Hasil untuk "Logic"

A. Fert, V. Cros, J. Sampaio

O. Maler, D. Ničković

Cliff B. Jones

M. Kifer, G. Lausen, James Wu

Dipanjan Sen, Harikrishnan Ravichandran, Safdar Imam et al.

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are promising for next-generation field-effect transistors (FETs), but their integration into complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) logic is hindered by improper threshold voltages ( $${V}_{{th}}$$ V t h ), leading to excessive power consumption. While past efforts have focused on improving gate electrostatics and near-ideal subthreshold swing ( $${SS}$$ S S ), systematic $${V}_{{th}}$$ V t h engineering in 2D FETs remains unexplored. Here, we investigate high-κ van der Waals (vdW) dielectrics including metal oxyhalides such as LaOBr, BiOBr, and BiOCl, and bimetallic thiophosphates such as LiInP2S6 (LIPS), LiInP2Se6 (LIPSe) and CuInP2S6 (CIPS), and demonstrate that bimetallic thiophosphates enable programmable and non-volatile $${V}_{{th}}$$ V t h tuning in both n-type monolayer MoS2 and p-type bilayer WSe2 FETs. Leveraging ion-mediated $${V}_{{th}}$$ V t h tuning, we realize 2D CMOS inverters with nearly three orders of magnitude reduction in static power while maintaining high switching speed. Combining experiments with industry-compatible SPICE modeling, we identify an optimal $${V}_{{th}}$$ V t h window that minimizes power with negligible delay overhead, enabling built-in power gating and improved power–performance–area metrics without additional sleep transistors.

Mahalingam Anandaraj, Tahani Albalawi, Mohammad Alkhatib

This paper proposes a new approach to integrating Q learning into the fuzzy linear programming (FLP) paradigm to improve peer selection in P2P networks. Using Q learning, the proposed method employs real-time feedback to adjust and update peer selection policies. The FLP framework enriches this process by dealing with imprecise information through fuzzy logic. It is used to achieve multiple objectives, such as enhancing the throughput rate, reducing the delay, and guaranteeing a reliable connection. This integration effectively solves the problem of network uncertainty, making the network configuration more stable and flexible. It is also important to note that throughout the use of the Q-learning agent in the network, various state metric indicators, including available bandwidth, latency, packet drop rates, and connectivity of nodes, are observed and recorded. It then selects actions by choosing optimal peers for each node and updating a Q table that defines states and actions based on these performance indices. This reward system guides the agent’s learning, refining its peer selection policy over time. The FLP framework supports the Q-learning agent by providing optimized solutions that balance conflicting objectives under uncertain conditions. Fuzzy parameters capture variability in network metrics, and the FLP model solves a fuzzy linear programming problem, offering guidelines for the Q-learning agent’s decisions. The proposed method is evaluated under different experimental settings to reveal its effectiveness. The Erdos–Renyi model simulation is used, and it shows that throughput increased by 21% and latency decreased by 40%. The computational efficiency was also notably improved, with computation times diminishing by up to five orders of magnitude compared to traditional methods.

R. Wadsack

Albert Marti, Ramon Bastida-Vialcanet, Frederic Marimon

Purpose: Sustainability and ESG criteria are gaining more and more relevance, and the insurance industry is playing a relevant role in the sustainability transition. Therefore, this study aims to review existing academic literature on ESG criteria in the insurance industry. Specifically, it addresses the determinants in three objectives: First, analysing the focus on sustainability considering the three dimensions of the ESG framework: environment, social and governance; the second one, focusing on the relevant topics in the insurance industry involving the ESG criteria. And finally, identifying the main gaps and point out new research lines. Design/methodology: The research was conducted through a systematic literature review considering published articles of Web of Science and Scopus. Originality/value: Although the insurance industry has a very relevant weight into the economy and the society, and it plays a key role in promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy, we noticed that there are not many scientific articles on this subject. Findings: Findings contribute to the body of literature on sustainable finance, providing a new and complete overview about how ESG criteria implementation has been approached in the insurance industry: mapping research streams, analysing the ESG approach, and identifying research gaps in this domain. Practical implications: This article wants to provide a broader and a more structured knowledge about ESG criteria implementation, and to help managers and insurance companies to move forward with sustainability strategies, and to identify the future lines of research. Social Implications: Business sustainability aims to combine market logic with social welfare logic, but we have found little activity on how insurance companies develop the social dimension within the ESG perspective, as a way to influence the community by promoting equal practices, access to education, etc.

J. Minker

C. Lee

E. Shapiro

Rachel Griffin

Scholarship has long identified the business imperative to create an advertiser-friendly environment as a key influence on social media content moderation. However, "brand safety" – the industry term for advertisers’ measures to avoid content perceived as reflecting negatively on their brands – remains understudied. Drawing on policy statements from industry actors, as well as extant academic literature, this article makes four contributions. First, it proposes four distinct mechanisms through which branding imperatives influence platforms’ content governance. Second, it highlights two current trends: growing efforts by major advertisers to directly influence platforms’ content policies, and a shift in industry terminology from brand safety (avoiding content widely considered objectionable) to "suitability" (evaluating appropriate content for a particular brand) – which promises advertisers greater customisation, but in fact promotes the standardisation of content governance across major platforms. Third, it explores the policy implications of these developments, in particular for equal participation and freedom of public debate on social media. Finally, it briefly explores the relevance to these concerns of the EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act, suggesting that it fails to adequately address a marketised logic in which the production and distribution of online media content is increasingly shaped by what is deemed suitable for branding objectives.

Guang-Ling Song, Andrej Atrens

This review summarizes recent insights into the Mg corrosion mechanism, clarifies many critical controversial points regarding the Mg corrosion behaviour, and updates some efforts made to extend the industrial application of Mg alloys. Based on the new understandings gained so far, future research directions are also suggested in the review. This review has the following logic. The first section “1. Scope” is a consolidation of the new understandings or developments regarding the Mg corrosion mechanism and the new applications for Mg alloys. It also highlights some key points for the review. The second section “2. Widely accepted knowledge” briefly summarizes the general understanding of Mg corrosion gained so far, which acts as the foundation for the following sections. The third section “3. Recently deepened insights” mainly briefs on some new insights into Mg corrosion phenomena based on recent findings. Different interpretations on the corrosion behaviours are comprehensively discussed in the fourth section “4. Controversial points” and the conclusions are drawn in the subsection “4.5 Clarified points”. Apart from the fundamental understandings, various efforts in the application of Mg alloys are presented in the fifth section “5. New applications”. Following the research tendency as indicated in the review, prioritized research areas are suggested in “6. Future directions”. The review is concluded with “7. Concluding remarks” at last.

Kochman-Haładyj Bożena, Kiełtyka Robert

The present paper, adopting some of the tools offered by Cognitive Linguistics, namely the mechanisms of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, is a qualitative study of a sociolinguistic nature. Its overall purpose is an attempt at exhibiting a paradigm shift in the representation of women in Anglo-American proverbs. Combining the potential of the cross-fertilisation between Cognitive Linguistics and paremiological studies, the study appertains to the sense-threads embedded in the figurative language of proverbs, with the main focus on a cognitive semantic analysis of selected Anglo-American paremias directed towards women and animals. The main goal of the research is the juxtaposition of the meaning coded in two proverbs of traditional status, as representatives of a larger group of paremiological units (i.e. A woman, a cat, and a chimney should never leave the house; A whistling girl and a crowing hen always come to no good end), reflecting the deep-rooted gender-biased ideology in patriarchal Anglo-American society, with the content of the selected anti-proverb (i.e. The early bird gets up to serve his wife breakfast in bed) and a contemporary proverb (i.e. A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle), serving as sample evidence of the heralds of a paradigm shift in the issue of gender stereotyping stored in paremiological wisdom. The paper shows that the motivation behind the use of the analysed proverbs is to be accounted for by reference to the mechanism of metaphor-metonymy interaction, while the rise of new gender-related proverbs can be regarded as a sign of socio-cultural changes. Specifically, through the medium of modern paremiology, asymmetrical representation of male and female gender, coupled with traditional masculine and feminine characteristics as well as social roles, appears if not endangered then, at least, to be taking a promising path.

R. Yager, L. Zadeh

Farrukh Hafiz Nagi, Jawaid Iqbal Inayat-Hussain, Syed Khaleel Ahmed

Active magnetic bearings, which are open-loop and unstable, require a feedback control system to ensure stable operation of the rotating machines that they support. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in field applications of these bearings for this purpose. PID controllers are designed to work effectively within the linear region of operation of the rotating machines. Due to the inherent nonlinearity of the active magnetic bearings, large unbalance forces that may occur in these machines result in nonlinear vibration responses. Therefore, the PID controller’s effectiveness to control the vibration of the rotating machines is considerably reduced when the unbalance forces in these machines become large. Other control strategies, such as the fuzzy logic and the sliding mode control schemes, are more apt to deal with the nonlinear responses of the rotating machines supported by active magnetic bearings. The present work proposes an integrated fuzzy bang-bang relay controller for a rigid rotor mounted on active magnetic bearings. The effectiveness of this controller to suppress rotor vibrations is examined numerically. Performance comparison of this controller with the conventional fuzzy logic and PD controllers are made for different initial conditions, rotor imbalance magnitudes, and rotor angular speeds. At extreme operating conditions due to large rotor unbalance forces, where the magnetic bearings are highly nonlinear, the proposed integrated fuzzy bang-bang relay controller proved to be more superior over the conventional fuzzy logic and PD controllers.

Lorenzo Magnani, Anna Maria Marchini

Starting from the analysis of Marx’s Chapter 26 of the first volume of <i>Capital</i>, this article describes Marxian emphasis on the extremely violent aspects—a list of the main cases is also provided—of the so-called “enclosures” as fundamental procedures that favored the “primitive accumulation”, that is, the first social and economic step that led to capitalism. The “enclosures” that characterized the primitive accumulation process, violently expropriating peasants, razing their cottages and dwellings, are illustrated in detail. At the same time, we will describe what we call the “moral bubble”, created by the narratives—morally edifying—about enclosures, only devoted to the emphasis on the positive economic and social outcomes: the moral bubble acts as a powerful conceptual device capable of concealing the violence that accompanies enclosures. The second part of the article stresses the fact that the mechanism of enclosures can be traced back not only to violently expropriating common lands in which the peasants flourished but also to the violent processes against women to have them basically reduced to machines for the production of new workers, in the framework of the new “patriarchy of the wage”. The importance of the so-called “new enclosures” is further delineated after having shown how enclosures express the historical and general tendency of capitalistic accumulation and not only of the primitive one. The violent aspects of primitive accumulation, and so of primitive enclosures, are described as the main characters of every phase of the recent capitalist globalization, marked by continuous and unprecedented assault (as smart social, political, and economic mechanisms for producing enclosures) on the commons, perpetrated by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, coronavirus lockdown and, currently, also by the paradoxical economic effects of the interplay between the green era and Ukraine war–global food and energy crisis. Finally, the last section provides insight on what we called the “terminal enclosure” related to the aggression of the ultimate common good: water.

Marco Guerini

The essay proposes a reconstruction of the main quantitative and qualitative theories that have emerged in economics about the impacts on the labour market deriving from the progressive replacement of human labour by robots. In light of this, the Author acknowledges several interpretative lines observed in the industry for about a decade. Such an analysis is functional to investigate how the process of man-machine substitution (or its threat) responds not exclusively to deterministic logic linked to technological progress. Instead, it closely intertwines with strategic choices originating in processes that characterise labour law and industrial relations, particularly affecting the determination of the working conditions of underqualified and, thus, more easily replaceable workers. Indeed, if the regulation of the phenomenon were determined solely by mercantile interests, this would present a risk to the very stability of the welfare state. Therefore, it is urgent to activate the protection techniques offered by labour law to encourage the spread of robotics that, instead of aiming at replacing workers tout court, aspires to make their work less burdensome and, thus, more dignified.

Artur Gruszczak

The EU has been under severe strain as a free-travel area. The migration crisis of the mid-2010s and the current Covid-19 pandemic have exerted a negative impact on the freedom of movement in the EU and the undisturbed crossing of internal borders within the Schengen area. Direct effects and long-term consequences of the prolonged crisis have shown that the dynamics of integration, which are determined by spillover effects of transnational processes, are counterposed by a politicization of domestically-embedded issues of security governance. This assumption underpins the postfunctionalist approach to European integration proposed originally by Hooghe and Marks. The tendency towards longstanding derogations from the Schengen regime, termed “internal rebordering,” should be juxtaposed with efforts of the European Commission towards a full restoration of the Schengen area without controls at internal borders. The argument developed in this article holds that internal rebordering has been embedded in the logic of the EU as an area of freedom, security, and justice comprising the Schengen area as its territorial manifestation. The rebordering processes in the EU and in the Schengen area have questioned the principle of “constraining dissensus” underlaying the postfunctionalist approach.

R. Raman, I. Grossmann