Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Yongkang Sun, Zhihao Ding, Huiqiang Wang et al.

In data lakes, information on the same subject is often fragmented across multiple tables. Table union search aims to find the top-k tables that can be unioned with a query table to extend it with more rows, without relying on metadata or ground-truth labels. Existing methods are mainly column-centric: they focus on modeling column unionability scores using column embeddings, which are then used throughout the search process for column matching, filtering, and aggregation. However, this overlooks holistic table-level semantics, which may result in suboptimal rankings and inefficiencies. We introduce TACTUS, a novel table-centric method for table union search. Unlike prior work that searches from columns to tables, we search in a table-first way and examine columns only in the final step. During offline processing, we directly generate table embeddings for holistic, table-level unionability scoring by designing table-level representation techniques, including positive table pair construction to simulate unionable tables, two-pronged negative table sampling to avoid latent positives and mine hard negatives to enhance representation quality, and attentive table encoding for effective embeddings. During online search, we first develop a table-centric adaptive candidate retrieval method that efficiently selects a compact, high-quality candidate pool by leveraging the distribution of table-level unionability scores induced by table embeddings. We then inspect columns only within this compact candidate set and design a dual-evidence reranking technique that integrates table-level and column-level scores to refine the final top-k results. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets show that TACTUS significantly improves result quality while being much faster than existing methods in both offline and online processing, often by an order of magnitude.

Hanwen Liu

We prove that for any nonlinear $f \in C^{1,α}([0,1])$, the union of lines covering its graph has a Hausdorff dimension of at least $1+α$, and this dimension bound is sharp. We then apply these geometric results to mathematical physics, proving that spacetime observability sets for conservation laws with $α$-Hölder initial wave speeds possess a dimension of at least $α$. Finally, we prove that if an absolutely integrable vector field $v$ on the boundary of a polyhedron exhibits a strictly positive total flux, then the union of the line field spanned by $v$ possesses a Hausdorff dimension of 3.

Alexander H. Ferdinand Ferguson, Jacob Haqq-Misra

As humans make ambitious efforts toward long-duration activities beyond Earth, new challenges will continue to emerge that highlight the need for governance frameworks capable of managing shared resources and technical standards in order to sustain human life in these hostile environments. Earth-based governance models of cooperative sovereignty can inform governance mechanisms for future Mars settlements, particularly regarding inter-settlement relations and the technical coordination required for multiple independent settlements to coexist. This study analyzes the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU), two of the oldest international organizations, which have successfully established evolving standards across sovereign nations. This analysis of the development and governance structures of these two organizations, and how they resolved key sovereignty issues, reveals principles that could be applicable to future settlements beyond Earth, particularly on Mars. Key insights include the strategic necessity of institutional neutrality, the management of asymmetric power relations, and the governance of shared resources under conditions of mutual vulnerability. The study distinguishes between a "Survival Layer" of technical standards essential for immediate safety and an "Operational Layer" governing economic and political activities, suggesting different governance approaches for each. Although some of these examples of cooperative sovereignty on Earth might not be sufficient for Mars due to its unique environment, lessons from the ITU and UPU case studies offer valuable strategies for designing flexible and sustainable governance models that can function from inception through explicit Earth-based coordination.

Kirill Makarenko, Liliia Pankratova

Introduction. The paper reflects the study of a number of phenomenons of political socialization among youth in modern Russia. Electoral experience is largely borrowed from the family through common practices of participation in elections. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the study is M. Weber’s theory of social action and the model of expressive voting, the synthesis of which makes it possible to analyze the role of the external environment and specific parental practices of participation in the formation of political guidelines and norms of young people. The methods of collecting information were an online survey of young people (N = 540), a series of standardized interviews (N = 14) with young people who took part in the elections for the first time in September 2024, and focus groups with representatives of student youth of Volgograd (N = 3). The analysis of interviews and focus groups with young people made it possible to identify three motives for the first electoral experience of respondents: interest, duty, and group identity. The rationality of young people in the manifested practices of electoral behavior and their willingness to take part in large-scale events are noted. Results. The experience of parental electoral participation shapes patterns of political behavior of young people. Many respondents note the importance of forming family traditions of participation in elections, socialization of their future children by familiarizing them with the procedure, but without imposing their political views. Thus, a rationallegal type of legitimacy in relation to the institution of elections is formed among the youth of modern Russia. Authors’ contribution. L.S. Pankratova analyzed the studies on the concepts that act as an external background for the immediate object of the work, identity crises and trust, selected and substantiated the theoretical and methodological framework of the work, and formed the general concept of the study. K.M. Makarenko collected, processed, summarized and analyzed the empirical data on the topic of the study, substantiated the role of family practices of participation in elections in the formation of special models of electoral behavior of young people, and formulated the main conclusions of the work.

Pablo de la Vega

We analyze the potential economic impacts in Argentina of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which as of January 2026 will prohibit the export to the European Union of certain raw materials and related products if they involve the use of deforested land. We estimate that the EUDR would cover around 6 billion US dollars in exported value, but only 2.84% is not compliant with the EUDR, with soy and cattle being the most affected production chains. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to simulate the impact of the EUDR on the Argentine economy. If the non-compliant production cannot enter the EU market because of the EUDR, the results of the simulations suggest that the potential macroeconomic impacts are limited: GDP would be reduced by an average of 0.14% with respect to the baseline scenario. However, the potential environmental impact is greater. Deforested hectares would be reduced by 2.45% and GHG emissions by 0.19%. Notwithstanding, EUDR due diligence costs may still prevent compliant production from entering the EU market, so the total impacts could be higher.

Claudia Fiorito

The release of the television series Chernobyl (HBO, Sky Atlantic 2019) drew renewed attention to the tragedy, its locations, and the affected population, generating new productions in Russia, such as the film Chernobyl: Abyss (Danila Kozlovskij, 2021), explicitly made in response to the Western series, signalling a desire to re-appropriate the narrative of the disaster and its territories. Indeed, a recurrent characteristic of the film and television productions of the countries most affected by the 1986 nuclear disaster (Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia) has been the representation of the land and the inhabitants’ relationship with it (Lindbladh 2019). This is also a central theme in Svetlana Alexievich’s renowned 1997 work Voices from Chernobyl: Chronicle of the future, whose stories inspired some episodes of the Anglo-American series. This article analyzes the representation of the relationship between the inhabitants of the Chornobyl/Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and their homeland in film and television productions dedicated to the nuclear disaster, beginning with Eastern European films made in the early 1990s, moving on to the representation in the Western series, and culminating with an analysis of Kozlovskij’s Chernobyl: Abyss. Features considered include the development of romantic narratives within the contaminated zone, the visual representation of radiation, and the depiction of the local institutions’ response to the disaster.

Mariya V. Malunova

The author has investigated the history of scientific relations and cooperation between Russian and Soviet scientists in the field of plant physiology with their French colleagues in the period from the end of the XIX century to the 1970s. The authors consider the changes that took place in the relations between scientific communities after the Great Russian Revolution of 1917, between the two world wars, and the beginning of the Cold War. The specific areas of cooperation between the scientists, the problems that aroused the greatest interest of plant physiologists of the two countries are reflected upon in the article. Through the article there is an analysis of the development of scientific ties with the help of scientific trips of plant physiologists to France and the USSR, which became, on the one hand, an important part of scientific diplomacy, and on the other hand, a factor that allowed a new impetus to the development of science in the two states.

Sergey G. Yakovenko

The efforts undertaken in 1895 to organize a permanent mission of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Rome culminated in the establishment in 1903 of the position of scientific correspondent, to which Professor of Russian History at Yuryev University E. F. Schmourlo (1854–1934) was elected. His task was to identify as fully as possible the materials of Roman, Italian and European archives and libraries on Russian history. The collected documents were supposed to be published in a series of thematic collections and collection of materials. In the first series, an incomplete collection of documents for 1578–1581 was published, and in the second, four volumes of thematic publications (three of them in two issues). The scientific correspondent formed a large special library, which was intended to serve his needs and the needs of those Russian researchers who would come to conduct their research in Rome. To facilitate future archival work, he was also entrusted with the compilation of a paleographic collection. Thanks to persistence and some additional efforts, the scientific correspondent received permission to work in the Archives of the Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith, closed to a wide circle of researchers, and collected many new materials there. Unfortunately, the broadly conceived scientific undertaking could not be fully realized. A Russian institute like those national scientific institutions that appeared there at the end of the 19th century after the opening of the Vatican Archives to researchers was not created in Rome. E. F. Schmourlo proposed a project for such an Institute to the Academy of Sciences in 1917. In connection with the outbreak of World War I, the activities of the scientific correspondent changed significantly – in 1915–1916 he was assigned to oversee the protection of “historical monuments and scientific collections in the area of military operations”. Then in 1918–1919, after the “October Revolution” in Russia, he actively joined the work of the anti-Bolshevik organization “Union for the Revival of Russia in Unity with the Allies” for some time. Having found himself a forced emigrant and having practically lost contact with the Academy of Sciences, he continued to fulfill his duties and conduct scientific research as much as possible. At the end of 1924, it became clear that this work was already difficult to do in Rome, especially since in December 1924 the Academy of Sciences decided to abolish the position of scientific correspondent. Having received its consent to transfer the library of the scientific correspondent in Rome to the Institute of Eastern Europe (Istituto per l’Europa Orientale) for temporary use for 10 years, having sold his personal library and received a pension from the Czechoslovak government, E. F. Schmourlo moved to Prague at the end of 1924, where he headed the Russian Historical Society, which he had organized in 1925. In 1935, his archive was transferred to the RZIA in Prague, from where it was transported to Moscow in 1945 (currently – GARF).

Chong-Qiang Ye, Jian Li, Tianyu Ye et al.

Private set intersection (PSI) and private set union (PSU) are the crucial primitives in secure multiparty computation protocols, which enable several participants to jointly compute the intersection and union of their private sets without revealing any additional information. Quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) offers significant advantages in handling privacy-preserving computations. However, given the current limitations of quantum resources, developing efficient and feasible QHE-based protocols for PSI and PSU computations remains a critical challenge. In this work, a novel quantum private set intersection and union cardinality protocol is proposed, accompanied by the corresponding quantum circuits. Based on quantum homomorphic encryption, the protocol allows the intersection and union cardinality of users' private sets to be computed on quantum-encrypted data with the assistance of a semi-honest third party. By operating on encrypted quantum states, it effectively mitigates the risk of original information leakage. Furthermore, the protocol requires only simple Pauli and CNOT operations, avoiding the use of complex quantum manipulations (e.g., $T$ gate and phase rotation gate). Compared to related protocols, this approach offers advantages in feasibility and privacy protection.

Karl Bringmann, Kasper Green Larsen, André Nusser et al.

Union volume estimation is a classical algorithmic problem. Given a family of objects $O_1,\ldots,O_n \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$, we want to approximate the volume of their union. In the special case where all objects are boxes (also known as hyperrectangles) this is known as Klee's measure problem. The state-of-the-art algorithm [Karp, Luby, Madras '89] for union volume estimation and Klee's measure problem in constant dimension $d$ computes a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation with constant success probability by using a total of $O(n/\varepsilon^2)$ queries of the form (i) ask for the volume of $O_i$, (ii) sample a point uniformly at random from $O_i$, and (iii) query whether a given point is contained in $O_i$. We show that if one can only interact with the objects via the aforementioned three queries, the query complexity of [Karp, Luby, Madras '89] is indeed optimal, i.e., $Ω(n/\varepsilon^2)$ queries are necessary. Our lower bound already holds for estimating the union of equiponderous axis-aligned polygons in $\mathbb{R}^2$, and even if the algorithm is allowed to inspect the coordinates of the points sampled from the polygons, and still holds when a containment query can ask containment of an arbitrary (not sampled) point. Guided by the insights of the lower bound, we provide a more efficient approximation algorithm for Klee's measure problem improving the $O(n/\varepsilon^2)$ time to $O((n+\frac{1}{\varepsilon^2}) \cdot \log^{O(d)}n)$. We achieve this improvement by exploiting the geometry of Klee's measure problem in various ways: (1) Since we have access to the boxes' coordinates, we can split the boxes into classes of boxes of similar shape. (2) Within each class, we show how to sample from the union of all boxes, by using orthogonal range searching. And (3) we exploit that boxes of different classes have small intersection, for most pairs of classes.

G. A. Zaseev

The article discusses the main directions of ideological work with the youth of Ossetia in 1918-1924. The relevance of the topic is determined by the insufficient study of the ideological component of the youth movement in the North Caucasus in the early Soviet period, which determines the purpose of this study. The article shows that the youth movement in Ossetia was closely connected with the activities of the all-Russian youth organization – Russian communist youth union (1918, since July 1924 – Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union, since 1926 – All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union/Komsomol), created by the Soviet government for the political education of the young generation of the proletarian republic. Its appearance was due to the need to unite the disparate youth organizations that already existed in various cities of the country and create a single center operating under the leadership of the Communist Party. The process of formation of Komsomol bodies spread in the national regions of the country, including the Terek region, and then in the Mountain ASSR and its individual regions, including Ossetia. One of the main goals of the youth policy was to attract to the side of the party the broad masses of young people who could be involved in the restoration of the economy. Youth organizations in Ossetia solved various party tasks. Ossetian youth were actively involved in Soviet construction. It also participated in rallies, meetings and other public events. The work of the youth was expressed in the organization of Komsomol cells in the Vladikavkaz district, Digoria and remote villages. The fight against unemployment was carried out by involving young highlanders in production. The conclusion is drawn about the role played by the youth Komsomol organizations of Ossetia in strengthening the Soviet power, establishing party work in the politically, socially and economically difficult North Caucasian region. The source base of the study was made up of publications in the mass periodical press, collections of documents on the history of the Ossetian organization of the Komsomol, as well as materials from the SOIGSI Scientific Archive. The study was carried out on the basis of a problem-chronological approach using general historical methods and taking into account the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity.

Alisa A. Amosova

In their article, the author analyzes a critical point for the Soviet culture of the 1940s. This study is based on published sources, including data from periodicals, and unpublished materials from the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The purpose of it is to determine the features of the temporal characteristics of the restoration stages of Leningrad’s housing and communal services during the years of the siege. The research tools used including those investigating concrete-historical issues, problem-chronological methods, historical reconstruction, as well as linguo-culturological analysis. The identification and systematization of temporal concepts are implemented through three blocks (typological, structural, semiotic) in the paper, concepts which have contributed to the study of the relationship between material culture and the temporal dimensions of the era. There were two stages of the revival of Leningrad’s urban economy during the war years which should be singled out. The specific character of the first stage (January 1942 - January 1943) was the combination of restoration with continued emergency activities, and the second stage (January 1943 - January 1944), when the government began introducing, the restoration of housing and communal services, while taking into account the plans for the development of Leningrad in the post-war period. The temporal characteristics of the first period were colored by “siege time,” broad aspirations for the future largely marred due the establishment of unrealistic deadlines for the implementation of decisions and plans, as well as determination of restoration priorities in accordance with the seasonality of tasks. The second period was also characterized by acceleration in the pace of work carried out in the city due to a release of increased labor and funding, however, there was a discrepancy between real and assumed time in the perception of the Leningrad authorities, and understanding of time in terms of the realistic limits of under their control.

Петр Владимирович Мошечков

Изучение возникновения чешско-словацких добровольческих формирований, действовавших в составе армий держав Антанты на фронтах Первой мировой войны, за последние 30 лет стало одним из значимых направлений в современной исторической науке. На сегодняшний момент издано достаточно большое количество отдельных статей, cборников документов и монографий научного и научно-популярного характера, в которых обозначенная тематика рассматривается с разных ракурсов. Сюжетам, связанным с историей образования на территориях России, Франции и Италии чешско-словацких воинских подразделений, участием легионеров в Гражданской войне в России, а также судьбами бывших добровольцев в межвоенный период и в годы Второй мировой войны, посвящен и изданный в 2022 г. под редакцией П. Хорвата и М. Поша коллективный труд «Чешскословацкие легионы – словаки – Словакия». Авторами вошедших в него очерков стали ученые-историки из Словакии, Чехии, России, Италии и Японии. История формирования и действий чешско-словацких легионов рассматривается в них не только с использованием традиционных методов исторического исследования, но и в контексте таких направлений, как гендерная история, экономическая история, история повседневности. Рецензия поступила в редакцию 17.07.2023. Цитирование Мошечков П. В. Деятельность чешско-словацких легионеров в годы Первой мировой войны и в Первой Чехословацкой республике: к современной историографии проблемы // Славянский альманах. 2023. No 3–4. С. 479–490. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2023.3-4.26

William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

I. A. Permyakov, T. Dzhalilov, N. Pivovarov

The article analyzes preliminary working notes of the meetings of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (СС CPSU) from October 1964 to June 1965, which were made by V. N. Malin, head of the General Department of the СС CPSU from 1954 to 1965. The purpose and objective of the study is to use unique historical sources from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), which are being thus introduced into scientific use, to deduce the mechanisms of developing key decisions in the supreme political leadership of the USSR, while political system was transformed and power functions redistributed after the resignation of N. S. Khrushchev. Extensive historiography of various aspects of the history of the Soviet Union under L. I. Brezhnev notwithstanding, this topic has not yet received its proper coverage in national and foreign scholarship. Due to research specifics, the authors have used comprehensive methodological approach, based on a combination of source criticism, problem-chronological and system-structural methods, which permits, to some degree, to interpret the historical sources introduced into scientific use as convincingly as possible. Having analyzed issues considered at the meetings of the Presidium of the CC of the CPSU at the time, the authors come to a conclusion that the main range of topics did not change after October 1964: key problems of domestic and foreign policy remained in the focus of attention of the supreme political body of the USSR, while its approach to them did change. An important area of activity of the Presidium of the Central Committee was overcoming the N. S. Khrushchev legacy. This could have been formal issues related to the resignation of the former Soviet leader from his numerous posts, as well as fundamental problems of ideological nature. International relations were central in revision of N. S. Khrushchev's policy, resulting in a reconsideration of the Soviet foreign policy strategy and tactics. In late October 1964-1965, the Soviet leadership made efforts to normalize the relations with the ruling parties of Albania and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which had been “tested for durability” in the N. S. Khrushchev era. The preliminary working notes of the meetings of the Presidium of the Central Committee show that internal problems of the USSR were discussed by the Soviet leaders just as vividly and intensely as international ones. The main discussions revolved around two fundamental issues: situation in the agriculture and changes in the planning system in industry. Discussions of the need for agrarian reforms dominated late 1964 – early 1965, while discussion of reforming planning industrial production figured large since spring of 1965. The authors conclude that, when implementing their initiatives, the leaders of the Soviet Union, in many respects, were limited by the configuration of the political system developed over the previous years, as well as by the existing foreign policy realities. The authors argue insufficient coverage of the mechanisms for developing key decisions by the top political leadership of the USSR and connect the prospects for this research with expanded access to archival complexes.

Petr Paskov

This article examines the views of Byzantine theologians and church leaders of the 1st half of the 15th century on the criteria for an Ecumenical Council in connection with the controversy about the Union of Florence. The consideration also includes the ecclesiological tradition of the previous century, reflected in the documents of negotiations with Rome on church union and anti-Latin writings of Archbishop Nilus Cabasilas. It also briefly examines the results of Byzantine theological development, formulated in the first decades of Ottoman rule. The author shows that Orthodox theologians of the late Byzantine period, following a tradition dating back to the 1st millennium, did indeed recognize (contrary to popular beliefs) the existence of strict formal canonical criteria for the Ecumenical Council, which were defined in their eyes by the concept of the «Pentarchy» of the ancient Patriarchs: Council could be considered Ecumenical if it was recepted by representatives of the Churches of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. At the same time, other local Churches were assigned a secondary role. The significance of individual bishops was completely leveled out; the subject of church activity was the Patriarchy. This system of ecclesiological concepts by the 15th century already to some extent did not meet the requirements of reality; nevertheless, thanks to its collegial character, it gave the Orthodox Church the means to overcome the crisis caused by the Union of Florence. The rejection of those teachings of the Roman Church, in which it deviated from Orthodox dogma, on the part of the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, their rejection of the union (confirmed, among other things, conciliarly in Jerusalem in 1443) and the support of its opponents in the Patriarchate of Constantinople played in this process defining role. Due to this, the Council of Ferrara-Florence could not be considered Ecumenical from the point of view of the Byzantine tradition. At the same time, the development of ecclesiological thought in the 15th century. strengthened Orthodox theologians in the conviction that an Ecumenical Council was possible without the participation of Rome. The «Pentarchy» thus passed into the «Tetrarchy».

Taisia Paniotova, Maxim Romanenko

Рассмотрены революционные празднества – одно из основных проявлений советской культуры 1917–1920‑х гг. Праздники во всем многообразии их видов и форм (преимущественно это были массовые постановки и инсценировки) оказались включены в пространство сотворения утопии первого послереволюционного десятилетия. В данном контексте под утопией понимается культурная форма чувственно-рационального освоения социальной реальности, продуцирующая представления о счастье и гармонии в ответ на извечную потребность человека не только в предвидении будущего, но и в его моделировании. Согласно последним исследованиям в области utopian studies, утопия артикулируется не только в виде литературных текстов, содержащих идеальные образы нового социального порядка, но и в виде различных интенций – возможности и навыка желать лучшего, создавать альтернативные проекты будущего, подвергать критике то, что мешает его достижению. Революционные празднества трактуются как совокупность ценностно наполненных культурных практик – знаковых акций и артефактов, связанных с памятными событиями, выдающимися личностями и особым церемониалом. Применение в качестве теоретического инструментария метода воображаемой реконструкции общества Р. Левитаса и модели революционного праздника М. Озуф позволило реконструировать утопическое измерение революционных празднеств. Праздничный хронотоп анализируется сквозь призму трех модусов метода воображаемой реконструкции общества (утопии-метода): археологического, онтологического и архитектурного. В качестве взаимодействующих стратегий-приемов, работающих на общий образ воображаемого будущего, выступают остранение, критика, создание альтернативы и ее переживание. Выстроенная таким образом исследовательская оптика позволила ответить на вопрос, почему революционные празднества при отсутствии целостных картин будущего все же приобщали участников к становлению нового политического, социального и культурного порядка и легитимизировали революцию. Источниками описания конкретных постановок послужили публикации современников той эпохи – авторов и критиков (А. Пиотровского, О. Цехновицера, Н. Шубского и др.).

Natalya Gramatchikova, Tatiana Khoruzhenko

Цель статьи – выявить сложности, связанные с представлением фольклорного архива в цифровом виде, и наметить перспективы цифровизации материалов. Исследователи фольклора признают значительные затруднения при переходе к новым стандартам фиксации контекста, что показал анализ представленных на сегодняшний день в сети интернет-архивов, фольклорных электронных ресурсов, баз данных и материалов фольклорных лабораторий России. Рассмотрена связь технических процедур по разметке фольклорных текстов с возможностью использовать интерпретационные моменты этой процедуры для восстановления логики программ полевых исследований и контекстных связей собранных данных. Понятие контекста, понимаемого как разнообразные «горизонтальные связи» фольклорного/фольклоризованного текста при его функционировании в пространстве локальной культуры, приобретает все большее значение. Перевод архивных данных в цифровой формат может иметь практическое применение не только для структурного упорядочивания (создания) поисковой системы, размеченной определенными маркерами/тэгами, но и как возможность реконструкции частично утраченного научно-исследовательского контекста. В материалах 1960–2000 гг. восполнить из живого общения с собирателями, участниками экспедиций такой контекст часто не удается в связи с межпоколенческими разрывами традиций в полевой фольклористике. Предложенный вариант представляет собой разработку одного из практических способов применения оцифровки массива полевых материалов для уточнения истории местных научных школ и объединений. Статья содержит обзор и оценку наполнения доступного онлайн-контента нескольких десятков фольклорных архивов различных институций.

M. S. Ivanov

The research featured the relationship between the indicators of identity and the characteristics of the attitude to personal security in university students. The study relied on M. Kuhn and T. McPartland’s Who am I questionnaire, M. Berzonski’s Questionnaire of Identity Styles adapted by E. P. Belinskaya et al., J. Chik and L. Tropp’s Aspects of Identity, A. A. Ozerina’s Professional Identity, and E. L. Soldatova’s Ego-Identity SEI-test. The attitude to personal safety was investigated by the methods developed by the author. The study involved 238 students of 1–5 year that were majoring in humanities. The cluster and regression analyses of the data obtained by the cross-sectional method identified the related characteristics of identity and attitudes to personal security, as well as their differences at different stages of training. The author revealed some general tendencies in the phenomena that occurred in students during the period of university study. Positive dynamics included the following trends. The professional position became more active (I as a subject of relations). The assessments of threat of losing one’s reputation and connections decreased. Senior students preferred a personal security strategy, i.e. they relied on themselves. Positive dynamics included the following trends. Superficial identity increased, while the autonomy in the awareness of one's own values and emotional component decreased. The assessment of psychological risks and that of criminal organizations increased, while common preventive efforts mostly decreased. Security strategies in terms of the macro environment also changed: senior students preferred adapting strategy (living in an authoritarian society) to individualizing (living in a humane and tolerant society). The article introduces some conclusions about the correlation of identity and attitude to personal security, as well as the complexity and multidirectional nature of their development in university students.

P. E. Zhilichev

This paper attempts to identify and systematize the main approaches to the theater of absurd and absurdist drama in Western and Russian literary studies. The term theater of the absurd was originally introduced by Martin Esslin. This concept has become a common denominator and refers to the dramatic work of such famous authors as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Harold Pinter, Arthur Adamov, and Jean Genet. Martin Esslin and his followers brought in several important features into the absurdist drama, i.e., alogism, disjointed communication, wordplay (Patrice Pavis), etc. They attempted to conceptualize the theater of the absurd as a part of a broader typological unit, e.g., Michael Bennett’s theater of parabola. Russian scholars and critics have developed a range of important concepts as well. They see absurd as a violation of basic rules of communication (Olga Revzina, Isaac Revzin). The Union of Real Art (Mikhail Yampolskiy, Dmitry Tokarev) focuses on the principle of serialized eventfulness. Others concentrate on the meta-descriptive nature of absurd (Evgenyi Kluev) and develop the concept of absurdity as a picture of the world (Olga Burenina-Petrova). Both in Western and Russian studies, the conceptualization of the theater of the absurd follows two opposite poles: absurd can be interpreted as either a linguistic phenomenon (deconstruction of communication), or as a certain way of human existence. During the 1980–2000s, post-structuralist philosophy played a major role in the re-thinking of the absurd, while the interaction of philosophical and literary approaches determined the principles of historical aesthetics. As suggested by contemporary researchers, the discourse of the absurdist drama has the following features: deconstruction of cultural codes; actualization of the archaic basis of theater; parodying literal and theatrical conventions; problematization of the semiotic linkage (sign and its referent); depiction of mosaic consciousness and unstable cosmos.