government salary revenues for expenses in the mining sector, serious conflicts between mining activities, the environment and natural resources, the intervention of the Market Regulation Headquarters in pricing mineral and metal products, and creating export barriers, inaction in policymaking for mines and mining industries on the verge of bankruptcy such as the cement industry and lack of necessary credits for capital facilities in the circulation of mining units and mining industries.
Another important issue that can be investigated in this area is the creation of mining clusters. There are many small copper mines scattered throughout the country with small reserves that can have a significant impact on the country's production with proper measures. In fact, the role of small mines in domestic production and employment is not prominent and they are not valued. As a support, small mines that are reasonably transportable and have a justifiable relationship between them can be consolidated into a consortium, and each of these dependent mines can be involved in the reserves and grade of this consortium, and then the government can also support them by providing facilities. Another effect of sanctions is the update of equipment, which has also affected the copper sector. In Iran, since most mining and industrial machinery is imported, production costs are even higher than countries that own these technologies, even under normal conditions. Now, despite the existing erosion sanctions, the entry of non-standard and inappropriate goods through the black market with a delay and at a price several times higher than the real price, plus the inability to export quality products made domestically to target markets and the obligation to stop production or sale of the produced product to the market with low or sometimes negative profit, are all part of the problems of production units. Factors such as US sanctions, severe fluctuations in exchange rates, and a set of economic and trade policies of the government have led to increased production costs, market fluctuations, declining exports, loss of some export markets, rent-seeking, thriving intermediaries, and numerous problems in the field of financing and capital circulation of mining units and mining industries in the country.
In the past, the most important problems in the copper industry in India were mainly related to the shortage and lack of access to mineral reserves and their environmental consequences. This section examines the major problems of the copper industry as well as the causes and factors of change in India's copper industry strategic document.
The analysis shows that there is a huge difference between the processing plant capacity and the copper mine capacity in India. While India's copper processing plants have a capacity of about one million tons per year, only 35,000 tons of refined copper can be extracted from the current production of copper ore in India. Copper mining and production in India only meets 4% of the country's demand.
The growth of India’s infrastructure is reflected in the growth of copper consumption in the country. The consumption of refined copper has increased at a compound annual growth rate of 2.4% from 2015 to 2019. The need for copper wire in infrastructure and renewable energy projects, an increase in automobile production (which has grown by 3.7%), and an increase in the production of durable consumer goods (refrigerators and gas coolers have increased by 9.6% and 7.0%, respectively) have led to an increase in cpper consumption in the 5 years ending in 2019 (Urvisha, 2019).
Results
After examining and discussing the problems and pathologies of the National Copper Industries Company of Iran for the implementation of its programs, it is faced with some ambiguities and questions that will be discussed below, and solutions have been proposed based on a comparison with India.
Iran, like India, faces a shortage of the necessary concentrate and ore to achieve its development goals. There are several solutions to solve these problems.
One of the effective ways to supply the necessary concentrate for the project is to expand the existing mines that are currently active and under operation.
10% of the required concentrate for the copper industry in Iran is supplied by companies that operate small mines in the country. These companies, including Chahar Gonbad Kerman, Mesdarakhtegan Takhtagonbad, Rangin Metal Copper, Kian Copper Jozam, Minakan, and Madvar Mining Production, mostly sell their products as feed to the National Copper Industries Company of Iran.
However, there are still many small copper mines in the country that are inactive. With support and capital, these mines can be revitalized and brought back into the production cycle.
Based on the findings of this research, it is essential for the government and decision-makers in this important area to focus on important issues in order to develop and formulate plans for this industry. In addition to reducing the concentration of investment in a few specific provinces, it is necessary to take important measures and solutions to streamline production, create regulations and laws, remove production and investment barriers, and implement operational solutions. The following are some of these measures:
Developing and approving a comprehensive plan for nationwide exploration as an upper-level document and the most important pillar of sustainable supply of mineral materials in the shortest possible time.
Allocating a significant and specific budget from the profits of IMIDRO and profitable specialized state-owned companies as a percentage of annual profits to exploration activities and obliging the implementation of exploration operations within the framework of the comprehensive plan for nationwide exploration.
Prohibiting the government from engaging in business activities and obliging the transfer of mining management and production units to the qualified private sector.
Amending relevant laws and regulations, including; Resolving the problem of blocked areas by government agencies, Amending customs laws for the import of machinery and other mining areas and Amending export laws.
Discussions
Iran and India are among the first growing countries with development plans. In 2018, India was ranked among the top economic powers in Asia compared to Iran. On the other hand, with some economic growth indicators surpassing China, some analysts believe that this trend may continue and India may achieve growth similar to China and even replace it. Therefore, India's strategic plans in the field of copper can greatly help in formulating strategic plans in the copper industry of Iran. Exploration operations in a large part of the country's area have not yet been completed, and there is a need for planning and expanding executive activities in this area. In the mining sector, there is currently no desirable situation in the country, and the production of basic metals such as copper and steel is between 1 to 2 percent of the mineral reserves, which is less than global standards. In general, as mentioned, the existing problems in the country's development plans, especially in mining plans, can be divided into problems in program goals, planning system, approval process of development plans, implementation process of development plans, and how to monitor and evaluate programs. Studies conducted in the copper industry section also show that the capacity of cathode production factories is not consistent with the amount of mineral extraction, and the extracted mineral material provides almost half of the capacity of the factories. It is also necessary to plan the objectives of the programs for the production of cathode copper based on the existing reserves and the country's potential in supplying concentrate and concentrate.
In addition, the country’s internal needs and its potential for exports due to sanctions should be considered in these goals. It seems that solving problems such as easier import of mining machinery, given the country’s disorganized transportation fleet, reducing government salaries, freeing up areas, tax exemptions for exploration activities, lack of pricing for copper exports or sales on the commodity exchange, removing and amending cumbersome laws, and developing diplomatic relations can make the future of the copper industry in Iran clearer. Another important issue in this area, compared to India in recent years, has been the problem of feed and concentrate shortages. India’s strategy for expanding existing mines, reopening abandoned mines, and exploring new and undeveloped mines has been a factor in growth and development in developing countries such as India. In the eighth development plan In 1992, India seriously invested in private and foreign investment in the copper industry, while in Iran, this issue still seems very distant. Another important issue in this area, compared to India in recent years, has been the problem of feed and concentrate shortages. India’s strategy for expanding existing mines, reopening abandoned mines, and exploring new and undeveloped mines has been a factor in growth and development in developing countries such as India. In Iran, this industry has not yet had a clear strategy in planning and production, even in state-owned mines.
This article is devoted to the study of the micro- and macroeconomic functions of the formation and increase of wages in the labor market. It is proved that wages, in addition to such basic functions as: reproductive, stimulating, regulating, social, formation, increase and balance of the solvency capacity of the national market, must also perform structural and protective functions. The main approaches and factors of influence on the level of wages are identified and a mechanism for its regulation is proposed, which will help determine the main directions of stabilizing the situation with wages in the country. In modern conditions, wages do not fully perform any function. Thus, to increase the stimulating function in Ukraine, it is necessary to use such factors of influence as: investment and innovation activity, development of entrepreneurship, self-employment. This will contribute to the growth of economic productivity, revision of living standards of the country's population in accordance with European social standards. The low level of wages is the main reason for the growth of hidden unemployment and a significant drop in the solvency demand of the population. The low level of wages is one of the main reasons for the prolonged stay of the Ukrainian economy in a state of crisis. Wages are not only an indicator that determines the general standard of living of workers. The development of the economy in general depends on its condition and forms of implementation. The components of the mechanism for the formation and increase of wages using micro- and macroeconomic approaches have been studied. At the current stage of the development of the Ukrainian economy, the problem of remuneration for labor by implementing an effective mechanism for its regulation is relevant, since the economic processes taking place in the country do not contribute to the motivation of personnel through wages. Due to inflationary processes and the constant depreciation of the domestic currency, wages cease to fulfill their main function - reproduction. Economic growth in the country is impossible without increasing labor productivity, which cannot be achieved without strengthening the stimulating role of wages. Micro- and macroeconomic approaches have been applied to the formation and increase of wages, which makes it possible to regulate the level of wages and achieve the level of European countries. The proposed microeconomic approach in the form of monopsony allows you to regulate the level of wages by regulating supply and demand in the labor market. The proposed macroeconomic approach allows you to reduce the unemployment rate by improving the quality of life.
Concentrations with EU relevance, depending on their features, may fall under multiple legal regimes. EU/national merger control systems, antitrust rules, the Digital Markets Act, and the Foreign Subsidies Regulation impose (more or less) comprehensive jurisdictional, procedural and substantive requirements on such transactions. The manner in which these legal realms interact is remarkable from several standpoints: concentrations are tested ex-ante or ex-post, for various sorts of effects, using distinct methodologies and substantive tests. The merging parties may also expect that their transactions switch jurisdictions or are assessed in parallel, or subsequently, by different enforcers. The procedural roadmaps and requirements they are confronted with during the assessment processes cover broad ranges and oftentimes require skilful navigation. This contribution discusses the interplay between the merger control, antitrust, DMA and FSR regimes, attempting to assert whether addressing concentrations with EU relevance is based on coherently interacting frameworks. In doing this, the contribution weighs in on whether the EUMR continues to take centre-stage when it comes to the assessment of such concentrations – a role one could reasonably expect a mature piece of EU secondary law is apt to play.
O artigo examina o descompasso atual entre a formação científica de economistas e a acelerada transformação de seu objeto, tanto em sua dimensão propriamente socioeconômica quanto em sua dimensão ambiental. Orientada para a temática ecológica, a discussão apresenta as principais tradições de pensamento econômico a ela dedicadas, apontando como as limitações e possibilidades de cada uma refletem os imperativos e impossibilidades do próprio objeto de investigação ao qual se dedicam. Isso fornece uma chave de leitura para entendermos alguns déficits de formação decisivos que povoam a formação corrente de economistas
Palavra-chave: Ensino de economia; Economia ambiental; Economia ecológica; Ecologia marxista.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
This paper reviews accounting education literature with a focus on the supply of and demand for accounting professional’s competencies. Its main objective is to determine which actors are involved in the relationship, ascertain both sides’ perspectives, and evidence competency supply and demand over the last 15 years. After a solid selection, the analysis includes 122 empirical articles from 2006 to 2021. The actors and competencies addressed in the relevant literature were identified and strategies used in their assessment were discovered. The identified competencies were then categorized and framed in the five constructs presented by Kroon and Alves. This approach evidenced that mismatches remain between competency expectations and competency supply in the accounting profession. Investigators may consider the results to improve the consistency of research in this field of study, contributing to a theory that is still lacking. Using the identified concepts and the constructs’ components, empirical studies can bring substantial practical implications to reduce or eliminate existing competency gaps. This study provides an integrated understanding of the literature on the fit between higher education institutions and the labor market of the accounting professional’s competencies. The framing of actors, strategies, and competencies will assist other researchers in augmenting knowledge in this area.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Como parte integrante de um estudo que busca evidenciar os nexos entre economia e cultura nos processos de produção da existência humana, partimos do pressuposto de que, embora não hegemônico entre os antropólogos, o materialismo histórico é essencial para o entendimento das formações sociais capitalistas e não capitalistas. Para explicitar o diálogo entre marxismo e antropologia, e em especial com a antropologia evolucionista de Lewis Henry Morgan, resgatamos o pensamento de Marx e Engels quanto as determinações sociais, materiais e simbólicas. Destacamos contribuições de E. P. Thompson, além do pensamento do antropólogo Maurice Godelier, considerado como marxista estruturalista.
Palavras-chave: Economia; Cultura; Antropologia marxista.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
É provável que o leitor já esteja familiarizado com a série de afirmações de que o “agro” é “tech”, “pop” e “tudo”, presente em propagandas, reportagens e falas de especialistas e políticos vinculados ao setor. Trata-se, como aponta Caio Pompeia em seu muito oportuno livro Formação política do agronegócio, de uma “sinédoque política” que projeta “um imaginário superenglobante do agronegócio” e permite “justificar o pacto da economia política que se aprofundava” a partir de 2016 (p. 308), quando a campanha “Agro: a indústria e a riqueza do Brasil” foi lançada pela Rede Globo, corporação que faz parte do Instituto Pensar Agropecuária (IPA).
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
O propósito deste artigo é apresentar parte das reflexões empreendidas na pesquisa de doutorado cujo objeto foram as práticas educativas desenvolvidas em um assentamento de reforma agrária, entendidas enquanto práticas que se desenvolvem na produção e nas relações por ela engendradas. Os procedimentos técnicos de coleta de dados envolveram o levantamento bibliográfico, entrevistas e visitas. Tendo como foco de análise a dimensão da formação política, pode-se perceber o caráter profundamente formador do movimento social e do trabalho coletivo.
Palavras-Chave: Trabalho – Educação de Adultos – Assentamentos de Reforma Agrária
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Abstract Within the framework of potential efforts and strategies to employment generation for young people in Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular, the agricultural sector is increasingly considered as an important sector and a valuable means for poverty reduction, the promotion of economic development, and youth's economic independence. Renewed hope is placed on the sector to offer sustainable livelihood prospects for the rural youth. Yet, the success and sustainability of the sector require a proper understanding of how households allocate youth labor time in the sector and whether agricultural labor supply is responsive to economic incentives such as shadow wages. Using gender- and age-specific plot-level panel data, we systematically analyze the impacts of shadow wages of each household member on youth agricultural labor supply across types of farms. The results indicate that agricultural shadow wages matter for the youth's labor supply in the sector, but the impact differs for male and female youth. We also show that trends and patterns of youth labor supply vary across gender and whether they work on their own farm, and so do their labor returns. The results are consistent after controlling for individual heterogeneity and instrumenting for possible endogeneity. Taking into account the intensity of youth's actual involvement in the family farm, own farm or off-farm work instead of their stated intentions, the results challenge the presumption that youth are abandoning agriculture, at least in agricultural potential areas of Ethiopia. Instead, the frequent narrative of youth disengaging from agriculture may be a result of methodological flaws or data limitations. The findings suggest that it is necessary to invest in agricultural development to enhance labor productivity and employability of young people in agriculture.
Mange høyt utdanna flyktninger som deltar i introduksjonsprogram, opplever et dilemma mellom rask arbeidsmarkedsintegrasjon og langsiktig sosial mobilitet. Basert på deltakende observasjon og kvalitative intervjuer utforsker artikkelen hvordan programdeltakere forhandler om tid underveis i programmet, og hvilken betydning ambisjoner og utålmodighet har for deltakernes tilnærminger til kvalifisering og arbeid. Noen forsøker å realisere høye ambisjoner gjennom intensivert kvalifisering. Dette kan sies å uttrykke ambisiøs utålmodighet. Andre endrer plan som følge av erfaringer med tapt tid grunnet flukt, og frykt for å tape mer tid gjennom kvalifiseringa. Disse kan forstås som pragmatisk utålmodige. De prioriterer å komme raskere i jobb for å sikre selvforsørgelse, framfor å realisere seg selv som høyt utdanna.
The taxi services market has relied on platforms for many years. Taxis can be hailed at the kerb or by using taxi ranks. Often, consumers rely on intermediaries, such as taxi phone lines. The task of these intermediaries is to despatch a call to a driver, so that the latter can meet consumers’ demand in each case. Today, the use of phone apps reliant on geolocalisation software is among the most common ways in which calls are despatched to taxi service providers. Apps come with significant benefits for both parties. Consumers can track the car they reserved, whereas drivers can deploy more efficiently their working time since they can locate and respond to calls from customers in areas that are within their reach.
The entry into the market for taxi despatch services of these novel instruments has not been without consequences, however. Are we witnessing a sea change in the way in which traditional platforms in this market have conducted their business so far? What are the competition law implications of the entry of phone apps in the taxi despatch services’ market? How far is the application of the competition rules going to affect the nature of taxi despatch platforms? What are the implications of these decisions for the functioning of other platform-based markets?
This paper analyses this question by relying on the practice of national authorities who, in a number of contexts, have ruled on the legality of taxi platforms. It will be argued that the emergence of platform despatchers using geolocalisation technologies may not only “disrupt” those business models that have characterised the taxi despatching market so far. It could also lead to a change in the approach that competition law has adopted in relation to other two-sided markets where intermediation is key to the matching of demand and supply, perhaps by spelling the end of “closed” platforms in favour of open models of intermediation.
The paper will conclude with some more general reflections on the application of the EU competition rules to two-sided markets. It will be submitted that, due to the focus placed on the need to avoid the foreclosure of the market in favour of and by existing incumbents, the ability for users to enter and exit from a platform and, more generally, to rely on a variety of channels for service intermediation are going to be essential to maintain the openness and competitiveness of these markets.
José António Martin Moreno Afonso, Renato Marinho Brandão Santos
O artigo analisa as diferentes concepções politico-educativas sobre o ensino profissional no Brasil, desde os Liceus e Casas de Educandos, no período imperial, até as Escolas de Aprendizes, estabelecidas nas capitais brasileiras a partir de 1910, durante a Primeira República. Discute, ao longo dos diferentes períodos, a associação entre o ensino profissional e o controle das denominadas “classes perigosas”. Especificamente em relação à República, observa o diálogo entre esse regime, que procura se associar às ideias do novo e do progresso, e as Escolas enquanto instituições modernas responsáveis por estabelecer padrões de comportamento e valores. Em conclusão, afirma que os caminhos para consolidação do ensino profissional no Brasil foram tortuosos, tendo como reflexo, entre outros pontos, os altos índices de evasão verificados nas Escolas de Aprendizes.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Education provides good health, empowerment and employment to all people in the society. Accordingly, education can make a lifelong difference in individuals’ lives. It is proved that, on average, there is a positive relationship between each additional year of schooling and the income of an individual. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the demand and supply functions for schooling in Egypt using the data of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2012. It is estimated that the private rate of return to education is 4.5%. Moreover, the rate of return to the number of years of experience is 2.6%, i.e. each additional year of experience will increase the earnings of an individual by 2.6% on average. It is concluded that individuals from poor families have an increased likelihood of receiving financial aid, which decreases their discounting rate of interest.
Political science, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Sérgio Paulo Morais, Denise Nunes De Sordi, Douglas Gonsalves Fávero
Este artigo analisa a dimensão formativa de caráter político-educativo que emergiu a partir da experiência de estudantes que ocuparam escolas públicas em Uberlândia (MG), no ano de 2016. Evidenciamos, a partir da história oral, as formas como a organização individual e coletiva foram interpretadas no contexto da totalidade social. Em virtude do momento da produção das entrevistas e da não completude da própria pesquisa, focaremos, com mais precisão, em consciências reveladas durantes os atos de protestos e as relações com as instituições de ensino. Desse modo, apresentamos como ocorreu o movimento de ocupação e contra ocupação das escolas e o processo educativo vivido pelos ocupantes, que a partir da ação direta promoveram um processo de penetração e compreensão das estruturas sociais.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Big data are considered at the same time a promising driver of economic development and a concern for possible manipulation and privacy intrusion. Data diffusion and their uncertain appropriability can make property rights regarding data less precise than those regarding traditional goods. The article reviews some economic features of data. In many digital markets data can be considered a relevant input for production but hardly an essential facility. Many data are collected in two-sided market platforms and on the one side, they are used to personalise services and to add quality, while on the other side of the platform they contribute to make advertising collection more efficient. So, the transfer of personal data can be considered an implicit price for many free information services. Consumers are usually unaware of subsequent pervasive use of their personal data, and therefore give them away easily. Big data can amplify competitive advantages and related dominant positions, leveraging on information asymmetries. A dominant position obtained through collection and processing of big amounts of personal data allow practices such as first-degree price discrimination, personalised advertising, and artificial degradation of services that can sometimes be considered competitive abuse, but it is difficult that data alone allow to maintain a true dominant position.
Este texto propõe-se a analisar a política de Educação a Distância e suas implicações para a Educação Superior, visando a desvelar o caráter mercadológico da expansão de vagas no nível de ensino em tela, que surge sob o véu de democratização. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se no método dialético marxista, por apreender o objeto considerando-o como unidade do diverso, isto é, complexo de complexos. O eixo articular metodológico trata de uma análise documental. Assim, analisaram-se os documentos do Banco Mundial, Censo de Educação Superior de 2013 e da Unesco. Dessa forma, constatou-se que a política de Educação a Distância é utilizada como estratégia de ampliação do acesso para o Ensino Superior, a qual está calcada na noção de diversificação das fontes de financiamento desse nível de ensino. Assim, compreende-se a educação superior como um nicho mercantil imprescindível para o atual modo de acumulação do capital.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Sammendrag
I likhet med andre europeiske land mottok Norge i fjor et stort antall asylsøkere, og bosettingstallene forventes å bli høye i
årene som kommer. Dette gir åpenbare utfordringer knyttet til integrering i det norske arbeidsmarkedet. I denne artikkelen
undersøker vi hva vi kan lære av historiske erfaringer for tidligere kohorter av bosatte flyktninger fra land utenfor Europa. En
hovedkonklusjon er at ikke-europeiske flyktninger har hatt store problemer med å oppnå høy sysselsetting, og at mange derfor har
blitt avhengige av helserelaterte trygdeytelser. Med ambisjon om å oppnå sysselsettingsrater i nærheten av det vi observerer for
norskfødte, følger behov for politikkendringer.
Nøkkelord: flyktninger, sysselsetting, helserelaterte trygdeytelser, utflytting, familieinnvandring