Hasil untuk "Law"

Alejandro Ramirez, G. Ranis, F. Stewart

Roman. E. Zhilin

In recent years, Arctic states have accelerated investment in the design and construction of icebreakers. Following delays in U.S. icebreaking programs, construction of the first new American icebreaker in 30 years began in 2025, and sea trials of the Stotiz, which joined the U.S. Coast Guard last year, were conducted. Russia continues to expand its capabilities through the ongoing development of Project 22220 and Project Leader. This article examines the underlying motivations driving states to strengthen their icebreaking fleets. The study is particularly relevant given the strategic role icebreakers play in supporting Arctic energy projects and asserting influence in the region. Special attention is given to comparing the approaches of Russia and the United States. The findings suggest differing motivations: Russia emphasizes economic development and the integration of its northern territories, while the U.S. views icebreakers primarily as tools of geopolitical influence in military, political, and legal domains. The article argues that icebreaker development and NATO cooperation in this sphere are closely tied to the evolving geopolitical landscape, highlighting the need to assess the true objectives behind Arctic policy statements.

Rongchao Xu, Liang Gao, Yiding Jin et al.

Abstract The crack initiation stress (σ ci) and crack damage stress (σ cd) are two important stress thresholds for describing the progressive failure process of rocks. Accurately obtaining these two stress thresholds is crucial for analyzing the anisotropic characteristics of shale under the influence of bedding planes. The stress thresholds of rocks can be effectively obtained based on the response law of axial and circumferential strains during rock failure. Therefore, strain measurement methods have a significant impact on the stress threshold of rocks. Currently, there are mainly two methods to measure the axial strain of rock by displacement sensors, namely, axial extensometer and linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). To investigate the influence of strain measurement methods on σ ci and σ cd of shale, the stress thresholds and corresponding strain thresholds obtained by the extensometer and LVDT axial strain measurement methods were calculated based on the triaxial compression test results of Longmaxi shale under seven different bedding plane angles, and the differences in the calculation results based on the two methods were analysed. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to carry out numerical analysis, and the influence of the two measurement methods on the mechanical properties of rock was further studied. The research shows that the influence of strain measurement methods on the mechanical properties of shale is mainly reflected in deformation parameters, stress and strain thresholds and the post‒peak shape of the stress‒strain curve. For σ cd and its corresponding strain threshold, the calculation result of the extensometer is obviously smaller than that of the LVDT. In terms of σ cd, shale shows significant anisotropic characteristics.

D.V. Dobrianskyi, I.P. Tarchenko, G.L. Gumeniuk et al.

ABSTRACT. The article describes the attacks of the Russian Federation on Ukrainian medical institutions. As of the end of 2024, it is known that 1938 medical facilities in Ukraine were damaged. It provides a retrospective review of war crimes against doctors in wars that the aggressor waged earlier – in Chechnya, Georgia, Syria. The actions of the Russians after the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the invasion of Donbas are described. The international legal levers are listed through which war criminals can be brought to justice. It gives examples of aggressive actions of the invaders in different years of the war against medical institutions in different cities of Ukraine – Trostianets, Chernihiv, Mariupol, Kyiv. Arguments are presented about the intentionality of the actions by the occupiers, which exclude randomness, and therefore, they are undoubted war crimes. It highlights the difficult working conditions of doctors in Kherson during the occupation.

Fabrício do Vale Barretto, Larissa Figueirêdo Belo

Objetivo: o presente trabalho pretende examinar a controvérsia sobre a natureza alimentar de determinados créditos trabalhistas para fins de regime de precatório. Método: para tanto, foi utilizada metodologia de pesquisa legislativa, jurisprudencial e bibliográfica nos campos do Direito Constitucional, do Direito Administrativo, do Direito do Trabalho e do Direito Processual Civil. Inicialmente, estuda-se sobre o conceito de créditos de natureza alimentar. Em seguida, analisa-se a forma de interpretação do art. 100, § 1º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, e a relação entre a natureza alimentar e a prestação de serviço na relação de trabalho. Logo depois, realiza-se o cotejo entre as naturezas alimentar e indenizatória, com as análises de exemplos práticos, jurisprudências do Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça e circunstâncias que teoricamente poderiam retirar o caráter alimentar das verbas trabalhistas. Conclusão: como conclusão, expõe-se se há ou não modificação dessa natureza.

Dominik Borek

W niniejszym artykule przytoczono stan faktyczny opisany w wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego (WSA) w Warszawie z dnia 27 października 2022 r., sygn. akt: Vl SA/Wa 2058/22. Glosowane orzeczenie ma duże znaczenie dla rynku organizatorów turystyki i zakładów ubezpieczeń w Polsce, dotyczy bowiem postawienia granicy odpowiedzialności za działanie przedsiębiorcy w warunkach nadzwyczajnych i nieuniknionych okoliczności. W omawianym wyroku mamy do czynienia z dwiema wartościami – ochroną konsumenta i rozstrzyganiem wątpliwości na korzyść przedsiębiorcy, te dwa kluczowe aksjomaty należy wyważyć i poddać odpowiedniej ocenie wobec kontrowersyjnego rozstrzygnięcia.

Antonio Sergio Altieri de Moraes Pitombo

O artigo trata da questão da decretação de prisão cautelar como instrumento de agentes da Justiça Criminal  para influir na autodeterminação do preso quanto à ampla defesa, constrangendo-o a barganhar direitos, por meio de colaboração processual. Discute-se se a teoria do dilema do prisioneiro não se exibe uma forma de tortura psicológica, sob a perspectiva dos tratados internacionais.

Yueyu LEI, Zhonghui LI, He TIAN et al.

In order to study the influence of loading rate on infrared radiation energy of siltstone during loading failure, and quantitatively analyze the change law of infrared radiation energy of siltstone during loading process, the infrared radiation experiments of siltstone under uniaxial compression at different loading rates were carried out. The results show that the peak stress decreases with the increase of loading rate. Under different loading rates, in difference mode, the maximum infrared radiation temperature ΔTmax has a good correspondence with the stress change, which can better reflect the damage of the sample, and the maximum temperature difference of ΔTmax increases by 1.0-1.7 ℃. During the main rupture, cumulative infrared radiant energy increment ΔQ increases slowly with time. There is a power function relationship between ΔQ and mechanical work. With the increase of mechanical work, the cumulative infrared radiation energy increment increases first and then increases slowly. The range of infrared precursor ratio of specimen damage under different loading rates is 0.02-0.285, and decreases with the loading rate.

Dikran M. Zenginkuzucu

Under international law, it is each State’s obligation and responsibility to recognize the most serious crimes committed against the international community, as well as criminalize and conduct effective investigations and prosecution of them. The establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court, whose well-known complementarity principle is one of its central tenets, has finally emerged as a pillar in the fight against the impunity of international crimes. The article derives from various implementations a test for determining the characteristics and functions of the correction function of international law, thus presents the argument that the Rome Statute’s complementary role provides a corrective function.

Shangda Yang, Vitaly Zankin, Maximilian Balandat et al.

We leverage multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) to improve the performance of multi-step look-ahead Bayesian optimization (BO) methods that involve nested expectations and maximizations. Often these expectations must be computed by Monte Carlo (MC). The complexity rate of naive MC degrades for nested operations, whereas MLMC is capable of achieving the canonical MC convergence rate for this type of problem, independently of dimension and without any smoothness assumptions. Our theoretical study focuses on the approximation improvements for twoand three-step look-ahead acquisition functions, but, as we discuss, the approach is generalizable in various ways, including beyond the context of BO. Our findings are verified numerically and the benefits of MLMC for BO are illustrated on several benchmark examples. Code is available at https://github.com/Shangda-Yang/MLMCBO .

Miklós Szirbik, Sára Bernáth

A Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság 2023 januárjában „Szabadság és biztonság a digitalizálódó világban” címmel közzétett aktuális stratégiája értelmében a hatóság egyebek között a digitális szolgáltatásokról, valamint a digitális piacokról szóló európai uniós rendeletek alkalmazásából eredő és azokat kiegészítő hazai szabályozási igények vizsgálatát, szabályozási javaslatok előkészítésének szabályozási és szakértői támogatását határozta meg egyik kiemelt feladataként. A Gazdasági Versenyhivatal 2023 márciusában tagságot nyert abban a magas szintű nemzetközi munkacsoportban, amely az Európai Bizottságot segíti a digitális piacokról szóló rendelet szabályainak betartatásában. A jelen tanulmány a Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság, a Gazdasági Versenyhivatal és egyéb érintett hazai döntéshozók, ágazati szereplők stratégiájához és feladatköreik ellátásához oly módon kíván szakmai támogatást nyújtani, hogy részletesen bemutatja a német jogrendszerben körvonalazódó változásokat, gyakorlatokat a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló jogi aktusokkal kapcsolatban. A kutatást a német piac mérete és az ebből fakadó számos jogeset indokolja. Fontos tényező továbbá, hogy a német társadalom hagyományosan érzékeny az adatvédelem, a média és a demokrácia, továbbá a fenntartható gazdaság közötti kapcsolatokra, így a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló rendeletek végrehajtása során sok impulzusra számíthatunk Németország részéről, amely – a kevés ilyen tagállam egyikeként – már az uniós jogalkotást megelőzve, saját nemzeti jogszabályokban foglalt versenyjogi vagy médiaszabályozási eszközökkel beavatkozott a digitális piacok folyamataiba.

Оганесян С. С., Шамсунов С. Х.

Введение: статья посвящена проблемам, которые стали для пенитенциарной системы актуальными лишь в последние два–три десятилетия, поскольку ни в годы СССР, ни в начальный период становления России в качестве суверенного государства тема профилактики и противодействия экстремизму не вставала так остро. Цель: раскрыть проблемы, возникшие перед уголовно-исполнительной системой России в связи с активизацией экстремистских и террористических проявлений как в нашей стране, так и за ее пределами, а также предложить возможные пути их решения. Назрела потребность в создании комплексной системы подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России, а также научного и организационного сопровождения деятельности, направленной на профилактику и противодействие противоправной деятельности носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений. Результаты: научную и практическую значимость данного исследования мы видим в том, что в нем впервые раскрывается необходимость учета специфики каждого из видов экстремистской и террористической деятельности с точки зрения мотивов, обусловленных ментальной спецификой носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений, и подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России для профилактики и противодействия данным крайне деструктивным явлениям. Методы: для решения поставленных исследовательских задач эффективно использовано сочетание логического, системного методов, а также концептуальных видов анализа современного состояния профилактики и противодействия экстремистской деятельности в УИС. Также применялись герменевтические, сравнительные и экзегетические методы исследования источников, которые предопределяют сознание, когнитивные способности и поведение современных экстремистов и террористов. Вывод: авторы констатируют актуальность исследуемой проблемы, ее многоаспектность и предлагают с учетом сформулированных в статье результатов разработку концепции профилактики и противодействия самым разнообразным видам экстремистских и террористических воззрений, которая, в свою очередь, должна найти отражение в концепциях психологической, воспитательной, оперативной и режимной служб и всей системы ФСИН России. Кроме того, не менее важной задачей, которая все еще не решена, представляется введение в учебные планы высших и средних учебных заведений ФСИН России цикла предметов, связанных с профилактикой экстремистских и террористических воззрений с учетом специальности обучаемых.

Lei SI, Jiahao LI, Feng XING et al.

The problem of coal-gangue identification is one of the technical problems that have not been effectively solved for a long time in the coal industry. By analyzing the characteristics and limitations of existing coal-gangue identification methods, the feasibility of coal-gangue identification based on microwave detection technology is discussed. Firstly, the electromagnetic parameters of different coals and gangues are measured and analyzed to provide a basis for the subsequent analysis of sample test results. Then, in order to explore the influence of coal gangue size parameters on microwave propagation, the propagation law of coal gangue dielectric samples with different thickness and cross-sectional area on different frequency bands is studied. Because the coal-gangue mixture is a multi-scale medium composed of coal, gangue and air, the volume and shape are different, and the spatial distribution and mixing form are complex and changeable. The scattering effect in the microwave irradiation area is very complex, resulting in obvious differences in the transmission characteristics of electromagnetic waves in different coal-gangue mixtures. Finally, in order to explore the variation law of microwave propagation characteristics in different coal-gangue media, some microwave detection experiments of coal-gangue mixture under different microwave frequency bands, different particle sizes and different gangue contents are carried out. The results show that: the electromagnetic parameters, thickness and sectional area have obvious influence on the propagation law of microwave in the media. Different particle size and gangue rate have certain influence on microwave propagation in coal-gangue mixture. When microwave with frequency greater than 4 GHz irradiates the coal gangue mixture, the increase of particle size will gradually increase the intensity values of S11 and S21 and the amplitude of O21 signal. When the electromagnetic parameters of coal and gangue in the mixed medium are quite different, after the frequency is greater than 3.5 GHz, the increase of particle size reduces the S21 intensity from −35.3 dB to −38.2 dB, and the O21 signal amplitude from 1.6 mV to 1.26 mV, with certain time delay characteristics. Through the experimental analysis, the differences of the transmitted wave signal intensity value, the time-domain transmitted wave signal amplitude and the transmitted wave signal delay at the sensitive frequency points can be mastered, so as to provide a new idea and method for accurate identification of coal and gangue in top coal caving face.

Matthias Gegenwart

This paper analyses, if the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom, that was developed by the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC), can be used to expand the protection of human rights against the harms of climate change. The case of the Swiss Senior Women shows that there are jurisdictions, where the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could be applied to improve standing and the control standard of states’ climate change action. Within international law bodies with jurisdiction over human rights treaties there are distinctive standards of protection against the harms of climate change. A major deficit within the international human rights protection against climate change lies within the focus on the positive obligations and the corresponding wide margin of appreciation granted to the states. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could provide a protection expansion in this regard, especially in the case of the European Court of Human Rights. It could also enable and legitimise present human rights concerns focused on the future actions of states following their past inaction. One considerable hurdle that is not addressed by it are procedural hurdles like the Plaumann formula applied by the European Court of Justice. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom cannot solve major problems for climate change litigation like procedural hurdles. Yet, it can provide a new approach for complaints to address unambitious mitigation legislation which will lead to future human rights infringements.

O.Yu. Drofich

Спираючись на результати дослідження процедури адміністративного оскарження рішень, дій та бездіяльності митниці за законодавством України, автор зазначає, що її найбільш прогресивні аспекти відображені в положеннях митного законодавства, які: 1) дозволяють подання скарги до митного органу вищого рівня в електронному вигляді; 2) надати можливість брати участь у його розгляді в режимі відеоконференції; 3) оптимально врегулювати питання зупинення строку розгляду скарги, зокрема, у разі призначення митним органом вищого рівня документальної позапланової виїзної перевірки; 4) встановити обов’язок митного органу вищого рівня прийняти рішення за результатами розгляду скарги з урахуванням наявних у такому органі документів та/або інформації, якщо особа, яка подала скаргу, не надала документи. та/або інформацію на його запит. Водночас, як зазначає автор, основний порядок адміністративного оскарження, передбачений митним законодавством, за обсягом гарантій, що надаються приватним особам, поступається порядку адміністративного оскарження, передбаченому українським податковим законодавством, незважаючи на тим, що вони близькі за правовою природою. Крім того, обґрунтовується, що перспективними напрямами підвищення ефективності адміністративного оскарження як засобу досудового врегулювання спорів із митних правовідносин також вважаються: 1) поглиблення публічності та прозорості митних правовідносин. діяльність митних органів вищого рівня щодо розгляду скарг на рішення, дії та бездіяльність митних органів шляхом оприлюднення їх остаточних рішень; 2) запровадження механізмів, спрямованих на забезпечення єдності адміністративної практики в рамках адміністративного оскарження та утвердження правила про те, що зміна оцінки та висновків в однакових чи подібних справах можлива лише за умови належного обґрунтування; 3) приведення правових засад порядку адміністративного оскарження рішень, дій та бездіяльності митних органів у відповідність до вимог Закону України «Про адміністративне судочинство»

Kim Chol-jun

We checked that the distribution of words in text should uniform, which gives Heaps' law as natural result, that is, the number of types of words can be expressed as a power law of the number of tokens within text. We developed a ``superposition'' model, which leads to an asymptotic power-law distribution of the number of occurrences (or frequency) of words, that is, Zipf's law. The model is well consistent with observations.

Ann Strode, Zaynab Essack

Abstract Background The South African legal framework requires mandatory parental/legal guardian consent for all research with children. Ethics guidelines provide some reprieve by allowing RECs to grant waivers of parental or guardianship consent in certain defined circumstances. In the first instance, consent may be provided by a proxy when parents or guardians are unavailable, for example with orphaned children. In the second instance, guidelines permit adolescent self-consent when the nature of the study justifies this approach, for example, research on sensitive issues like sexual behaviour or substance use. Discussion South African guidelines set several conditions that must be met for waivers to be granted. These norms overlap with those in international guidelines. However, the ethical norms, especially related to self-consent are sometimes vague. This article critically evaluates the consent norms in the national ethics guidelines and makes recommendations for reform to ethics guidelines in a way that recognises the value of child participation in research, their evolving decision-making capacity and their best interests. Conclusion Recommendations are made to harmonise ethics guidelines and law in a way that promotes child participation in research, to ensure additional protections for adolescents when self-consent is allowed, and to withdraw procedural requirements for the community endorsement of self-consent strategies.

Kaiyi Du, Yong Shi, Zhi-Yu Zhang et al.

We investigate the extended-Schmidt (ES) law in volume densities ($ρ_{\rm SFR}$ $\propto$ $(ρ_{\rm gas}ρ_{\rm star}^{0.5})^{α^{\rm VES}}$) for spatially-resolved regions in spiral, dwarf, and ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs), and compare to the volumetric Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) law ($ρ_{\rm SFR}$ $\propto$ $ρ_{\rm gas}^{α^{\rm VKS}}$). We first characterize these star formation laws in individual galaxies using a sample of 11 spirals, finding median slopes $α^{\rm VES}$=0.98 and $α^{\rm VKS}$=1.42, with a galaxy-to-galaxy rms fluctuation that is substantially smaller for the volumetric ES law (0.18 vs 0.41). By combining all regions in spirals with those in additional 13 dwarfs and one UDG into one single dataset, it is found that the rms scatter of the volumetric ES law at given x-axis is 0.25 dex, also smaller than that of the volumetric KS law (0.34 dex). At the extremely low gas density regime as offered by the UDG, the volumetric KS law breaks down but the volumetric ES law still holds. On the other hand, as compared to the surface density ES law, the volumetric ES law instead has a slightly larger rms scatter, consistent with the scenario that the ES law has an intrinsic slope of $α^{\rm VES} \equiv$1 but the additional observational error of the scale height increases the uncertainty of the volume density. The unity slope of the ES law implies that the star formation efficiency (=$ρ_{\rm SFR}$/$ρ_{\rm gas}$) is regulated by the quantity that is related to the $ρ_{\rm star}^{0.5}$.

Ilaria Perissi, Ugo Bardi

Carlo Cipolla's stupidity quadrant and his five laws of stupidity were proposed for the first time in 1976. Exposed in a humorous mood by the author, these concepts nevertheless describe very serious features of the interactions among human beings. Here, we propose a new interpretation of Cipolla's ideas in a biophysical framework, using the well-known predator-prey or "Lotka-Volterra" model. We find that there is indeed a correspondence between Cipolla's approach, based on economics, and biophysical economics. On the basis of this examination, we propose a sixth law of stupidity, additional to the five proposed by Cipolla. The law states that humans are the stupidest species in the ecosystem.

Maaike Zwart, Dan Marsden

Monads are commonplace in computer science, and can be composed using Beck's distributive laws. Unfortunately, finding distributive laws can be extremely difficult and error-prone. The literature contains some general principles for constructing distributive laws. However, until now there have been no such techniques for establishing when no distributive law exists. We present three families of theorems for showing when there can be no distributive law between two monads. The first widely generalizes a counterexample attributed to Plotkin. It covers all the previous known no-go results for specific pairs of monads, and includes many new results. The second and third families are entirely novel, encompassing various new practical situations. For example, they negatively resolve the open question of whether the list monad distributes over itself, reveal a previously unobserved error in the literature, and confirm a conjecture made by Beck himself in his first paper on distributive laws. In addition, we establish conditions under which there can be at most one possible distributive law between two monads, proving various known distributive laws to be unique.