Hasil untuk "Zoology"

Buriyev Sulaymon, Karimova Nilufar, Rakhmatov Akhmad et al.

This study investigates the reproduction dynamics of Chlorella vulgaris under controlled laboratory conditions and evaluates its application in enhancing aquaculture productivity. Pure cultures of Ch. vulgaris were propagated in photobioreactor systems under optimized conditions involving varied light intensities, pH ranges, and nutrient concentrations. Reproductive performance was assessed through growth rate, chlorophyll content, cell density, and autosporulation analysis. Maximum biomass yield was obtained at 25°C, pH 7.5, and light intensity of 150 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ using nitrogen-enriched media. Harvested biomass was incorporated into experimental aquafeeds at 5% and 10% inclusion levels, and its effect on the growth performance, feed efficiency, and water quality in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) was assessed over a 45-day period in recirculating aquaculture systems. Results demonstrated that Ch. vulgaris supplementation significantly improved specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and fish survival compared to control groups. Furthermore, live microalgae addition contributed to reduced ammonia and nitrate levels, confirming its biofiltration capacity. This study highlights the dual role of Chlorella vulgaris as a nutrient-rich feed additive and an eco-functional agent in aquaculture. The findings support the integration of laboratory-optimized Ch. vulgaris into sustainable fish farming systems and provide a scalable model for enhancing productivity while improving environmental resilience.

Nadia I. Okasha, Mohamed Abdel Rahman, Mohammed S. Nafie et al.

Background: One of the most dangerous problems that the world faced recently is viral respiratory pathogens. Marine creatures, including Echinodermata, specially Asteroidea class (starfish) have been extensively studied due to their miscellaneous bioactivities, excellent pharmacological properties, and complex secondary metabolites, including steroids, steroidal glycosides, anthraquinones, alkaloids, phospholipids, peptides, and fatty acids. These chemical constituents show antiviral activities against a wide range of viruses, including respiratory viruses. Results: The present study aimed at the identification of potential antiviral compounds from some starfish species. The bioactive compounds from Pentaceraster cumingi, Astropecten polyacanthus, and Pentaceraster mammillatus were extracted using two different solvents (ethyl acetate and methanol). The antiviral activity against influenza A/H1N1 virus showed that ethyl acetate extract from Pentaceraster cumingi has the highest activity, where the selective index was 150.8. The bioactive compounds of this extract were identified by GC/MS analysis. The molecular docking study highlighted the virtual mechanism of binding of the identified compounds towards polymerase basic protein 2 and neuraminidase for H1N1 virus. Interestingly, linoleic acid showed promising binding energy of −10.12 Kcal/mol and −24.20 Kcal/mol for the selected two targets, respectively, and it formed good interactive modes with the key amino acids inside both proteins. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed that linoleic acid was the most active antiviral compound from P. cumingi. Further studies are recommended for in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of this compound against influenza A/H1N1 virus.

Sarkity Dios, Liana Metta, Fitriani Rita et al.

The need to develop 21st-century skills requires lecturers to apply appropriate learning to develop skills. This study aims to describe how the implementation of case-method learning for physics lectures on the topic of hydrostatic pressure by integrating the maritime context. This research is a descriptive study. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through observation and documentation. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented based on the stages of case- method learning. The implementation of the case method in physics learning on the topic of hydrostatic pressure by linking the maritime context can be done by providing problems that are in accordance with the conditions or events that students often encounter. For instance, we present a problem related to the sinking of the KRI Nanggala 402 ship, a real-life maritime incident involving a steel ship that split into 3 parts. Students discuss in groups to find solutions to problems using appropriate physics concepts and strategies. After going through a series of problem-solving processes, students can understand the essence of the concept of hydrostatic pressure, what events are related to this concept, and how to apply it in solving problems.

Xue-Er Wang, Zhi-Wei Li, Li-Lin Liu et al.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing tributyrin (TB) on the meat quality characteristics of foreshank muscle of weaned lambs. A total of 30 healthy weaned Small-Tailed Han female lambs with body weights ranging from 23.4 to 31.6 kg were selected and randomly divided into five groups, and each group consisted of 6 lambs. The control group was fed a basic total mixed ration, while other groups were fed the same ration supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg TB, respectively. The experiment lasted 75 d, including 15 d of adaptation. Foreshank muscle obtained at the same position from each lamb was used for chemical analysis and sensory evaluation. The results showed that supplementing TB increased the muscle contents of ether extract (<i>p</i> = 0.029), calcium (<i>p</i> = 0.030), phosphorus (<i>p</i> = 0.007), and intermuscular fat length (<i>p</i> = 0.022). Besides, TB increased the muscle pH (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and redness (<i>p</i> < 0.001) but reduced the lightness (<i>p</i> < 0.001), drip loss (<i>p</i> = 0.029), cooking loss (<i>p</i> < 0.001), shear force (<i>p</i> = 0.001), hardness (<i>p</i> < 0.001), cohesiveness (<i>p</i> < 0.001), springiness (<i>p</i> < 0.001), gumminess (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and chewiness (<i>p</i> < 0.001). In addition, TB increased the muscle content of inosine-5′-phosphate (<i>p</i> = 0.004). Most importantly, TB increased the muscle contents of essential amino acids (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, TB increased the saturated fatty acids level in the muscle (<i>p</i> < 0.001) while decreasing the unsaturated fatty acids content (<i>p</i> < 0.001). In conclusion, supplementing TB could influence the meat quality of foreshank muscle of weaned lambs by modifying the amino acid and fatty acid levels.

Johanna von Seth, Tom van der Valk, Edana Lord et al.

Abstract Background Understanding the micro-­evolutionary response of populations to demographic declines is a major goal in evolutionary and conservation biology. In small populations, genetic drift can lead to an accumulation of deleterious mutations, which will increase the risk of extinction. However, demographic recovery can still occur after extreme declines, suggesting that natural selection may purge deleterious mutations, even in extremely small populations. The Chatham Island black robin (Petroica traversi) is arguably the most inbred bird species in the world. It avoided imminent extinction in the early 1980s and after a remarkable recovery from a single pair, a second population was established and the two extant populations have evolved in complete isolation since then. Here, we analysed 52 modern and historical genomes to examine the genomic consequences of this extreme bottleneck and the subsequent translocation. Results We found evidence for two-fold decline in heterozygosity and three- to four-fold increase in inbreeding in modern genomes. Moreover, there was partial support for temporal reduction in total load for detrimental variation. In contrast, compared to historical genomes, modern genomes showed a significantly higher realised load, reflecting the temporal increase in inbreeding. Furthermore, the translocation induced only small changes in the frequency of deleterious alleles, with the majority of detrimental variation being shared between the two populations. Conclusion Our results highlight the dynamics of mutational load in a species that recovered from the brink of extinction, and show rather limited temporal changes in mutational load. We hypothesise that ancestral purging may have been facilitated by population fragmentation and isolation on several islands for thousands of generations and may have already reduced much of the highly deleterious load well before human arrival and introduction of pests to the archipelago. The majority of fixed deleterious variation was shared between the modern populations, but translocation of individuals with low mutational load could possibly mitigate further fixation of high-frequency deleterious variation.

Akshay Khandekar, Tejas Thackeray, Ishan Agarwal

We describe three distinct, small-bodied, scansorial species of south Asian Cnemaspis from Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India—Cnemaspis azhagu sp. nov. from Thirukurungudi forest range, Cnemaspis mundanthuraiensis sp. nov. from Mundanthurai forest range and Cnemaspis kalakadensis sp. nov. from Kalakad forest range. Phylogenetic analyses using a partial sequence of the mitochondrial ND2 gene and general morphology places each of the three new species in the beddomei, gracilis and littoralis clades, respectively. The three new species are diagnosed from all other described members of their respective clades by a suite of differing morphological characters including snout vent length, number of dorsal tubercle rows at mid-body, number of paravertebral tubercles, presence or absence of spine-like scales on flanks, number of ventral scales across belly at mid-body, number of ventral scales from mental to anterior border of cloaca, number of lamellae under digit IV of pes, number of femoral and/or precloacal pores and poreless scales separating these series, as well as subtle colouration differences. We also provide some novel characters of tail tuberculation of the three new species described herein. With the discovery of these three new species, eight species of geckos including five Cnemaspis are now known to be endemic to KMTR.

Priti Tagde, Pooja Tagde, Fahadul Islam et al.

Curcumin is the primary polyphenol in turmeric’s curcuminoid class. It has a wide range of therapeutic applications, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anticancer effects against various cancers, but has poor solubility and low bioavailability. Objective: To improve curcumin’s bioavailability, plasma concentration, and cellular permeability processes. The nanocurcumin approach over curcumin has been proven appropriate for encapsulating or loading curcumin (nanocurcumin) to increase its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Though incorporating curcumin into nanocurcumin form may be a viable method for overcoming its intrinsic limitations, and there are reasonable concerns regarding its toxicological safety once it enters biological pathways. This review article mainly highlights the therapeutic benefits of nanocurcumin over curcumin.

Elsayed E. I., Mossad W.G., Ismail A.H. et al.

One of the effective recommendation for control of Foot and Mouth disease virus is the proper vaccination by a highly potent vaccine. Such a vaccine should be specific to the circulated field serotype of foot and mouth disease virus inducing rapid, highly protective immunity with a long duration. This research is concerned with using plant extracted oil adjuvants prepared from rapeseed oil mixed with or without Ginseng extracts and from Soybean oil as well with or without Ginseng extracts. Some humoral and cellular immune responses were compared using the different plant-extracted oils and the mineral-based adjuvant called Montanide oil ISA 206 after one dose vaccination of the prepared vaccines at different interval times post vaccinations. Lymphocyte blastogenesis, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-12 showed higher expression in calves vaccinated by FMDV serotypes (O pan Asia, A Iran O5, and SAT2 / EGY/2012) with plant extract oil containing Ginseng extract comparable to that of plant extracts without Ginseng and Montanide oil ISA 206 adjuvants vaccines. It was found that FMD vaccine adjuvant with ginseng either with rapeseed or Soybean showed a higher post vaccinal cellular immune response than that without ginseng or ISA 206 alone. Estimation of the humoral immune response of vaccinated calves revealed that antibody against FMD virus serotypes O pan Asia, A Iran O5 and SAT2 / EGY/2012 by SNT and ELISA assay induced by the inactivated FMD adjuvant with rapeseed oil and ginseng vaccine and the inactivated FMD adjuvant with soybean oil and ginseng vaccine were higher than those induced by inactivated FMD adjuvant with Montanide oils 206. In contrast, the obtained antibody levels by the inactivated FMD adjuvant with rapeseed oil vaccine and inactivated FMD adjuvant with soybean oil vaccine was lower than those induced by inactivated FMD adjuvant with Montanide oils 206. So, it could be concluded that the use of plant origin oil adjuvant as rapeseed and soybean oil is considered a beneficial and alternative adjuvant to the imported mineral oil as it is much cheaper and induce better post vaccinal immune responses especially when mixed with ginseng extract.

F. Bouti, M. L. Berkani, S. Doumandji et al.

Nous registres d’Apoidea (Himenòpters, Apoidea, Apiformes) a Algèria Les recerques es van portar a terme durant el període comprès entre 2015 i 2017 en diverses regions del nord d’Algèria. Aquest estudi es refereix a Apoidea (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) i la seva distribució. Entre aquests insectes pol·linitzadors capturats a la vegetació natural i cultivada registrem quatre noves espècies per a la fauna d’Apoidea a Algèria no reportades fins ara, distribuïdes en dues famílies: Andrenidae i Megachilidae. També incloem la llista taxonòmica d’aquestes espècies, amb la distribución geogràfica, l’altitud, l’hàbitat, els períodes de vol i les flors visitades. Dades publicades a Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.3648692)

Kovtonyuk Nataliya, Han Irina, Gatilova Evgeniya et al.

Two herbarium collections (NS and NSK) of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS keep about 740,000 specimens of vascular plants, collected in Siberia, Russian Far East, Europe, Asia and North America. Genus Allium s. lat. Is presented by 6224 herbarium sheets, all of them were scanned using international standards: at a resolution of 600 dpi, the barcode for each specimen, 24-color scale and scale bar. Images and metadata are stored at the CSBG SB RAS Digital Herbarium, generated by ScanWizard Botany and MiVapp Botany software (Microtek, Taiwan). Datasets were published via IPT at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility portal (gbif.org). In total 207 species of the genus Allium are placed in the CSBS Digital Herbarium, which includes representatives from 13 subgenera and 49 sections of the genus. 35 type specimens of 18 species and subspecies of the genus Allium are hosted in CSBG Herbarium collections.

Natalia A. Bukshuk, Olga O. Maikova

This paper reports on a new species of the Baikal endemic sponge (fam. Lubomirskiidae) Swartschewskia khanaevi sp. nov. The description of this species is based on morphological and molecular data (ITS and mitochondrial IGRs). Morphologically, S. khanaevi sp. nov. differs from S. papyracea by loose tracts arranged in an irregular network as well as the presence on strongyles of compound spines looking like tubercles densely ornamented with simple spines. Moreover, specimens of S. khanaevi sp. nov. show a peculiar structure of the aquiferous system at the body surface that may be an adaptive trait for environmental conditions. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that S. khanaevi sp. nov. forms a well-supported (0.99) monophyletic clade with S. papyracea and is allocated as its sister taxa.

Paula Ramos, Raquel Carvalho, Fernanda Rosa et al.

Some pouting caught off the Atlantic coast of Portugal are discarded as unmarketable due to a dark discolouration of the skin and muscle. This study investigates the cause of this condition, describes the new parasite species responsible, and highlights the importance of educating those in charge of premarket inspection of food fish in order to reduce likelihood that consumers will eat infected fish. Macroscopically, infected fish showed considerable heterogeneity in darkening of the skin and hypaxial and epaxial muscles. Microscopical observation revealed bipolar nematode eggs in varying stages of development arranged in a linear pattern along muscle fibers. Histopathology confirmed the presence of eggs of a nematode of the genus Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 as the cause of muscle darkening and established a relationship between infection intensity and consequent darkened appearance of the tissues. The eggs are oval or barrel-shaped, with a smooth surface and polar plugs at opposite ends. The thin outer vitelline membrane is smooth and lacks ornamentation. Under light microscopy, the main eggshell of older eggs exhibits the outermost delicate and smooth vitelline membrane, and a thicker layer, correspondent to chitinous and chondroitin proteoglycan layers. Scanning electron microscopy of eggs confirmed light microscopic studies, namely the presence of a smooth vitelline membrane surrounding the egg. Microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of eggs, and a new host family in a new geographic area, all suggest that a new species, herein named Huffmanela lusitana sp. n. is involved. Keywords: Trisopterus luscus, Dark muscle, Huffmanela lusitana sp. n., Nematode, Portuguese coast, Marketed infected food-fish

P. Kočárek, L. Dvořák, M. Kirstová

Shaimaa A. Shlash, Samer A. Hasan

Objective: The present study was planned to identify the efficacy of Datura metel aqueous seeds extract against Ascaridia galli infection on body weight and some haematological parameters among in vivo in Birds. Methodology: The present study was carried out in advanced zoology laboratory/science college-Kufa university from February,2015 to January,2016. This study was carried out on 70 bird from layer hens type Domestic Pigeons naturally infected with A. galli , after determination LD50 on Ascaridia galli and certain that Datura metel without toxicity where used three groups were concentrations this material by two way the one orally 100 and 300 mg/kg respectively from body weight with Datura metel aqueous seeds extract and leave about other groups as positive control for 21 days. Result: The results showed that Datura metel aqueous seeds extract with concentration (300mg / kg) gave significantly (p<0.05) improving in body weight gain , increasing Hemoglobin values (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV) and determination of Total erythrocyte count (TEC) to weeks (7,14 and 21) days following the concentration (100 mg / kg) which gave same result but lesser than above concentration compared with positive groups control (non-treated). Conclusion: The study proved that gave Datura metel aqueous seeds extract with concentration (300mg / kg) improved studied standers for naturally infested birds with Ascaridia galli after twice orally administration per day for continuous three weeks . Recommendations: Heading to use of medicinal plants for abundance, cheap price, more effective and side effects less.

Ramón Cancino-Murillo, Tiberio César Monterrubio-Rico, Adrián Morales Salazar-Zamudio

Presentamos los primeros registros del aguililla pecho-rojo (Buteo lineatus) para el estado de Michoacán, en el contexto de una revisión de sus registros para el centro-occidente de México. Los nuevos datos sugieren la fidelidad de individuos y su permanencia invernal en una zona suburbana al noroeste de la ciudad de Morelia, en Michoacán, durante el periodo de 2011-2014.

Mahboobeh Hadadian, Abbas Ali Zamani, Alireza Marefat et al.

In this study, 13 different biotypes of Praon exsoletum were investigated based on selected morphological characteristics. This species is specialized parasitoid of Therioaphistrifolii on alfalfa and clover. Traditional morphometric analysis was used to obtain three meristic and 15 continuous characters. The analysis of variance showed that P. exsoletumbiotypes differ in many morphometric traits. Moreover, all biotypes displayed their maximum differences in six morphological characters as follows:(1) number of antennal segments;(2) inter-tentorial/tentorio-ocular distance;(3) length/width of ovipositor sheath;(4) length/width of second flagellar segment; (5)length/width of third flagellar segment and (6) number of longitudinal placodes on second flagellar segment. The discriminant function analysis indicated45.23% of correct assignment of specimens to the a priori designated groups of specimens. The results indicated an overlapping of analyzed biotypes according to selected morphological characters. On the other hand, geometric morphometrics analysis applied on forewings, the size and the shape revealed statistically significant differences. Eleven homologous landmarks were selected. The ANOVA (p < 0.000) and MANOVA (P= 0.000) showed that there were significant differences in size and shape of forewings. Visualization of the distribution of individuals was presented using Principal component analysis and Canonical variate analysis. On whole, the result of this investigation showed that R1 and the radial veins (end of Rs and M) tend to be short. Furthermore, the USAbiotype introduced is positioned near all other analyzed biotypes of P. exsoletum. Among the selected morphological characters, four characters namely (1) length of wing/length of R1; (2) length of wing/length of stigma; (3) length of first/third flagellar segment and (4) width of first/third flagellar segment were first considered for morphometric study in Praon and P. exsoletum species. Our results showed lack of subspecies for P. exsoletum.

Cornelis van Achterberg, Mark R. Shaw

Seven new species of the genus Aleiodes Wesmael, 1838 (Braconidae: Rogadinae) are described and illustrated: A. abraxanae sp. n., A. angustipterus sp. n., A. artesiariae sp. n., A. carminatus sp. n., A. diarsianae sp. n., A. leptofemur sp. n., and A. ryrholmi sp. n. A neotype is designated for each of Aleiodes circumscriptus (Nees, 1834) and A. pictus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838), and both species are redescribed and illustrated. Aleiodes ochraceus Hellén, 1927 (not A. ochraceus (Curtis, 1834)) is renamed as A. curticornis nom. n. &amp;amp; stat. rev., and redescribed and illustrated. Aleiodes bistrigatus Roman, 1917, A. nigriceps Wesmael, 1838, and A. reticulatus (Noskiewicz, 1956), are re-instated as valid species. A lectotype is designated for Aleiodes bistrigatus Roman. An illustrated key is given to some distinctive species and the residual species groups along which further parts of an entire revision of western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes and Heterogamus will be organised. Biology, host associations and phenology are discussed for the keyed species (in addition to the above, A. albitibia (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838), A. apiculatus (Fahringer, 1932), A. arcticus (Thomson, 1892), A. cantherius (Lyle, 1919), A. esenbeckii (Hartig, 1834), A. jakowlewi (Kokujev, 1898), A. modestus (Reinhard, 1863), A. nigricornis Wesmael, 1838, A. pallidator (Thunberg, 1822), A. praetor (Reinhard, 1863), A. seriatus (Herrich- Schäffer, 1838) sensu lato, A. testaceus (Telenga, 1941), A. ungularis (Thomson, 1892), and A. varius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838)) which are dealt with in full here (with the exception of A. seriatus s.l. which is, however, included in the key). The experimental methodology covering the revision as a whole, which involves some behavioural investigation, is outlined.

V. Gonçalves-Castro, L. Silva-Castilho

A.M. Prokofiev

С Далатского нагорья во Вьетнаме описан Didrepanephorus baron sp. n., наиболее сходный с D. anthracinus (Ohaus), но отличающийся строением парамер, окраской и рядом более мелких структурных особенностей. Отмечено сходство нового вида с Fruhstorferia javana Kolbe, в связи с чем обсуждена современная родовая классификация трибы Fruhstorferiini.

J. P. Grime, J. Hodgson