Hasil untuk "Zoology"

S. Star, J. Griesemer

E. Mayr

Simran Arora, Sabri Eyuboglu, Aman Timalsina et al.

Attention-free language models that combine gating and convolutions are growing in popularity due to their efficiency and increasingly competitive performance. To better understand these architectures, we pretrain a suite of 17 attention and"gated-convolution"language models, finding that SoTA gated-convolution architectures still underperform attention by up to 2.1 perplexity points on the Pile. In fine-grained analysis, we find 82% of the gap is explained by each model's ability to recall information that is previously mentioned in-context, e.g."Hakuna Matata means no worries Hakuna Matata it means no"$\rightarrow$"??". On this task, termed"associative recall", we find that attention outperforms gated-convolutions by a large margin: a 70M parameter attention model outperforms a 1.4 billion parameter gated-convolution model on associative recall. This is surprising because prior work shows gated convolutions can perfectly solve synthetic tests for AR capability. To close the gap between synthetics and real language, we develop a new formalization of the task called multi-query associative recall (MQAR) that better reflects actual language. We perform an empirical and theoretical study of MQAR that elucidates differences in the parameter-efficiency of attention and gated-convolution recall. Informed by our analysis, we evaluate simple convolution-attention hybrids and show that hybrids with input-dependent sparse attention patterns can close 97.4% of the gap to attention, while maintaining sub-quadratic scaling. Our code is accessible at: https://github.com/HazyResearch/zoology.

Pratyay Ghosh, Ronny Thomale

We define unconventional non-collinear magnetic ground states on the maple leaf lattice (MLL) distinguished by the selective breaking or preservation of time reversal ($\mathcal{T}$) and parity ($\mathcal{P}$). Depending on the nature of $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-breaking, linear spin-wave theory reveals momentum-dependent non-relativistic magnon spin splitting at different high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone. From a mean-field analysis of the Hubbard model at weak coupling, we reveal itinerant $\mathcal{P}$-preserving $q=0$ altermagnetic (A$l$M)-type order, while we expect $\mathcal{P}$-broken canted-$120^\circ$ A$l$M-type order at strong coupling. Our findings establish the MLL as a prime platform for exploring phase transitions and frustration phenomena emanating from competing non-collinear A$l$M-type orders.

Takehiro Furukawa, Fumihiro Yamane, Takuji Okumura et al.

Insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG) is considered a key regulator of male sexual differentiation and maturation in decapod crustaceans. In several species, <i>IAG</i> expression is thought to be negatively regulated by the eyestalk, as demonstrated by eyestalk ablation (ESA) experiments. In the kuruma prawn <i>Marsupenaeus japonicus</i>, however, the upstream regulatory mechanisms of <i>IAG</i> (<i>Maj-IAG</i>) remain largely unclear. In the present study, males of different body sizes were subjected to ESA to elucidate these mechanisms. Bilateral ESA induced upregulation of <i>Maj-IAG</i> expression from day 7 onward, whereas unilateral ESA did not. Moreover, enhanced development of male reproductive organs and hypertrophy of the androgenic gland were observed from day 7 after bilateral ESA. These findings indicate that <i>Maj-IAG</i> is regulated by eyestalk-derived factor(s), supporting the presence of an eyestalk–androgenic gland endocrine axis in <i>M. japonicus</i>. By contrast, the expression of <i>Maj-Dsx2</i>, a homolog of doublesex (<i>Dsx</i>) that has recently been proposed as an upstream regulator of IAG, did not show a consistent increase following bilateral ESA across all experiments, suggesting that the involvement of <i>Maj-Dsx2</i> in this axis remains unclear. Overall, this study provides fundamental insights into the regulatory mechanisms of decapod male reproduction.

Maria Juliana Benitez Saldivar, Viviana Massoni

Nest attention has a strong effect on nestling survival and is essential for the reproductive success of the parents. Secondary cavity nesters compete intensively for access to cavities and face high risk of nest usurpation by conspecifics. We describe nest attention by both sexes in the Saffron Finch ( Sicalis flaveola pelzelni ), and compare rates of nest attention in response to experimental territorial intrusions of live male and female conspecifics. During the incubation and brooding periods, in response to intrusions by other females or males, both natural and experimental, the attending females arrived at the nest immediately. Females also stayed close to the nest during egg laying and “old” 8–9 days old nestlings’ periods, but never attacked the intruders. Attending males took more time to approach the nest but spent a lot of time close to it, during the egg laying, incubation, and “young” 4–5 days old nestling periods, especially during simulated intrusions by other males. Focal males kept intruders of both sexes at bay and physically attacked the male intruders. The observed responses could be elicited by the perceived risk of mate or cavity loss before raising a brood. This study on a multi-brooded subtropical obligate secondary cavity nester reveals sex differences of nest attention in response to the sex of conspecific intruders.

Nuiyen Aussanee, Khumin Vinta, Wichai Siriwan

Cadmium contamination found in paddy fields in the Maesot District of Tak Province, Thailand. This area was remediated using 50mg/L of ZVI. The study aimed to isolate and identify soil bacteria in the soil and rice roots and to investigate ZVI’s effect on the isolated bacterial cells. The results indicated no significant difference in soil bacteria content before and after remediation at the 95% confidence level. Twelve isolates of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were obtained. Those isolates could grow at high concentrations of 300 mg/L of ZVI. RH17 had a high tolerance for TSA with 300 mg/L of ZVI at only 10 CFU/ml. The effects of ZVI at 150 mg/L on RH17 cells, a small amount of ZVI was observed adhering to the cells’ surface and forming giant cells, while at 300 mg/L of ZVI, caused a reduction in growth by 81.0%. The nifH gene of RH17 was related to Rhizobium sp. strain 5-1-2. The results demonstrated the cadmium remediation process with 50mg/L of ZVI did not affect the cell count of soil bacteria in the paddy field. However, at 150 mg/L or higher, ZVI damaged the isolated Rhizobium sp. cell membrane. So, the remediation using ZVI must consider the appropriate concentration.

N. Khanh, T. Nakajima, S. Hayami et al.

Magnetic skyrmion is a topologically stable particle‐like swirling spin texture potentially suitable for high‐density information bit, which was first observed in noncentrosymmetric magnets with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. Recently, nanometric skyrmion has also been discovered in centrosymmetric rare‐earth compounds, and the identification of their skyrmion formation mechanism and further search of nontrivial spin textures are highly demanded. Here, magnetic structures in a prototypical skyrmion‐hosting centrosymmetric tetragonal magnet GdRu2Si2 is exhaustively studied by performing the resonant X‐ray scattering experiments. A rich variety of double‐Q magnetic structures, including the antiferroic order of meron(half‐skyrmion)/anti‐meron‐like textures with fractional local topological charges are identified. The observed intricate magnetic phase diagram is successfully reproduced by the theoretical framework considering the four‐spin interaction mediated by itinerant electrons and magnetic anisotropy. The present results will contribute to the better understanding of the novel skyrmion formation mechanism in this centrosymmetric rare‐earth compound, and suggest that itinerant electrons can ubiquitously host a variety of unique multiple‐Q spin orders in a simple crystal lattice system.

A. Dubois, A. Ohler, R. Pyron

Although currently most taxonomists claim to adhere to the concept of ‘phylogenetic taxonomy’, in fact most of the zoological classifications currently published are only in part ‘phylogenetic’ but include also phenetic or gradist approaches, in their arbitrary choices of the nodes formally recognised as taxa and in their attribution of ranks to these taxa. We here propose a new approach to ‘phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature’, exemplified by a phylogenetic classification or cladonomy of the extant amphibians (subclass Lissamphibia of the class Amphibia) derived from a supermatrix-based phylogenetic analysis using 4060 amphibian species, i.e. about half of the 8235 species recognised on 31 October 2020. These taxa were represented by a mean of 3029 bp (range: 197–13849 bp) of DNA sequence data from a mean of 4 genes (range: 1‒15). The cladistic tree thus generated was transferred into a classification according to a new taxonomic and nomenclatural methodology presented here, which allows a bijective or isomorphic relationship between the phylogenetic hypothesis and the classification through a rigorous use of suprageneric ranks, in which their hierarchy mirrors the structure of the tree. Our methodology differs from all previous ones in several particulars: [1] whereas the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature uses only three ‘groups of names’ (species, genus and family), we recognise four nominal-series (species, genus, family and class); [2] we strictly follow the Code for the establishment of the valid nomen (scientific name) of taxa in the three lower nominal-series (however, in a few situations, we suggest improvements to the current Rules of the Code); [3] we provide precise and unambiguous Criteria for the assignment of suprageneric nomina to either the family- or the class-series, excluding nomina proposed expressly under unranked or pseudoranked nomenclatural systems; [4] in the class-series, for which the Code provides only incomplete Rules concerning availability, we provide precise, complete and unambiguous Criteria for the nomenclatural availability, taxonomic allocation and nomenclatural validity and correctness of nomina; [5] we stress the fact that nomenclatural ranks do not have biological definitions or meanings and that they should never be used in an ‘absolute’ way (e.g., to express degrees of genetic or phenetic divergence between taxa or hypothesised ages of cladogeneses) but in a ‘relative’ way: two taxa which are considered phylogenetically as sister-taxa should always be attributed to the same nomenclatural rank, but taxa bearing the same rank in different ‘clades’ are by no means ‘equivalent’, as the number of ranks depends largely on the number of terminal taxa (species) and on the degree of phylogenetic resolution of the tree; [6] because of this lack of ‘equivalence’, some arbitrary criteria are necessary to fix a starting point for assigning a given suprageneric rank to some taxa, from which the ranks of all other taxa will automatically derive through a simple implementation of the hierarchy of ranks: for this purpose we chose the rank family and we propose a ‘Ten Criteria Procedure’ allowing to fix the position of this rank in any zoological classification. As a result of the implementation of this set of Criteria, we obtained a new ranked classification of extant lissamphibians using 25 suprageneric ranks below the rank class (11 class-series and 14 family-series ranks), and including 34 class-series and 573 family-series taxa, and where the 575 genera we recognise are referred to 69 families and 87 subfamilies. We provide new nomina and diagnoses for 10 class-series taxa, 171 family-series taxa, 14 genus-series taxa and 1 species. As many new species of amphibians are permanently described, this classification and its nomenclature will certainly have to change many times in the future but, using the clear, explicit, complete, automatic and unambiguous methodology presented here, these changes will be easy to implement, and will not depend on subjective and arbitrary choices as it has too often been the case in the last decades. We suggest that applying this methodology in other zoological groups would improve considerably the homogeneity, clarity and usefulness of zoological taxonomy and nomenclature.

Michael L. Galyean, Luis O. Tedeschi

Predictions of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis for beef cattle generally rely on empirical regression equations, with intakes of energy and protein as key variables. Using a database from published literature, we developed new equations based on the intake of organic matter (OM) and intakes or concentrations of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). We compared these new equations to several extant equations based on intakes of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP. Regression fit statistics were evaluated using both resampling and sampling from a simulated multivariate normal population. Newly developed equations yielded similar fit statistics to extant equations, but the root mean square error of prediction averaged 155 g (28.7% of the mean MCP of 540.7 g/d) across all equations, indicating considerable variation in predictions. A simple approach of calculating MCP as 10% of the TDN intake yielded MCP estimates and fit statistics that were similar to more complicated equations. Adding a classification code to account for unique dietary characteristics did not have significant effects. Because MCP synthesis is measured indirectly, most often using surgically altered animals, literature estimates are relatively few and highly variable. A random sample of individual studies from our literature database indicated a standard deviation for MCP synthesis that averaged 19.1% of the observed mean, likely contributing to imprecision in the MCP predictions. Research to develop additional MCP estimates across various diets and production situations is needed, with a focus on developing consistent and reliable methodologies for MCP measurements. The use of new meta-omics tools might improve the accuracy and precision of MCP predictions, but further research will be needed to assess the utility of such tools.

L Medrano-González, K Audley, CS Baker et al.

Here, we describe variation in mtDNA haplotypes among 22 individual humpback whales off the Guerrero coast in southern Mexico and compare this to other wintering regions in the eastern North Pacific Ocean using published data. After correcting for different sample sizes, Guerrero humpback whales fit the cline in the eastern North Pacific in which A types are more abundant northwards, while E and F types are more abundant southwards. Whales observed around Guerrero in early winter exhibited a greater frequency of F types that are also observed earlier in winter at Bahía de Banderas in the mainland region, suggesting a seasonal passage of whales from Mexico to Central America. Four diversity indices were higher in different wintering regions between Nayarit and Guerrero. Departures from neutrality were observed in the bordering wintering grounds of the region. Four measures of differentiation by distance indicated boundaries between Nayarit and Southern Jalisco, and between Guerrero and Oaxaca, suggesting a transitional region between wintering regions of Mexico and Central America from 17.5° to 19.5°N.

Xu Rongchang

lumbodorsal myofasciitis is a common injury in badminton and a common disease in clinical practice. Clinically, acupuncture, cupping, massage, extracorporeal shock wave and other methods are usually used. This paper summarizes and classifies the commonly used treatment methods in the clinic, which are mainly divided into traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined treatment methods, Chinese medicine treatment combined physical therapy methods and physical combined therapy. In the clinic, TCM combined treatment methods and TCM combined physical therapy methods are mainly used, and TCM combined physical therapy methods should be the main research direction in the future. There are many therapeutic methods, but the efficacy of combining multiple therapeutic methods is better than that of single method. This study can provide a theoretical basis and reference for subsequent research and clinical treatment.

A. Biswas

Tommy Tai, Ching Hua Lee

We uncover the very rich graph topology of generic bounded non-Hermitian spectra, distinct from the topology of conventional band invariants and complex spectral winding. The graph configuration of complex spectra are characterized by the algebraic structures of their corresponding energy dispersions, drawing new intimate links between combinatorial graph theory, algebraic geometry and non-Hermitian band topology. Spectral graphs that are conformally related belong to the same equivalence class, and are characterized by emergent symmetries not necessarily present in the physical Hamiltonian. The simplest class encompasses well-known examples such as the Hatano-Nelson and non-Hermitian SSH models, while more sophisticated classes represent novel multi-component models with interesting spectral graphs resembling stars, flowers, and insects. With recent rapid advancements in metamaterials, ultracold atomic lattices and quantum circuits, it is now feasible to not only experimentally realize such esoteric spectra, but also investigate the non-Hermitian flat bands and anomalous responses straddling transitions between different spectral graph topologies.

Feng Yongchun, Zou Tonghua, Zhang Zekai

Using the high-quality Crown Pear as the subject of experimental research, an analysis of the changes in the quality of Crown Pears during a storage period is conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the development of the pear cold storage industry. The study utilizes a handheld digital refractometer, texture analyzer, colorimeter, T-type thermocouple, and electronic balance to explore six aspects of Crown Pears: soluble solids content, hardness, color difference, freezing point, drying loss, and taste. The results reveal the following changes in pear quality during different storage periods within one cycle: the content of soluble solids in Crown Pears initially increases and then decreases during the storage period; hardness decreases with increasing storage time; the external appearance of pears gradually darkens; and drying loss increases with storage time. During the cold storage process of Crown Pears, the optimal temperature setting for the cold storage should be maintained at -1°C to 0.5°C. The flavor of Crown Pears is not optimal during the early stage of storage. The storage time for Crown Pears should be within four months.

Simran Arora, Sabri Eyuboglu, Aman Timalsina et al.

Attention-free language models that combine gating and convolutions are growing in popularity due to their efficiency and increasingly competitive performance. To better understand these architectures, we pretrain a suite of 17 attention and "gated-convolution" language models, finding that SoTA gated-convolution architectures still underperform attention by up to 2.1 perplexity points on the Pile. In fine-grained analysis, we find 82% of the gap is explained by each model's ability to recall information that is previously mentioned in-context, e.g. "Hakuna Matata means no worries Hakuna Matata it means no" $\rightarrow$ "??". On this task, termed "associative recall", we find that attention outperforms gated-convolutions by a large margin: a 70M parameter attention model outperforms a 1.4 billion parameter gated-convolution model on associative recall. This is surprising because prior work shows gated convolutions can perfectly solve synthetic tests for AR capability. To close the gap between synthetics and real language, we develop a new formalization of the task called multi-query associative recall (MQAR) that better reflects actual language. We perform an empirical and theoretical study of MQAR that elucidates differences in the parameter-efficiency of attention and gated-convolution recall. Informed by our analysis, we evaluate simple convolution-attention hybrids and show that hybrids with input-dependent sparse attention patterns can close 97.4% of the gap to attention, while maintaining sub-quadratic scaling. Our code is accessible at: https://github.com/HazyResearch/zoology.

Kai Liu, Long Xie, Mao Deng et al.

Musk, the dried secretion from the musk sac gland which is located between the navel and genitals of mature male musk deer, is utilized as oriental medicine in east Asia. It has been utilized to treat conditions such as stroke, coma, neurasthenia, convulsions, and heart diseases in China since ancient times. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of musk in zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, clinical applications, and quality control according to the up-to-date literature. Studies found that musk mainly contains macrocyclic ketones, pyridine, steroids, fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, whilst the main active ingredient is muscone. Modern pharmacological studies have proven that musk possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotective effects, anti-cancer effects, antioxidant effects, etc. Moreover, muscone, the main active ingredient, possesses anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects. In the quality control of musk, muscone is usually the main detection indicator, and the common analytical method is GC, and researchers have established novel and convenient methods such as HPLC-RI, RP-UPLC-ELSD, and Single-Sweep Polarography. In addition, quality evaluation methods based on steroids and the bioactivity of musk have been established. As for the identification of musk, due to various objective factors such as the availability of synthetic Muscone, it is not sufficient to rely on muscone alone as an identification index. To date, some novel technologies have also been introduced into the identification of musk, such as the electronic nose and DNA barcoding technology. In future research, more in vivo experiments and clinical studies are encouraged to fully explain the pharmacological effects and toxicity of musk, and more comprehensive methods are needed to evaluate and control the quality of musk.

Hiroaki Karasawa, H. Kato

Prof, van den Biggelaar and I discovered we indeed had much in common. After some exchanges °t visits and further discussions over several months we decided we had a solid basis for cooperation. I had published one of the first computer generated cladograms of all the animal phyla and had a vital interest in the phylogeny of metazoans. Prof, van den Biggelaar had been working for years to define the parameters of early development and differentiation in protostomes, especially with Patella vulgata as a model system. At that time, sorting

Matthias Pickem, Josef Kaufmann, Karsten Held et al.

Many metallic transition-metal oxides turn insulating when grown as films that are only a few unit-cells thick. The microscopic origins of these thickness induced metal-to-insulator transitions however remain under dispute. Here, we simulate the extreme case of a monolayer of an inconspicuous correlated metal -- the strontium vanadate SrVO$_3$ -- deposited on a SrTiO$_3$ substrate. Crucially, our system can have a termination to vacuum consisting of either a SrO or a VO$_2$ top layer. While we find that both lead to Mott insulating behavior at nominal stoichiometry, the phase diagram emerging upon doping -- chemically or through an applied gate voltage -- is qualitatively different. Indeed, our many-body calculations reveal a cornucopia of nonlocal fluctuations associated with (in)commensurate antiferromagnetic, ferromagnetic, as well as stripe and checkerboard orbital ordering instabilities. Identifying that the two geometries yield crystal-field splittings of opposite signs, we elucidate the ensuing phases through the lens of the orbital degrees of freedom. Quite generally, our work highlights that interface and surface reconstruction and the deformation or severing of coordination polyhedra in ultra-thin films drive rich properties that are radically different from the material's bulk physics.