Hasil untuk "Biography"

David S. Brown

E. Jones

R. Blaine, H. E. Kissinger

Geert Kelchtermans

E. Vogel

This most important political biography of Deng Xiaoping argues that only Deng’s unique leadership strengths made China’s extraordinary economic rise possible. Senior scholar Ezra Vogel focuses on the period from 1969 to 1992. During Mao’s vigilante violence against and purges of people perceived as disloyal to Mao and his dogmas, a period known as the Cultural Revolution, Deng was sent to a rural factory, supposedly to review his political errors. Instead, Deng, Vogel finds, tried to figure out where Mao had gone so terribly wrong and what could be done to reverse China’s fortunes.

Sabine du Crest

All objects are, by nature, mobile, but some are even more so than others because their long migrations push them towards new forms, give them a different status or involve sometimes unexpected uses. This is the case with “border objects”, objects produced in Europe from extra-European artificialia or naturalia. In order to shed light on how, in Western Europe, the new status and new formal, utilitarian boundaries of objects from elsewhere are formed, we shall focus on the work produced by the artist duo Baltensperger + Siepert, in collaboration with exiles, on the project “Ways to Escape One’s Former Country / Patterns & Traces” (2017). The definitive transformation undergone by an old Oriental rug, taking the form of a knotted black band which follows the meandering road into exile of people and objects, completely modifies the perception of that oriental artefact. From a luxury item enriching a European interior, the rug becomes a work of art which makes us reflect on currents of migration. The similarity of the trajectories of objects and of people in fact produces, in such cases, something peculiarly pertinent to the notion of biography of objects. Both a product of migration and a means of perceiving it, the role of art can, in turn, also be clarified.

Oleksandr Dobrzhanskyi

The article analyzes the figure of Hryhorii Kupchanko, the Bukovynian ethnographer, journalist, publisher, and public figure. The author dwelled on some aspects of his biography, publishing, and journalistic activities, scientific research in ethnography, local history, and history that were unknown to the public. It is noted that H. Kupchanko quite often submitted false information about himself, which caused a lot of errors in the work of his researchers in the memoirs and autobiography. The source base of research was rather narrow. Major attention is paid to understanding the changes in the social and political views of H. Kupchanko, his evolution from old Russophilia to radical Moscophilia, as well as propaganda activities. The article confirms that since the late 1880s H. Kupchanko moved to the positions of the most consistent supporters of the Russian idea, in his numerous newspaper articles, brochures, he sought to impose Russian identity on the Rusyns of Bukovyna, Galicia and Transcarpathia, to convince them that they were the part of the «single Russian people», and that their language was a Great Russian dialect. This is evidenced by his numerous publications in the newspapers Russka Pravda, Prosvieshchieniye, various brochures, which were published in mass circulation and distributed free of charge to peasants of the Western Ukraine lands. The desire to justify H. Kupchanko by the fact that he made a certain contribution to the study of the customs, rituals, folklore of the Rusyns of Bukovyna and seems to be only a Russophile and not a radical Moscophile, does not hold waterand is refuted by numerous facts on his public and propaganda activities.

Иванов Владимир Александрович

Статья посвящена 90-летию со дня рождения двух видных отечественных археологов, совершивших заметный вклад в изучение археологии эпохи средневековья на Южном Урале – Г.И.Матвеевой и Н.А.Мажитова. Ещё в самом начале своей научной карьеры (начало 1960-х годов) они, каждый со своей позиции, выдвинули на повестку дня вопрос об археологическом содержании проблемы пребывания древних угров/венгров на Южном Урале. Их позиции были диаметрально противоположными. Н.А.Мажитов считал, что древними венграми являлись носители бахмутинской культуры, сформировавшиеся на территории современной Башкирии на базе пьяноборской и её локального варианта – караабызской культур. То есть, Предуралье являлось одной из территорий, на которой уже в эпоху раннего железа происходило формирование угорской этнической общности, охватывающей обе стороны Уральского хребта. Однако с течением времени взгляды исследователя кардинально меняются. В своих работах конца 1970-х годов он уже отказывается от признания угорской/древневенгерской принадлежности носителей бахмутинской культуры, а в работах конца прошлого – начала текущего столетий вообще не касается вопроса об этнической принадлежности «бахмутинцев». Г.И.Матвеева изначально выступала против интерпретации бахмутинской культуры как угорской. По её мнению, которого она придерживалась до конца своей жизни, уграми на территории Приуралья являлись носители кушнаренковской и караякуповской культур, которые обитали в регионе в VI–IXвв.н.э. Она считала, что это были близко родственные, но не тождественные археологические культуры. Своими генетическими корнями они восходят к культурам Зауралья и Западной Сибири, составлявшими бакальскую этнокультурную общность.

Fanny Dureysseix

In this article, we examine the contribution of the didactics of multilingualism to the training of school teachers in Mayotte. After outlining the scope of the issue of literacy in French in this overseas island territory and the sociolinguistic context, we use the results of the introduction of two tools for teaching multilingualism: language biography and language comparison. They provide a means of identifying contextualised professional actions and a praxeological continuum from training to the multilingual classroom.

Andréia Guerini, Antonia de Jesus Sales, Odile Cisneros

Clarice Lispector’s entry as an author into the United States happens at different moments, beginning in the 1950s, with the translation of several short stories, carried out among others by Elizabeth Bishop, culminating with a biography of the author written in English by Benjamin Moser in 2009, and a little later, with the publication of the short stories and other pieces, in the emblematic edition entitled The Complete Stories, in 2015, edited by Benjamin Moser and translated by Katrina Dodson. These publications put the translators in the spotlight, as they were responsible for renewing Clarice’s presence on American soil. This paper aims to research the translators of Clarice Lispector’s works in the English-speaking cultural system, considering only the American context. The aim is to highlight these professional figures who contributed to the dissemination of this important Brazilian writer abroad, analyze their profile, and also examine their presence and imprint on some of the translations performed, such as prefaces, postscripts, notes, etc., assessing the degree of visibility and invisibility (Venuti 2021). By considering the relevance of translators as social actors/dialogical bodies (Robinson, 1991, 2012) and as “translating subjects” (Berman, 1995) and the fact that English translations of Clarice’s works have influenced and stimulated the circulation of this author in other literary systems, by examining the biobibliographical profile, verifying its presence or not in the paratexts (Genette, 2009/Batchelor, 2018) of Clarice Lispector’s English-language translators and their translation position, as well as their project and horizon (Berman, 1995), we gain an understanding of the translation policies of a given cultural polysystem.

Iván Federico Basewicz Rojana

Criminal acts are disruptive events in the biography of actors. This can induce changes in practices and meanings of the world, hence the importance of their study. Focusing on the above conception, this article aims to contribute to the discussion on (in)security in Brazil. To do so, we characterise the historical development of this problem in the territory, the structure of the security forces and the main proposals for change in relation to them. In addition, we address the revaluation of former actors following the revocation of the Statute of Disarmament and the consequences that this entails. In order to achieve this objective, we used a qualitative methodology, focused on the use of secondary sources such as reports produced by official bodies and academic articles produced by brazilian researchers. Based on the above, the research question can be summarised as follows: Do the security policies of Jair Messias Bolsonaro's government imply a step backwards or an advance compared to the previous situation? Which actors are being questioned?

Natalia Vysotska

The article sets out to explore two plays by contemporary playwrights, one American (Don Nigro, Loves Labours Wonne), the other Ukrainian (Neda Nezhdana, And Still I will Betray You), focusing on William Shakespeare and Lesia Ukrainka, respectively, within the framework of “the author as character” subgenre of fictional (imaginative) biography. Accordingly, the article considers the correlation between the factual and the fi ctional as one of its foci of attention. Drawing upon a variety of theoretical approaches (Paul Franssen, Ton Hoenselaars, Ira Nadel, Aleid Fokkema, Michael MacKeon, Ina Shabert and others), the article summarizes the principal characteristics of “the author as character” subgenre and proceeds to discuss how they operate in the dramas under scrutiny. The analysis makes it abundantly clear that in Nigro’s and Nezhdana’s plays the balance between fact and fi ction is defi nitively tipped in favor of the latter. By centering their (quasi) biographical plays on highly mythologized artists of national standing, both dramatists aimed at demythologizing these cult fi gures, inevitably placing them, however, within new mythical plots combining a Neo-Romantic vision of the artist as demiurge, with a Neo-Baroque as well as fin de siècle apology of death and a postmodern denial of one objective reality.

Patricio Fontana

The relationship between biographer and biographee is central in the writing of lives. In this article, an analysis of the book Opus Gelber, by Leila Guerriero, is proposed, with special emphasis on a particular inflection of this relationship: the one that occurs when the biographer tries to offer an account of face to face encounter with her biographee. The conversation, thus, will be understood here not only as a tool for biographical research but also as a possibility for the writing of lives. In this sense, special emphasis is placed on how the written word can be hold accountable for the voices and bodies that participate in a conversation and, also, in the type of knowledge to which a biographical writing that makes this its main interest and appeal might aim for.

Maria Arkadyevna Litovskaya

This article considers issues underlying the way in which academic literary criticism studies the life and fiction of P. P. Bazhov and their further interpretation by the Russian media in the 2010s. Special attention is paid to the interpretation problem of the writer’s biography, whose facts are partly related by the writer himself in his fiction and self-commenting texts (e.g., letters and essays), partly discovered and published by researchers after his death. Academic literary criticism provides three main interpretations of Bazhov’s creative behaviour, characterising him as an “orthodox” Soviet writer, a genius loci of the Urals, and a conformist writer with a modernist standpoint. The article reveals a paradoxical way in which the results of such interpretations and information reported by Bazhov about himself are used in popular scholarly and mass media texts. On the one hand, the cult of a classic writer, formed as a result of “solidary reading”, is simultaneously supported and destroyed by various versions of the “life-creating performance” of the author, a character of a popular lecture or article. Support is expressed in the recognition of his indisputable significance when the variety of interpretations of Bazhov’s biography facts, including those that are easily refuted by academic criticism, is perceived as a guarantee of the viability of the classic author’s name in social space. On the other hand, “secret” biographical information, which was not a subject of public autobiographical reflection of the author for a variety of reasons (which is quite understandable in the case of Bazhov), is presented to the public as the most interesting. Consequently, the reduction of the writer’s image, uncontrolled by the expert community, leads to a change in values, when the focus shifts from the results of his creative work to unverified “scandalous” facts of the writer’s biography which make the reader attached emotionally though not profoundly.

Hairuddin Hairuddin

This article discusses the preservation of Arabic punctuation in the history of Quran writing using a critical history design. The author begins by recounting the beginning of the laying of Naqth (punctuation), history, type and the form of Naqth (punctuation) found by Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali by giving examples of comparison of classical Qur’an manuscripts not accompanied by punctuation. The author then examines Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali's biography, followed by the reasons for the compiling of Arabic rules and convinces that he was the first person laying down of Arabic rules despite the controversy surrounding it. Likewise, the type of punctuation (the Naqth) discovered is an i’rāb punctuation (the Naqth), not a punctuation of i‘jām.

Anna Ponomareva

This article aims to explain the importance of I in Andrei Belyi’s work. Data is collected and analyzed from a passage of his manuscript A Crisis of Thinking. It is shown that the author has a strong intention to use the first personal pronoun in its singular form in his text. Additionally, the author argues that Belyi’s I is not a symbol of self-admiration, but evidence of his deep interests in Indian philosophical systems, in particular Vedanta and Buddhism. Further details are provided which justify Belyi’s appropriation of several Indian truths in order to solve the contemporary crisis of thinking. By pointing to the unity between the human being and the Absolute in Indian philosophical knowledge Belyi directs his readers’ attention to the divine nature of people.

Constance Perrin-Joly, Veronika Kushtanina

This article seeks to shed light on the debate regarding the multiplicity of biographical approaches in the social sciences, in basing itself on recent historical research work and publications. It shows how each theoretical approach is implicitly or explicitly associated with a precise concept (four concepts are adopted: life course as biographical institution, life course as life story, career, trajectory in the sense of social or structuralist trajectory). It also treats the uses of biographical analysis with a broadened approach to temporalities. The conceptual perspective adopted by each research work thus adopts a relationship to a particular time, as much from the synchronic and diachronic points of view as from that of historicity. If the analysis of synchronic and diachronic temporalities are a required point of passage for the great majority of biographical approaches in sociology, this article is particularly insistent on a third dimension, often underlying but seldom thought through or clarified - that of the regimes of historicity. The article has three parts. The first proposes a typology of conceptualisations of biographical approaches in sociology around four concepts. The second deals with how each approach (combining concept and ports of entry (macro, meso, micro) deals with the synchronic and diachronic analysis of biographies. Finally, the third part investigates the question of historicity.

Marek Bernacki

Review: Z. Fałtynowcz, Miłosz | Krasnogruda, introduction by P. Kłoczowski, graphic design byK. Kubicka, Wydawnictwo Fundacja Pogranicze, Sejny 2016.

Maria Macchi

What do we know about roman lawyers life and careers in Ancient Regime? Which were theirs social strategies in and out of professional groups and institutions? How did many lawyers spend their time in Rome? In this essay I would like to explain several results of my research about lawyers in Rome and Church State between XIV and XVIII centuries. It is possible not only to study singular professional biography but also to reconstruct social- climbing instruments used by young lawyers to introduce themselves in the Papal court. Indeed a lot of men in Ancien Regime decided to invest time, studies and money in this profession with a very important objective: to be a member of “Avvocati Concistoriali” one of most representative professional group in Rome in modern history. It was not so easy to do it: candidates had to do a complex and long process to pass their admission exam and receive their formal clothes. In this essay I also analyse the prerogative of roman lawyers : the choice of family tomb, the urban residence, the family library. There is also a summary table about lawyers who decided to live in Rome to improve their careers and others who prefer spend just few years in Rome and then return in their native cities where they could obtain many important offices.