Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Margaret Aasness Knudtzon

Økt import av forbruksvarer ble viktig for utviklingen av forbrukersamfunnet i Norge. I denne artikkelen presenteres en oversikt over importmengdene av et stort antall varer på 1700- og 1800-tallet basert på registreringene i tollistene og handelsstatistikken. De kvantitative dataene viser hvordan økt handel bidro til økt tilbud og bruk av kolonivarer, fargevarer, tekstiler og ulike matvarer fra midten av 1700-tallet, og at den økte importen og etterspørselen etter varer vedvarte i andre halvdel av 1700-tallet. Importen av luksusvarer, som ikke-klassiske kolonivarer, steg i mindre grad enn tilfellet var for de klassiske kolonivarene, som sukker, tobakk, kaffe og te, som ble brukt av flere samfunnslag. I andre halvdel av 1800-tallet skjedde det en ny markant økning i vareimporten, i takt med den økte økonomiske veksten. Samspillet mellom økt import, produksjon og etterspørsel i befolkningen ble selvforsterkende og førte til en nærmest eksponentielt økt vareimport i andre halvdel av 1800-tallet. Artikkelen beskriver en forenklet modell hvordan disse positive tilbakekoblingssløyfene førte til endrede forbruksvaner i befolkningen. Evalueringen av vareimporten på 1700- og 1800-tallet gir en ny forståelse av starten av forbrukersamfunnet ved at det skjedde et forbrukerhamskifte i andre halvdel av 1700-tallet og en videre forbruker-evolusjon fra midten av 1800-tallet.

Matic Pikovnik, Žiga Zaplotnik

This study examines mean meridional winds and their trends in the Northern Hadley Cell (NHC) from 1980 to 2022 using reanalysis datasets and radiosonde observations. Compared to radiosonde data, reanalyses underestimate the mean upper-tropospheric poleward flow of the NHC but accurately capture the mean equatorward flow in the lower troposphere. While climate models generally project a weakening of the NHC, our study finds no significant trend in radiosonde observations, adding to the uncertainty in future climate projections. In contrast, reanalyses indicate a strengthening, primarily due to an intensification of the upper-tropospheric poleward flow. Our examination of ERA5 analysis increments confirms that the NHC strengthening trend in ERA5 is not an artefact of data assimilation. Instead, the increments correct the first-guess, which underestimates the strength of the NHC, nudging it toward a stronger circulation.

Håkon Hermanstrand, Ann-Kristin Solsten

Med mikrohistorisk metode og transnasjonal tilnærming tar vi i artikkelen for oss historien til bofaste og delvis bofaste samer på 1800-tallet i den sørlige delen av Saepmie. I artikkelen tar vi utgangspunkt i to ektepar og bruker ulike kilder og litteratur for å belyse historien til sørsamer som ikke levde som reindriftsnomader, men som heller ikke levde adskilt fra reindrifta. I artikkelen forsøker vi å unngå begreper som bygdesame og viser heller hvordan disse to ekteparene og familiene representerte typiske levemåter for samer kategorisert som sockenlapper og bygdesamer. De var mobile og levde av tjenesteyting, småbruk, dyrehold, handel og håndverk. I artikkelen presenterer vi ny kunnskap ved å legge fram hvordan områder fra Smøla til Sundvall inngikk i disse og andre samiske familiers slektsnettverk og levebrød.

Tomáš Bratina

Sylvie Stanovská

The paper discusses traditional and innovative elements in three Old Czech alba – songs about meeting and departing of lovers in the morning after spending the night together. The traditional, constitutive features of the genre are discussed as well as specific innovations of the respective texts.

Pavlína Knap-Dlouhá

Marie Smith-Solbakken, Hans-Jørgen Wallin Weihe

Artikkelen belyser hvordan lokalsamfunnet Førresfjorden håndterte Kielland-ulykken 27. mars 1980. Det omkom 123 oljearbeidere i ulykken. Syv av dem kom fra Førresfjorden. Presten, menigheten, naboer og familie ga bistand og støtte etter ulykken. Det var ikke tradisjon for krisehjelp fra offentlige myndigheter og skolen. Artikkelens kildegrunnlag er intervjuer utført nesten 40 år etter supplert med skriftlige kilder. Metoden er polyfon og mikrohistorisk.

Bas Hamers

S. B. F. Dorch, J. O. Petersen

About fifty years after the work that astronomer Tycho Brahe carried out while living on the island of Hven had made him world famous, King Christian IV of Denmark built the Trinity Buildings in Copenhagen. The Tower observatory was opened in 1642, and it housed the astronomers from the University of Copenhagen until 1861 when a new, modern observatory was built at Østervold in the eastern part of the city. In 1996, all the University astronomers from the observatories at Østervold and the small town of Brorfelde were relocated to the Rockefeller Buildings at Østerbro, and the two observatories were closed. In this paper we focus on the library at the observatory in Østervold, and its subsequent fate following the close-down of that observatory.

Fabian Neumann, Elisabeth Zeyen, Marta Victoria et al.

Electricity transmission expansion has suffered many delays in Europe in recent decades, despite its significance for integrating renewable electricity into the energy system. A hydrogen network which reuses the existing fossil gas network could not only help to supply demand for low-emission fuels, but could also to balance variations in wind and solar energy across the continent and thus avoid power grid expansion. We pursue this idea by varying the allowed expansion of electricity and hydrogen grids in net-zero CO2 scenarios for a sector-coupled and self-sufficient European energy system with high shares of renewables. We cover the electricity, buildings, transport, agriculture, and industry sectors across 181 regions and model every third hour of a year. With this high spatio-temporal resolution, the model can capture bottlenecks in transmission networks, the variability of demand and renewable supply, as well as regional opportunities for the retrofitting of legacy gas infrastructure and the development of geological hydrogen storage. Our results show consistent system cost reductions with a pan-continental hydrogen network that connects regions with low-cost and abundant renewable potentials to demand centres, synthetic fuel production and cavern storage sites. Developing a hydrogen network reduces system costs by up to 26 billion Euros per year (3.4%), with the highest benefits when electricity grid reinforcements cannot be realised. Between 64% and 69% of this network could be built from repurposed natural gas pipelines. However, we find that hydrogen networks can only partially substitute for power grid expansion. While the expansion of both networks together can achieve the largest cost savings of 10%, the expansion of neither is truly essential as long as higher costs can be accepted and regulatory changes are made to manage grid bottlenecks.

Simon Nygaard, Yoav Tirosh

ABSTRACT: This special issue of Scandinavian-Canadian Studies / Études scandinaves au Canada is the result of a number of sessions organized by guest editors Yoav Tirosh and Simon Nygaard for the 2018 International Medieval Congress (IMC) at Leeds and supported by the Memory and the Pre-Modern North network. This introduction serves to contextualize the study of collective memory within the field of Old Norse as well as introduce some of the key theoretical concepts discussed in the issue. The formation and transmission of collective memory in pre-literate and literate societies are explained, with an eye towards the cognitive elements at play. Finally, the issueʼs articles are discussed, as is the logic of the compilation. This special issue hopes to expand the already thriving field of collective memory studies in Old Norse, building upon the work already done and offering new directions forward.

Iva Zündorf

L. R. Cullinane, A. D. Mackey, G. S. Da Costa et al.

The highly-substructured outskirts of the Magellanic Clouds provide ideal locations for studying the complex interaction history between both Clouds and the Milky Way (MW). In this paper, we investigate the origin of a >20$^\circ$ long arm-like feature in the northern outskirts of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using data from the Magellanic Edges Survey (MagES) and Gaia EDR3. We find that the arm has a similar geometry and metallicity to the nearby outer LMC disk, indicating that it is comprised of perturbed disk material. Whilst the azimuthal velocity and velocity dispersions along the arm are consistent with those in the outer LMC, the in-plane radial velocity and out-of-plane vertical velocity are significantly perturbed from equilibrium disk kinematics. We compare these observations to a new suite of dynamical models of the Magellanic/MW system, which describe the LMC as a collection of tracer particles within a rigid potential, and the SMC as a rigid Hernquist potential. Our models indicate the tidal force of the MW during the LMC's infall is likely responsible for the observed increasing out-of-plane velocity along the arm. Our models also suggest close LMC/SMC interactions within the past Gyr, particularly the SMC's pericentric passage ~150 Myr ago and a possible SMC crossing of the LMC disk plane ~400 Myr ago, likely do not perturb stars that today comprise the arm. Historical interactions with the SMC prior to ~1 Gyr ago may be required to explain some of the observed kinematic properties of the arm, in particular its strongly negative in-plane radial velocity.

Gunnar Thorvaldsen, Hilde L. Sommerseth, Lars Holden

Sammendrag Norge har et sentralt landsdekkende folkeregister som ble startet opp i 1964, og for mange personer inneholder data som går lenger tilbake. For tida bygger vi et Historisk befolkningsregister (HBR) tilbake til 1801. Målet er å konstruere en nasjonal database for også å håndtere innenlandsk migrasjon, som er dårlig dekket i de nominative kildene til langt ut på 1900-tallet. HBR bygger primært på folketellingene og kirkebøkene i perioden, siden det har vært for arbeidskrevende å utnytte de kommunale folkeregistrene som ble ført for et økende antall steder til de ble landsdekkende etter krigen. For den åpne perioden fram til 1920-tallet er HBR tilgjengelig via tre nettbaserte grensesnitt. For det ene, par av lenkede folketellinger, hvor data om samme person på to ulike tidspunkt er sammenstilt, for det andre «Tidslinjer», der innførsler fra flere folketellinger og kirkebøker er lenket sammen, og histreg.no, der brukerne selv kan bidra i lenkingen basert på alle kildene i Digitalarkivet. Disse er godt egnet for genealogi og lokalhistoriske studier. HBR gjøres òg tilgjengelig som datafiler gjennom Intermediate Data Structure (IDS), som gir datagrunnlag for kvantitative studier. Denne artikkelen vil beskrive hovedpunkter i disse fire grensesnittene til det historiske befolkningsregistret, som er åpne for alle typer brukere.

Oddmund L. Hoel, Annette Langedal Holme, Yngve Nilsen et al.

Helga Thorson

David Marasco, Bree Barnett Dreyfuss

In the spring of 2018 the Northern California/Nevada section of the American Association of Physics Teachers was alerted to a local high school's plans to eliminate physics for the following school year. As part of the campaign to support the school's efforts to sustain physics in the following year, the physics offerings from the surrounding schools in that district were compiled. It appeared that the demographics of the student population in the district played a role in the number of different physics courses offered within that district, particularly the percentage of Hispanic students (%Hispanic) and percentage of socioeconomically disadvantaged (%SED) students at each school. Concerned that this trend was more widespread, physics course offerings were reviewed for Northern California public high schools to determine if there were correlations between the amount of different physics class offerings and these populations. It was found that %Hispanic and %SED are strongly correlated in California public schools, and along with number of students, could be used as statistically significant predictors of a school's physics offerings.

Thomas Götz, Silja Mohrmann, Robert Rockenfeller et al.

Since the beginning of the corona pandemic in March 2020, various parameters for describing the spread of the disease have been specified for Germany in addition to the daily infection figures (new infections and total infections), which are also used for political decisions. In addition to excess mortality and the weekly incidence, these include the doubling time $T_2$ and the reproduction number $R_t$. For the latter, various estimates can be found on the website of the Robert-Koch-Institute, see \cite{EstR:RKI}, which are calculated from the case numbers for all of Germany; local differences are not taken into account here. In the present article, the calculations of the RKI on a local level are examined using the example of northern Rhineland-Palatinate and its districts. Here, not the reporting date but the onset of illness is used as a reference for the calculation of $R_t$. For cases where the onset of illness is not known, an adjusted generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) is first fitted to the data for which the reporting delay (difference between the onset of illness and the reporting date) is available and examined for further characteristics such as local as well as demographic differences. This GEV distribution is then used to calculate the reporting delays of incomplete data points. The calculation of the daily value of $R_t$ between the end of February and the end of October showed a similar course of the reproductive rate compared to the nationwide figures. Expectably larger statistical fluctuations were observed in the summer, mainly due to lower case numbers. The values for northern Rhineland-Palatinate have been consistently above $1$ since about mid-September. The calculations can also be transferred to other regions and administrative districts.

Martin Veier-Olsen

Sammendrag Det norske sjølstendighetstapet i 1536/37 innebar at danske adelsmenn kom til å dominere norske forvaltningsposter og embeter i enda større grad enn i tida før. Videre forsvant det norske riksrådet, og innføringen av den lutherske kirkeordningen innebar at kirka fikk godset sitt overdratt til kongen. Kongens menn i Norge manglet ofte kunnskap om og erfaring med norske bønder, avstander, terreng og andre forhold. Dette resulterte dermed i ei rekke større og mindre kulturmøter mellom den utenlandske øvrigheten og den norske allmuen. I denne artikkelen argumenterer jeg for at telemarksopprøret i 1540 er ett slikt kulturmøte. Med vekt på den kulturelle avstanden mellom norske bønder, tyske bergmenn, danske lensherrer og kongen sjøl, søker jeg én av hovedforklaringene på opprøret i den danske kongens fremmedgjorte forhold til det norske riket. Kristian 3.s manglende erfaring med norske forhold gjorde at han hadde dårlige forutsetninger for å håndtere den raskt økende spenningen som oppstod etter bergverksinitiativene hans i Telemark, til tross for at han fikk løpende advarsler fra hovedlensherren på Akershus. Dette må sees i lys av at kongen og telemarksbøndene soknet til hver sin kultursfære, og at disse bare i liten grad overlappet hverandre.

Natalia Zdanowska

After the Fall of the Berlin Wall, Central Eastern European cities (CEEc) integrated the globalized world, characterized by a core-periphery structure and hierarchical interactions between cities. This article gives evidence of the core-periphery effect on CEEc in 2013 in terms of differentiation of their urban functions after 1989. We investigate the position of all CEEc in transnational company networks in 2013. We examine the orientations of ownership links between firms, the spatial patterns of these networks and the specialization of firms in CEEc involved. The major contribution of this paper consists in giving proof of a core-periphery structure within Central Eastern Europe itself, but also of the diffusion of innovations theory as not only large cities, but also medium-sized and small ones are part of the multinational networks of firms. These findings provide significant insights for the targeting of specific regional policies of the European Union.