Hasil untuk "Demography. Population. Vital events"

Михаил Антонович Галкин

Официальная статистика международной миграции часто публикуется с существенными задержками, может страдать от неполноты, несопоставимости и различных типов нарушений. Это затрудняет изучение миграционных потоков, их своевременный мониторинг и прогнозирование. Исследование посвящено применению и модификации методов наукастинга международной миграции с использованием данных поисковых интернет-запросов на примере миграции из России в Великобританию за период 2011-2023 гг. Они предполагают: (a) отбор регрессоров методом LASSO (параметр регуляризации подбирается по кросс-валидации), выполнение прогноза целевой переменной линейной регрессией с использованием полученных с помощью моделей SARIMA прогнозов регрессоров; (б) сокращение размерности методом главных компонент с кросс-валидационным выбором числа факторов и их лагов и последующим построением линейной регрессии на этих факторах, чьи будущие значения оцениваются моделями SARIMA. Информационной базой исследования послужили данные индекса Google Trends, отобранные по результатам проведения лингвистического анализа облака слов поисковых запросов, и официальная миграционная статистика британского правительства – представительского органа страны прибытия. По результатам моделирования были сделаны выводы о том, что (а) использование показателей поисковых запросов позволяет осуществлять прогнозирование международной миграции на разных прогнозных горизонтах с системно более низкой ошибкой, нежели при отсутствии учета поискового интереса; (б) объем собираемых для реализации наукастинга данных может быть существенно сокращен ввиду разреженности части оцененных моделей. Исследование продолжает академическую традицию использования данных поискового интереса в качестве альтернативы официальной статистики и вносит вклад в формирование методологической базы для прогнозирования изменяющихся во времени макропроцессов. Результаты работы могут быть использованы при оценке международной миграции между другими странами, а также в рамках статистических исследований в других научных областях.

Romana Burgess, Alisha Suhag, Anya Skatova

Objective Loyalty card data can provide valuable insights into food purchasing behaviours, offering a scalable tool to evaluate food choice in a real-world retail setting. This narrative review examines how such data have been used to deliver and assess dietary interventions. Methods We conducted a narrative synthesis of studies using loyalty card data to deliver or evaluate dietary interventions. Eligible studies were identified as a subset of a previously published scoping review of loyalty card data in health research, which involved systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus using keywords related to shopping, loyalty cards, and health. Searches were conducted in August 2024, with a final search in February 2025. Additional studies were identified through manual searches of reference lists for the purpose of this review. Results We found 15 studies evaluating dietary interventions using loyalty card data. Studies implemented a variety of intervention approaches, including price promotions, point-of-purchase nudges, educational messaging, and targeted feedback. The effectiveness of these were mixed, with some showing promising changes in purchasing patterns, and others limited by issues such as displacement effects and missing data. In addition, samples were biased towards female participants and older adults. Yet, loyalty card data enable longitudinal analysis, capture whole-basket purchases, and reduce reliance on self-report, positioning them as a valuable tool for use within dietary interventions. Conclusion Loyalty card data represent a promising tool for evaluating dietary interventions in real-world settings, offering granular insights into purchasing behaviour. However, several limitations were identified, including incomplete coverage across retailers and limited context about purchases. Linking loyalty card data with complementary datasets and using them to support personalised feedback may help address limitations, continuing to enhance their value for policy-relevant interventions.

Donghui Wang, Yongai Jin, Tao Liu

BACKGROUND: Understanding China’s persistent low fertility requires detailed information regarding fertility attitudes at a finer geographic scale. However, data on fertility preferences at appropriate spatial resolutions are often unavailable. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to estimate county-level fertility ideals and intentions in China. METHODS: This study employs the multilevel regression and post-stratification method to estimate county-level fertility ideals and intentions. Fertility ideals and intentions data are drawn from a large national fertility survey, while post-stratification data come from the 2020 population census. The estimates are internally validated using a split sample approach and externally validated against independent national and regional surveys. RESULTS: The estimates reveal that the county-level average ideal number of children for women of reproductive age is 1.98 (ranging from 1.29 to 3.78), while the average for the intended number of children is 1.81, with a broader range (1.02 to 3.96). The spatial distribution of fertility ideals exhibits a north–south contrast, suggesting cultural influences on family norms. Fertility intentions show coastal–inland disparities, underscoring socioeconomic conditions. Within-province variations are no less than between-province variations. CONTRIBUTION: These findings highlight the complexity of the fertility attitudes landscape in China. The estimates also serve as an important data source for predicting future fertility and designing place-based policies.

Trude Lappegård, Axel Peter Kristensen, Lars Dommermuth

Abstract This study uses longitudinal data from two waves of the Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey (2020 and 2024) to test whether subjective economic uncertainty predicts fertility intentions and the transition to parenthood, controlling for objective economic uncertainty. The Norwegian welfare state provides an extensive economic safety net and institutional buffer, which could dampen the behavioral impact of perceived financial strain. Nevertheless, among 609 childless adults aged 25–34, reporting difficulties making ends meet was associated with a lower probability of realizing intended first births, even after controlling for employment status and income. Other subjective measures—expectations about personal finances in three years and worries about the macroeconomy—showed no significant effects. Overall, fertility intentions were less influenced by subjective economic uncertainty than was the subsequent realization of those intentions. This suggests that intentions translate into behavior only when external constraints, including individuals’ perceptions of their economic situation, permit it. These results highlight the importance of incorporating individuals’ subjective assessments of their current and future economic situation into fertility research.

Kate Miller, Felicity Flack, Vicki Bennett et al.

Background Metadata plays a crucial role in the health research infrastructure ecosystem. Despite the abundance of metadata for data collections in Australia, there is no simple way for researchers to search for standardised metadata about linked and linkable data collections across sectors or jurisdictions, making it an arduous and time-intensive task. Methods The project comprised three phases: an initial scoping exercise to understand the current state of metadata and best practice; a national consultation involving researchers data linkage staff and data custodians to develop a high-fidelity prototype; and a final build and implementation phase. The platform underwent several prototyping and testing cycles to refine the digital experience. Results Key expert interviews confirmed that there is a wealth of metadata available in Australia, but it is difficult for researchers to access and evaluate. Consultations with researchers identified opportunities to standardise metadata and provide a centralised platform to enhance the discoverability of linkable data collections for research. High value platform features included searching, browsing and filtering capabilities, variable list metadata, standardised formats, sample data, and frequently asked questions. The final design and functionality reflected user consultations and data custodian input on feasibility and resulted in the standardisation of metadata for linked data collections across sectors and jurisdictions.   Conclusion The Population Health Research Network developed and implemented a metadata platform to enable researchers to assess and evaluate the suitability of data collections for data linkage projects more readily. Improved metadata accessibility will save time and enhance the quality of linked data applications.

Louisa Roberts, Sophie Wood, David Wilkins et al.

Objectives This presentation provides an overview of young peoples’ transitions from child to adult mental health services in Wales. Transitions are unstable times where need for support can be greatest, yet many young adults fail to qualify for ongoing specialist support. Young people with social care needs and/or living in poverty face an increased likelihood of mental ill health. These underlying factors of disadvantage are modifiable and can be considered ‘solution linked variables’ (O’Campo and Dunn, 2011) of particular relevance in public health policy development.   Approach This study positions intersectionality theory within a quantitative, secondary data methodology. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to elicit how social care need, deprivation, mental health diagnoses, gender and ethnicity might interact to influence likelihood of transition from child to adult mental health services. Sequence analyses developed pathway typologies from varying patterns of mental health service access.  Results Novel findings reflecting the interactional influences of differing social care need and area levels of deprivation on child to adult mental health service transitions will be presented alongside results controlling for gender, ethnicity and mental health diagnoses. The value of mapping typologies of mental health service use will be discussed in relation to the findings. Conclusions Interim findings suggest greatly increased mental health service use and differing patterns of access for young people with social care needs and/or living in the most deprived areas as they transition to adulthood. The implications for service development and delivery in times of unprecedented demand are explored.

Cieślak Iwona, Górecka Kamila

The aim of this article was to evaluate urbanisation processes in space using the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) databases. The study was conducted in the rural municipality of Dywity in the direct vicinity of the city of Olsztyn. Basic concepts and methods for evaluating urbanisation processes were determined based on a review of the literature. The article addresses issues related to spatial management and GIS as a data source and a tool for analysing land management activities. The search for new methods for evaluating spatial management and spatial processes plays a particularly important role in rapidly urbanising areas. The study explored the applicability of GIS as a data source and a tool for evaluating urbanisation processes in studies that rely on modern methods such as fuzzy set theory. The intensity and dynamics of urbanisation processes were evaluated based on changes in land cover with the use of CLC databases.

Vukčević Nemanja

The purpose of our study was an analysis of reception centre residents’ attitudes in the Republic of Serbia toward the state and the local population. Using a questionnaire, we tried to identify the differences in respondents’ attitudes toward their new environment depending on their various socio-demographic characteristics. The survey was conducted in the spring of 2019 on a sample of 173 residents of centres using the PAPI method, face-to-face, and voluntary response sampling. The data obtained are the result of descriptive and inferential analysis and were processed by the SPSS statistical data processing program. Our statistical analysis showed that attitudes of reception centre residents toward their new environment may not correlate strongly with their mother tongue, knowledge of foreign languages, marital status, number of family members, number of minor children in the family, work status, or religion. Instead, it is more likely to depend on their level of education, age, nationality, and gender. Such results show us where we need to improve inter-action, especially among women, young people, and people with a low level of education. We can also suggest that, under favourable conditions, these three categories of reception centre residents will be the first to leave the Republic of Serbia, which they probably see exclusively as a transit country. At the same time, older people and people with a high level of education (most likely men) are more likely to integrate into their new environment in the Republic of Serbia. The more interaction they have with local people and institutions and the higher the quality of that interaction, the more likely they are to integrate.

María Valeria Judith Montoya García

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las transformaciones en la proveeduría laboral de los hogares familiares suscitadas entre 2005 y 2017, es decir cuántos y cuáles miembros están colaborando, y sus relaciones con el cambio de la estructura por edad de la población. La fuente de datos es la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, para el segundo trimestre de esos años. Los principales resultados muestran que ha aumentado el número de proveedores laborales por hogar, principalmente en las parejas sin hijos. Por otro lado, aunque la participación económica del jefe de hogar sigue siendo importante, se incrementó sustantivamente la presencia de hogares en los que las cónyuges colaboran con su sostenimiento económico. Para ambos años, la participación de hijos y otros miembros se encuentra en mayor medida en los hogares monoparentales con hijos y en los ampliados.

Shaun Purkiss, Tessa Keegal, Dennis Wollersheim et al.

Background Pharmaceutical administrative data can provide an alternative method to assess chronic disease prevalence. The data within prescription exchanges includes the specific nature of the medication dispensed which can be utilised for case definition by proxy of certain chronic diseases. Objectives This study examines the potential of Australian administrative pharmaceutical data to define chronic disease and provide population prevalence estimates. The utility of allocated World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes to the treatment supplied will be assessed and the validity of the results generated compared with other Australian sources of chronic disease prevalence. Methods 23 chronic conditions were defined by ATC codes within an Australian (administrative) Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) dataset. This enabled calculation of chronic disease prevalences for the period 2003 to 2014 using Australian census data as denominator values. Findings Prevalence estimates from PBS data when compared with questionnaire based studies demonstrated homogeneity overall (Mann-Whitney P>0.05). PBS prevalence estimates of diabetes, gout and asthma showed respective correlations of 0.999, 0.8385 and 0.58 to 0.82 with community surveys. In general, the prevalence of most chronic conditions rose. Cardiovascular disorders, iron deficiency treatment, HIV and prescription pain medication however demonstrated notable increases. Prevalence estimates were influenced by artefactual factors including new government regulation in 2012. For diabetes prevalence estimates this improved the correlation associated with community survey data. Conclusions Australian pharmaceutical administrative data have potential utility for chronic disease prevalence estimates. Advantages include low costs, speed of analysis, high power and good representation. We consider the technique offers a complimentary perspective of chronic disease prevalence providing new insights into population health.

Fiona Lugg-Widger, Hywel Jones, Lianna Angel et al.

Introduction The method used to define a GP-consultation using routine data will vary depending on the data source and research question. However, without consensus the approach will be tackled by numerous researchers and invariably result in different definitions. The LUCI study is assessing outcomes of childhood UTI using routine data sources. Objectives and Approach We are interested in GP urine sampling rate and re-consultation rate. The GP dataset includes multiple clinical (acute, routine monitoring, prescribing, results) and administrative codes. A GP consultation therefore needed to be defined. GP read code frequencies for our study cohort of children were produced. One researcher reviewed the codes that represented 80% of the data and classified them as a consultation or not. Where there was uncertainty this was independently reviewed by two clinicians and discrepancies agreed by the management team. Results We will present the decisions and assumptions made for this study in defining a GP consultation. 25,623 Read Codes represented the consultations for our study cohort of which 460 codes represented 80% of the consultations. The remaining 20% of codes represented <0.032% of records each. The 460 Read Codes were reviewed and following independent review and agreement from the management group 149 Read Codes were excluded. These were grouped into the following categories Administrative (e.g. Incoming Mail Processing, Ethnicity codes), Vaccinations, Child Health (e.g. First Smiled), Asthma and Medication Review. The GP consultations to be included in the analysis were then restricted to exclude these codes. This has been an important step in cleaning and understanding the data prior to analysis. Conclusion/Implications A consultation was defined for this study however there will be pros and cons to this method. In lieu of a consensus approach to the method this work is the first step to sharing approaches to help researchers with the same challenge.

Sue Schultz, Carmen Jones, Jennifer Walker

Introduction In Ontario, First Nations are increasingly seeking population-level data about the health of their citizens. However, First Nations people are not readily identified in standard health administrative data and indirect strategies, such as the use of on-reserve addresses, are limited in scope and validity. Objectives and Approach The Chiefs of Ontario entered into a Data Governance Agreement with the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) that enabled the linkage of the federal Indian Register (IR) to data at ICES. This study examined the impact of the IR linkage on First Nations population estimates and location of residence, measured by postal code or residence code. Overall, and for each First Nation community in Ontario, we compared First Nations population estimates from the ICES data with and without the IR linkage to estimates available from Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC). Results Without the IR, using only Ontario residence codes or postal codes that were unique to a given community, 62,242 individuals were identified as living in First Nations communities. This is approximately 30% lower than the current INAC on-reserve population estimate of 92,234 for First Nations communities in Ontario. Adding the IR allowed the use of non-unique postal codes as well, resulting in the identification of an additional 15,183 First Nations individuals. It also allowed the identification of over 113,000 First Nations individuals who live outside of First Nations communities, especially in urban areas. Finally, the combination of residence information and the IR permits communities to identify their registered member living within and outside their communities. Conclusion/Implications Using the IR in combination with geographic residence information, made possible through the Data Governance Agreement signed between Chiefs of Ontario and ICES, will provide First Nations communities with more accurate and complete population estimates, which is key to the production of useful and relevant First Nations-specific health research.

Susan Bronskill, Jun Guan, Marian Vermeulen et al.

ABSTRACT Objective Efforts to enable persons with dementia to remain at home longer, and to reduce use of costly acute care resources, are at the forefront of policy agendas internationally. Foundational to planning appropriate health system supports is the ongoing, comparable and accurate estimation of the prevalence and incidence of dementia across regions, as well as associated patterns of health services use and cost. Our objective was to explore emerging approaches to using population data in dementia research and demonstrate the policy contribution of the resulting new knowledge. Approach Using population-based health administrative data and an algorithm that was validated using electronic medical records, we developed a series of repeated, cross-sectional cohort studies to examine trends in dementia prevalence, incidence and publicly-funded health service use and costs between 2004/05 and 2013/14 among adults aged 65 years and older in Ontario, Canada. Trends in yearly rates of health service use were assessed using regression models for serially correlated data and compared to a 1:1 matched control group based on age, sex, geographic region and comorbidity level. Results Over time, age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of dementia increased by 18.2% (from 63.0 to 74.5 per 1,000 persons; p-value < 0.001) and age- and sex-adjusted incidence decreased slightly (from 18.2 to 17.0 per 1,000 persons; p-value = 0.05). Community-dwelling persons with dementia were more likely than matched controls to be placed in long-term care (11.8% vs. 1.5% in 2013; p<0.001) and use home care (45.8% vs 23.2%; p<0.001) but equally likely to visit family physicians (93.9% vs. 94.8% in 2013) and specialists (87.1% vs. 89.4%). Median costs associated with one year of health system use were $19,468 (interquartile range (IQR) $4,490 to $47,726) for prevalent cases in 2012/13 and $16,549 (IQR $5,070 to $47,899) for incident cases. Long-term care and hospital care accounted for the largest portion of total costs in both groups. Conclusion The prevalence of dementia has increased in Ontario, Canada over time and, given slightly declining incidence rates, is likely attributable to improved survival. Surveillance of dementia with health administrative data is a cost-effective tool for describing and monitoring trends in incidence and prevalence over time, and for supporting health system capacity planning. This comparative information is critical to understanding the impact of policy decisions designed to address dementia-related health care needs at a population level.

Radek Dušek, Renata Popelková

Shannon’s diversity index is frequently used in the determination of landscape diversity. Its indisputable advantage is a possibility to obtain numeric values that can subsequently be easily compared. However, accurate evaluation of landscape diversity from obtained results is rather complicated. The aim of the article is (i) to take a closer look at the theoretical origin of the formula that stems from the principles of the calculation of information entropy and (ii) to draw attention to several issues connected to the Shannon index application in landscape diversity assessment. Numeric value of the Shannon’s index depends on applied logarithm base that is not precisely specified by the formula. Presenting the resulting Shannon index value without stating the logarithm base is not very suitable. Nevertheless, a bigger problem is the dependence of the resulting Shannon’s diversity index value on two parameters, namely the number of studied categories and evenness of spatial distribution of individual categories. The resulting value may be identical for different types of the division of the study area. Therefore, the number of categories and the evenness of spatial distribution need to be taken into consideration in the very assessment of the Shannon index result. The number of categories could also be presented along with the resulting Shannon’s index value. A major drawback of the Shannon index is its inability to express spatial distribution of patches within the area; it only presents the total extent of each category. Out of existing modifications of the index that try to take spatial distribution into consideration, the most convenient is the coefficient of the distance between the extent of identical and different categories. Based on arguments deriving from theoretical basis of the Shannon index formula and its practical application, a new view of landscape diversity maximum is presented. The application of the Shannon index disregards the fact that the original relation required for entropy calculation presupposes independence of the existing state (e.g. land cover categories in case of landscape assessment). With regard to the fact that commonly defined categories of patches are independent; the index calculation should make use of the relation considering conditional probabilities of the occurrence of a certain category. <b>Teoretický pohled na Shannonův index při hodnocení diverzity krajiny</b> Příspěvek se zabývá teoretickými aspekty používání Shannonova idexu při hodnocení diverzity krajiny a rozebírá problémy, které s sebou přináší jeho formální aplikace. Základním východiskem je původní teoretický základ vzorce, který vychází z principů výpočtu informační entropie. Analyzována je závislost numerické hodnoty indexu na dvou parametrech, kterými jsou počet sledovaných kategorií a rovnoměrnost plošného zastoupení vyskytujících se kategorií. Vzhledem k tomu, že pro více způsobů rozdělení zájmového území může být výsledná hodnota Shannonova indexu stejná, je nutné při hodnocení výsledku přihlížet k počtu kategorií i k rovnoměrnosti plošného zastoupení jednotlivých kategorií. Proto je doporučeno uvádět u výsledné hodnoty Shannonova indexu také počet kategorií. Základním nedostatkem Shannonova indexu je skutečnost, že nevyjadřuje prostorové uspořádání ploch kategorií v území, ale pracuje pouze s celkovými velikostmi kategorií. Je uveden přehled a provedeno zhodnocení existujících modifikací indexu, které se snaží prostorové uspořádání zohlednit. Jako nejvhodnější se jeví využití koeficientu, který zohledňuje vzdálenosti mezi plochami stejných a odlišných kategorií. Tato modifikace je podrobně představena na modelovém příkladu. Na základě argumentů vycházejících z teoretického základu vzorce pro výpočet Shannonova indexu a z praktických aplikací tohoto vzorce je také představen nový pohled na pojem maximální diverzita krajiny. Při užívání Shannonova indexu je zcela opomíjeno, že původní vztah pro výpočet entropie předpokládá nezávislost vyskytujících se stavů (v případě hodnocení krajiny např. kategorií krajinného pokryvu). Vzhledem k tomu, že běžně definované kategorie ploch nejsou nezávislé, měl by se pro výpočet Shannonova indexu užívat vztah zohledňující podmíněné pravděpodobnosti výskytu kategorií.

Kristín Helga Birgisdóttir, Tinna Laufey Ásgeirsdóttir

<b>Background</b>: Results from recent research on the impact of economic cycles and population health have been mixed, with results appearing to be context-sensitive. <b>Objective</b>: We examine the long-term relationship between economic conditions and population health in Iceland, which has experienced some economically turbulent times in the last years and decades. <b>Methods</b>: We use aggregate annual data for 1981‒2014. We use three aggregate indicators of economic activity to proxy the economic cycle: unemployment rate, real GDP per capita, and real GDP. Life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and total mortality as well as four cause-specific mortality rates were used as outcome measures. <b>Results</b>: Our results do not suggest a statistically significant relationship between economic conditions and total mortality, infant mortality, or life expectancy. Different responses between causes of death are found, and in some instances between genders, although statistical significance is low. We do, however, find a consistent and statistically significant relationship for females aged 45‒64, where economic downturns are associated with lower all-cause mortality. <b>Conclusions</b>: For the time period studied we do not find a significant relationship between economic cycles and population health, where health is proxied by mortality rates, life expectancy at birth, and infant mortality. Further studies using less extreme health outcomes, such as morbidity rates, are warranted. <b>Contribution</b>: This type of study has not been performed using Icelandic data before and provides a comparison to research from other countries where the relationship has been explored more. Additionally, one of the contributions of this paper is to use a variety of economic indicators as proxies for economic cycles in a study examining their relationship with population health.

Stojković-Zlatanović Sanja

Vulnerability may arise from individual characteristics of individuals or social groups, employment conditions or as a result of difficulties in exercising fundamental social human rights. Principle of equity in terms of labor and employment as well as equity in health are closely linked and represented in a concept of decent work for all, promoted by the International Labor Organization. The concept of decent work aims to improve work conditions for the marginalized and vulnerable workers, where the notions “vulnerable” and “marginalized” represent people on the periphery of formal, standard employment, people working in an environment where the risk of being denied employment rights is high and also those who do not have the capacity to protect themselves from the abuse. The labor status of social groups whose personal characteristics, i.e. health characteristics, make them vulnerable in terms of work conditions and labor rights has been analyzed. In international, comparative and Serbian law, workers with disabilities are already protected by the special law provisions of professional rehabilitation and employment of people with disabilities. On the contrary, the status of workers who are not considered as people with disabilities but who are faced with some health problems are not recognized in the labor legislation and protected by the law. People with health problems may be those who are chronically ill i.e. people in a remission of a disease. Considering the current demographic process of population aging, an increase of elderly in economically active population/labor force could be expected, which also means the increase of chronically ill workers. This fact, argue in favor of regulation the labor status of people with health problems. Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, where the third component of health – social well-being could be used as justification for the integration of workers with health problems in the workplace. The aim is to prevent the occurrence of disability in terms of preventive approach. The integration and protection measures are represented in a form of flexible work arrangements (for instance, part-time work, tele-work), assignment a person with a health problem to another adequate job, establishment the right to a paid leave for the purpose of therapy by the law, prohibition of a night shift and overtime job for worker with health problems. The Serbian Labor Act (2005) has introduced a category of workers with the health problems and stipulates that those workers could not be assigned to a job that could have a negative effect to a health status/condition of an individual. A broader protection measures in terms of decent work and health equity, meaning that everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential with the aim of performing major life activities, including working activities, are not introduced by the Serbian Labor Act. That need to be changed, taking into account the fact that the Serbian Disability Act does not recognize the workers with temporary or/and occasional health impairments, meaning that the special measures of professional integration of people with disabilities could not be applied to the people with health problems. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 41004: Medicinsko-pravni i drugi društveni aspekti na polju retkih bolesti – ljudska prava, politika i praksa]

Pedro Pírez, Pedro Pírez

En México la intervención estatal en la producción de vivienda logró una amplia institucionalización y una importante canalización de recursos para operaciones de promoción pública. Ese sistema institucional se modificó radicalmente cuando, entre 1990 y 2000, se adoptó el “enfoque facilitador”, se puso énfasis en el financiamiento de la vivienda y se generaron estructuras institucionales. Esa producción privada se concentró en los “conjuntos urbanos”, que definen un modelo de urbanización orientado al consumo de “derechohabientes” con recursos limitados en procesos mercantilizados. El resultado ha sido una enorme producción de viviendas que se subordinan al valor de cambio, culminando en su degradación.

Kasztelan Armand

The aim of the study is an analysis of the environmental competitiveness of Lubelskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodships. There was performed an analysis of indices of the condition and protection of the environment, and also of the pressures placed on the environment in particular regions in order to assess the environmental competitiveness of Polish voivodships using a rating method (point one). The comparison of Lubelskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodships leads to the conclusion that these regions are characterised by a relatively good environmental potential, creating chances for specialisation in a range of those forms of economic activity which are based on the use of environmental resources and values.

Rogelio VARELA-LLAMAS, Ramón A. CASTILLO-PONCE, Juan Manuel OCEGUEDA-HERNÁNDEZ

En el presente trabajo se aplica la metodología de análisis discriminante para explorar en qué variables se diferencian dos grupos de trabajadores, unos con empleo formal y otros con empleo informal. Se utilizan microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (enoe) para estudiar a los jefes de hogar de la economía mexicana durante el tercer trimestre de 2005, 2009 y 2012. El interés por considerar un trimestre de estabilidad, uno de crisis y uno de recuperación, responde a la inquietud de conocer en qué magnitud cambia el peso relativo de las variables clasificadoras en las puntuaciones discriminantes estimadas por el modelo. Del conjunto de variables socioeconómicas que se abordan, se determina que el contrato laboral, la ocupación por tamaño de establecimiento, los años de escolaridad, el tipo de localidad y el proceso de búsqueda de un nuevo empleo, ayudan a discriminar entre ambos colectivos de trabajadores. También se encuentra que el cambio de entorno económico incide en la magnitud de los coeficientes estandarizados en forma moderada.

Paula Miranda-Ribeiro