MODERNIZATION OF THE ICEBREAKER FLEET OF RUSSIA AND THE USA: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS

In recent years, Arctic states have accelerated investment in the design and construction of icebreakers. Following delays in U.S. icebreaking programs, construction of the first new American icebreaker in 30 years began in 2025, and sea trials of the Stotiz, which joined the U.S. Coast Guard last year, were conducted. Russia continues to expand its capabilities through the ongoing development of Project 22220 and Project Leader. This article examines the underlying motivations driving states to strengthen their icebreaking fleets. The study is particularly relevant given the strategic role icebreakers play in supporting Arctic energy projects and asserting influence in the region. Special attention is given to comparing the approaches of Russia and the United States. The findings suggest differing motivations: Russia emphasizes economic development and the integration of its northern territories, while the U.S. views icebreakers primarily as tools of geopolitical influence in military, political, and legal domains. The article argues that icebreaker development and NATO cooperation in this sphere are closely tied to the evolving geopolitical landscape, highlighting the need to assess the true objectives behind Arctic policy statements.