Hasil untuk "Science (General)"

J. Lehn

Eleftherios Fyntikakis, Spyridon Plakias, Themistoklis Tsatalas et al.

Background: Strength training (ST) is essential for enhancing athletic performance and reducing injury risk, yet traditional monitoring relies heavily on subjective assessment, limiting objective and individualized evaluation. Objective: This scoping review critically synthesizes current applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and wearable technologies (WT) in ST, with emphasis on methodological approaches, data characteristics, explainability, and practical readiness. Methods: Searches of PubMed and Scopus identified 13 peer-reviewed studies (2015–2025). Evidence was charted and synthesized to compare AI models, wearable sensor configurations, validation strategies, and translational potential. Results: Studies employed classical machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid approaches alongside inertial, force, strain, and physiological sensors to support exercise classification, load estimation, fatigue detection, and performance monitoring. Deep learning models dominated movement recognition tasks, whereas simpler models often aligned better with small datasets and interpretability requirements. However, most studies relied on limited, homogeneous samples and internal validation, restricting generalizability and real-world applicability. Explainability was inconsistently addressed, particularly in higher-risk applications such as injury prediction. Conclusions: AI-enhanced wearables provide objective and individualized ST monitoring, but current evidence remains largely experimental. To ensure a practical application is implemented, standardized datasets, robust external validation, and greater integration of explainable AI are required to support and deliver trustworthy decision-making.

Boniphace Kutela, Frank Ngeni, Cuthbert Ruseruka et al.

Over-speeding is a pivotal factor in fatal traffic crashes globally, necessitating robust speed management strategies to augment road safety. In 2021, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported over 12 000 speed-related fatalities in the United States alone. Previous studies aggregated over-speeding tendencies; however, the extent of over-speeding has a significant implication on the crash outcome. This study delves into the prevalence and magnitude of over-speeding in various scenarios, utilizing data from traffic cameras in Edmonton, Canada, and employing a negative binomial statistical model for analysis. The model elucidates the significance and likelihood of over-speeding tendencies by incorporating temporal and built environment variables, i.e., year, month, number of lanes, dwelling unit types, school-related, and open green space. Study results indicated that the aggregation of the over-speeding data tends to underestimate the influence of various factors. Notably, the estimated impact of the posted speed limit for the disaggregated models is up to over two times that for the aggregated model. Further, the summer months exhibit a roughly 25% uptick in speed limit violations for aggregated models while about a 40% uptick in the speed limit violations for disaggregated approaches. Conversely, a discernible decline in over-speeding tendencies is observed with camera enforcement, showcasing a 25% reduction over four years. Built environment variables presented mixed results, with one-unit dwellings associated with a 12% increase in over-speeding, while proximity to schools indicated a 10% decrease. These pivotal findings provide policymakers and practitioners with valuable insights to formulate targeted interventions and countermeasures to curtail speed limit violations and bolster overall road safety conditions.

Ladi Alik Kumar, K Sunand, Jitendra Debata et al.

Cancer is a disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of cells that increases uncontrollably over an extended period of time. Treating cancerous brain tumors remains among the most challenging tasks for researchers, as brain tumors are among the hardest cancers to treat. Additionally, the condition often worsens because of the delayed diagnosis caused by the absence of early symptoms. The use of conventional treatment methods, such as radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery, continues to be highly limited. The low solubility, narrow therapeutic index, and limited ability to traverse the blood–brain barrier of most anticancer drugs result in limited therapeutic efficacy. In an attempt to overcome these predicaments, formulation scientists have been considering nanotechnology-based therapeutic solutions, particularly given the increasing rates of brain cancers that have low survivability and the drawbacks of the existing treatment methods. Different nanoplatforms, such as polymeric nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and magnetic nanoparticles, have been explored. Research has indicated that such nanocarriers can increase the delivery of drugs to cells in brain tumors with a minimal off-target distribution, resulting in minimal adverse effects and optimal treatment. This review presents a summary of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems that have been reported in recent years for the treatment of brain tumors. In addition, it explains the existing difficulties with the clinical implementation of nanodrug carriers and the perspectives of this field.

Yege Bi, Rui Wang, Lu Li et al.

Anja Levis, Markus Huber, Déborah Mathis et al.

Ketone bodies (KBs) are energy-efficient substrates utilized by the heart depending on its metabolic demand and substrate availability. Levels of circulating KBs have been shown to be elevated in acute and chronic cardiovascular disease and are associated with severity of disease in patients with heart failure and functional outcome after myocardial infarction. To investigate whether this pattern similarly applies to patients undergoing cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), we analysed prospectively collected pre- and postoperative blood samples from 192 cardiac surgery patients and compared levels and perioperative changes in total KBs with Troponin T as a marker of myocardial cell injury. We explored the association of patient characteristics and comorbidities for each of the two biomarkers separately and comparatively. Median levels of KBs decreased significantly over the perioperative period and inversely correlated with changes observed for Troponin T. Associations of patient characteristics with ketone body perioperative course showed notable differences compared to Troponin T, possibly highlighting factors acting as a “driver” for the change in the respective biomarker. We found an inverse correlation between perioperative change in ketone body levels and changes in troponin, indicating a marked decrease in ketone body concentrations in patients exhibiting greater myocardial cell injury. Further investigations aimed at better understanding the role of KBs on perioperative changes are warranted.

Botanical Gazette

Dawen Qian, Bo Fan, Yuting Lan et al.

One of the challenges of managing grasslands sustainably is the conflict between the different ecosystem services they provide. This is especially evident in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) region, where fragile alpine ecosystems make balancing the needs of grassland conservation and development difficult. However, our current understanding of the relationships and drivers of ecosystem services in degraded alpine shrub meadows on the QTP is insufficient. To address this, we studied forage provisioning and water retention services in a degraded alpine shrub meadow in the northeastern QTP. We analyzed the changes and relationships between these services at different levels of degradation and identified those factors that influenced ecosystem service relationships. The results showed that the forage supply service and the water retention service of the alpine shrub meadow increased and decreased by 23.6% and 27.07%, respectively, due to degradation. The trade-offs between these two services varied depending on the degree of degradation, with light and moderate degradation showing a preference for water retention service, and heavy and extreme degradation showing a preference for forage supply. Water retention was constrained by forage supply and both services showed an exponential function form of decay. The physical and chemical properties of the soil in the alpine shrub meadow remained relatively stable during the degradation process, with only soil organic carbon (SOC), total potassium (TK), and total nitrogen (TN) decreasing significantly. SOC may have indirectly influenced the relationship between the two services by affecting water retention. This study provides insights into alpine shrub meadow management and conservation on the QTP.

ReJoyce Green, Anna E. Kirkland, Brittney D. Browning et al.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Adolescence represents a critical period for substance use initiation. Various factors may contribute to trying a sip or single puff of a substance, that could lead to more frequent use. However, less is known about how predictors from multiple domains converge to impact risk for general substance use initiation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is a multi-site longitudinal study following youth into early adulthood. The present study included 7,644 ABCD children who reported no lifetime substance use (including any experimentation) at baseline (ages 9–10). Our primary aim was to use a random forest classification model to predict binary substance use initiation, defined as trying any non-prescribed substance (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, non-prescribed medications), during a 2-year follow-up after baseline. A total of 402 variables from the following categories were examined as predictors: demographics, peer substance use and availability, mental and physical health, culture and environment, biospecimens, neurocognitive functioning, and structural neuroimaging variables. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Over a two-year follow-up, 751 (9.8%) of substance-naïve children reported trying a substance by age 11. The most common substance was alcohol, followed by cannabis and tobacco. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) values were used to assess the relative importance of each predictor. The overall accuracy of the model in accurately predicting group membership (no substance use initiation vs. substance use initiation) was 57.66%. Of the top 5 predictors, the most important predictor was intent to use alcohol (MDA = .002). The following top predictors were structural neuroimaging variables: volume and surface area of right lateral occipital lobe (MDA = .0009 and .0008, respectively), surface area of right inferior temporal lobe (MDA = .0007), and surface area of left superior frontal lobe (MDA = .0007). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A combination of intent to use alcohol and structural neuroimaging indices were among the top predictors of substance use initiation. Understanding predictors of early substance use experimentation is important for identifying at-risk youth that may require targeted intervention approaches.

Emiline Smith, Chloe Heys

Akono Daniel Florent, Bokanda Ekoko Eric, Bisse Salomon Bertrant et al.

The Ebolowa Municipal Lake (EML) (South Cameroon) in order to identify the early diagenesis processes taking place in the lake and the factors influencing them. To this end, 21 samples were collected. In situ, hydrogen potential, redox potential, conductivity, dissolved oxygen content, and turbidity were measured. In the laboratory, the samples were subjected to mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction, geochemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence and ICP-MS, and statistical analysis. The coefficient of variation (Qi) was calculated from the geochemical data. In the water column, OD > 2 mg/L, pH > 7 and Eh < 0 mV. In sediments: pH < 7, Eh values are lower. The contents of 2.08 ≤ TOC ≤ 12.65%. The mineralogical procession consists of quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, and siderite. The latter is only present in the EML. The sediments are dominated by SiO2 (60.44–89.47%), Al2O3 (6.55–18.17%), and Fe2O3 (1.15–6.21%). The Qi values range from 0.73 to 2.31. The Mn/Fe ratio values are below 0.40. Qi > 1 for Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Na, P, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ba, and V, and Qi < 1 for Si; Qi = 1 for Ca. The hierarchical cluster analysis shows two groups: the first one includes the samples from the central and western parts, while the second one includes those from the eastern and southern parts of the lake. The water column is subject to oxic conditions, while the sediments are anoxic. The rapid consumption of oxygen is due to organic mineralization, which is the main diagenesis observed in the lake. This phenomenon is more accentuated in the western part of the lake.

L. Erdős, Didem Ambarlı, O. Anenkhonov et al.

1Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary 2Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Düzce University, Konuralp, Turkey 3Institute of General and Experimental Biology SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia 4Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary 5Department of Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary 6Department of Climatology and Landscape Ecology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary 7College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China 8Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 9Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran 10Department of Biology, I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University, Bryansk, Russia 11MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary

Joyce Ehrlinger, D. Dunning

ZHANG Sen, LIU Yi, SU Xiaolei et al.

In order to improve the microwave absorption performance of TiC powder, TiC/Ni composite powder was prepared by coating nickel particles with mass fraction of 10%, 20% and 30% on the surface of TiC by typical coarsening and sensitizing electroless nickel plating process. The composite powder was characterized by SEM and XRD, and the effect of nickel content on the microwave absorbing properties of TiC/Ni composite powder was analyzed. The results shows that the dielectric constant and permeability of TiC/Ni powder increases with the increase of nickel mass fraction. With -5 dB as the scale, the absorption bandwidth of the sample with a thickness of 3.0 mm increases from 0 to 3.34 GHz. When the thickness is 3.8 mm, the minimum reflection loss of TiC is -3.66 dB. For TiC/Ni samples with a thickness of 2.8 mm and a mass fraction of Ni of 30%, the minimum reflection loss value of -9.95 dB is obtained at 9.67 GHz. It can be seen that electroless nickel plating can improve the microwave absorption performance of TiC.

Mariana Sá Santos, Haipei Liu, Valentin Schittny et al.

Here, we present a method based on yeast surface display that allows for direct comparison between population-level cell adhesion strength and single-molecule receptor-ligand rupture mechanics. We developed a high-throughput yeast adhesion assay in which yeasts displaying monomeric streptavidin (mSA) or enhanced mutant mSA were adhered to a biotinylated coverglass submerged in fluid. After exposure to shear stress (20–1000 dyn/cm2) by rapid spinning of the coverglass, cells were imaged to quantify the midpoint detachment shear stress for the cell population. We then performed atomic force microscope single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) on purified mSA variants and identified correlations between single-molecule rupture force distributions and cell population adhesion strength. Several features of yeast display were important for successful correlations of adhesion strength to be drawn, including covalent attachment of the receptor to the cell wall, a precisely defined molecular pulling geometry, repression of nonspecific adhesion, and control for multivalency. With these factors properly taken into account, we show that spinning disk cell adhesion assays can be correlated with SMFS and are capable of screening the mechanical strength of receptor-ligand complexes. These workflow enhancements will accelerate research on mechanostable receptor-ligand complexes and receptor-mediated cell adhesion.

Thi-Hong Nhung Nguyen, Thi-Tuyet Trinh Tran, Thi-Hoa Luong et al.

We have established the footprint-free Vietnamese human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line, VRISGi002-A, from CD71 + CD235a + erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) of a 27-year-old healthy donor. The EPCs were enriched from isolated peripheral blood and reprogrammed using Sendai viruses which carried the reprogramming factors c-MYC, SOX2, KLF4, and OCT4 under a feeder-free culture system. The established VRISGi002-A cell line expressed typical pluripotency markers, displayed a normal karyotype, and demonstrated the potential to differentiate into the three germ layers. This hiPSC line could serve as a Vietnamese healthy control model for physiological processes and drug screening.

K. C. Chen, W. Dai, C. Errando-Herranz et al.

A quantum random access memory (qRAM) is considered an essential computing unit to enable polynomial speedups in quantum information processing. Proposed implementations include the use of neutral atoms and superconducting circuits to construct a binary tree but these systems still require demonstrations of the elementary components. Here, we propose a photonic-integrated-circuit (PIC) architecture integrated with solid-state memories as a viable platform for constructing a qRAM. We also present an alternative scheme based on quantum teleportation and extend it to the context of quantum networks. Both implementations realize the two key qRAM operations, (1) quantum state transfer and (2) quantum routing, with already demonstrated components: electro-optic modulators, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) network, and nanocavities coupled to artificial atoms for spin-based memory writing and retrieval. Our approaches furthermore benefit from built-in error detection based on photon heralding. Detailed theoretical analysis of the qRAM efficiency and query fidelity shows that our proposal presents viable near-term designs for a general qRAM.

Katja Niesel, Michael Schulz, Julian Anthes et al.

Abstract The tumor microenvironment in brain metastases is characterized by high myeloid cell content associated with immune suppressive and cancer‐permissive functions. Moreover, brain metastases induce the recruitment of lymphocytes. Despite their presence, T‐cell‐directed therapies fail to elicit effective anti‐tumor immune responses. Here, we seek to evaluate the applicability of radio‐immunotherapy to modulate tumor immunity and overcome inhibitory effects that diminish anti‐cancer activity. Radiotherapy‐induced immune modulation resulted in an increase in cytotoxic T‐cell numbers and prevented the induction of lymphocyte‐mediated immune suppression. Radio‐immunotherapy led to significantly improved tumor control with prolonged median survival in experimental breast‐to‐brain metastasis. However, long‐term efficacy was not observed. Recurrent brain metastases showed accumulation of blood‐borne PD‐L1+ myeloid cells after radio‐immunotherapy indicating the establishment of an immune suppressive environment to counteract re‐activated T‐cell responses. This finding was further supported by transcriptional analyses indicating a crucial role for monocyte‐derived macrophages in mediating immune suppression and regulating T‐cell function. Therefore, selective targeting of immune suppressive functions of myeloid cells is expected to be critical for improved therapeutic efficacy of radio‐immunotherapy in brain metastases.

Rafaely Angelica Fonseca Bandeira, Antonio de Souza Araujo, Almir Mariano de Sousa Junior et al.

A indústria da construção civil utiliza asfaltenos oriundos de petróleo na fabricação do CBUQ - Concreto Betuminoso Usinado a Quente desde tempos mais remotos. Hoje, o CBUQ é amplamente utilizado para construção de estradas no país. Para a produção adequada deste produto, faz-se necessário obedecer a aspectos técnicos relacionados aos resultados esperados conforme normas vigentes, a partir de ensaios de resistência à compressão simples e tração diametral. Este artigo revisa a literatura sobre a fabricação de CBUQ que utiliza os mais diversos resíduos, apresentando a aplicação técnica e a viabilidade ambiental e econômica deste material na construção de pistas de rolamentos.

A. Abbott