Hasil untuk "Labor. Work. Working class"

Eun-Jeong Kim, Su-Min Kang, Min-Jeong Ko et al.

Parental attention and care is essential for children and adolescents who are unable to take care of their own oral health. There have been studies on the characteristics of mothers and the oral conditions of children in Korea, but there are very few previous studies that report on the oral health status of children according to the employment status of mothers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal employment and educational status and children’s oral health. Using data from the 10th Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC), we analyzed the association between maternal employment and education status and the occurrence of dental caries among 1175 nine-year-old Korean children. The relationship was examined through cross-tabulation and logistic regression analysis. After adjusting for the mother’s age, parental style, parental relationship, family talk time, family meal time, leisure time, area of residence, and household income, the study found that children with working and studying mothers were 1.159 times more likely to have dental caries than children with non-working and non-studying mothers. The relationship between maternal employment and educational status and children’s oral health was confirmed. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that systematic follow-up studies will be needed to better understand the association and causal relationship between dental caries and oral disease in children according to whether mothers are employed or educated.

Zafar Nuri Najafov

Purpose: to identify transformational trends that define the development of modern military thought and practice. Method: historical, comparative analysis, systematic approach, and structural analysis methods. Findings: Since the late 20th and early 21st centuries, radical changes in the development of military thought and military-political practice have significantly impacted evolving perspectives on the use of military force. Theoretical implications: Classical theories of war lack contemporary dynamism. The emergence of the 4th and 5th generations of warfare in the last 30 years, and predictions about a 6th, suggest this. A key theme in modern theories is the shift in the philosophy of applying force. The distortion of the classical threat model, the decentralization of military violence, and the emergence of new methods and forms of conflict undermine classical theories and further refine modern perspectives. Practical implications: Classical theories of war lack contemporary dynamism. The emergence of the 4th and 5th generations of warfare in the last 30 years, and predictions about a 6th, suggest this. A key theme in modern theories is the shift in the philosophy of applying force. The distortion of the classical threat model, the decentralization of military violence, and the emergence of new methods and forms of conflict undermine classical theories and further refine modern perspectives. Value: This article allows practitioners to examine the evolving dynamics of warfare from ancient times to the present, focusing on the key determinants of radical shifts in perspectives on the use of force at the beginning of the 21st century. Paper type: theoretical.

Jerome P. Fredericks, Surona Visagie, Lana van Niekerk

Background: Accessible transport is a prerequisite for the sustainable developmental goals (SDGs). Without transport, SDGs dependent on community mobility such as health and well-being, education, work and economic growth cannot be achieved. Objectives: Presenting experience-based suggestions offered by stakeholders to facilitate accessible minibus taxi services for wheelchair users in the peri-urban setting. Method: The study setting was Paarl-East, Western Cape province of South Africa. A cooperative inquiry methodology was used. Adult wheelchair users (n = 9) and their caregivers (n = 8), minibus taxi drivers (n = 7) and stakeholders (n = 4) involved in disability matters in the setting participated. Data were collected in 16 group sessions. Inductive thematic analysis was performed. Results: Five themes emerged. Theme 1: The ideal communication platform; the need and purpose of databases of wheelchair users and minibus taxi drivers; the use of social media as a communication platform. Theme 2: Fair economical fares focus on service affordability and payment options. Theme 3: Facilitating ideal behaviour patterns discusses the development of mutual respect. Theme 4: Customised minibus taxis highlight the need for a fleet of minibus taxis with different specifications to address different wheelchair users’ needs. Theme 5: Minibus taxi service delivery considerations describes practical strategies such as home pickups and drop-offs. Conclusion: Current suggestions for solutions need further refinement. Accountability and funding are underexplored. Contribution: Presenting experience-based suggestions by stakeholders on facilitating accessible minibus taxi services for wheelchair users.

Giulia Brandão Corrêa, Rafael de Tilio

As identidades de gênero são naturalizadas através de práticas e discursos visando manter as desigualdades. A inserção das mulheres no mercado de trabalho formal ocorreu de maneira diferente segundo suas classes sociais, portanto, suas condicionantes e efeitos são diferentes. O objetivo desse estudo é investigar os efeitos de sentidos sobre trabalho produzidos por mulheres que exercem trabalhos remunerados das classes empobrecidas/baixas. Cinco mulheres cisgênero com renda individual de até dois salários mínimos foram entrevistadas e os dados foram analisados a partir Análise do Discurso de linha francesa. Os principais resultados destacaram: o trabalho como sobrevivência ou como amoroso, prestativo e versátil. Compreende-se que a dominação da ideologia capitalista neoliberal reproduz, através de práticas discursivas normatizadoras de gênero, a manutenção de desigualdades sociais, exploração econômica e dominação política.

Diana Da Silva Ribeiro, Arminda Rachel Botelho Mourão

O artigo em questão tem como objetivo discutir a Pedagogia da Alternância como uma proposta de educação para além do capital e compreender a sua contribuição para a educação atual no Brasil. Desta forma, as discussões trazem a história do movimento da Pedagogia da Alternância e a temática da educação a partir de Mészáros (2008). Os resultados mostram como é possível, mesmo dentro de uma estrutura capitalista, vivenciar algumas experiências pedagógicas que se caracterizam como educação contra hegemônica, materializando-se a partir das lutas da sociedade civil organizada. Palavra-chave: Pedagogia da Alternância; Educação contra hegemônica; Educação para além do capital.

Viktor Kolchenko, Dmytro Sabodashko, Mariia Shved et al.

Мета роботи: аналіз вразливостей великих мовних моделей (LLM) на основі класифікації OWASP Top 10 для застосунків LLM, проведення оцінки потенційних загроз та розробка рекомендацій щодо підвищення рівня безпеки цих моделей. Метод: кількісні методи, зокрема використання інструменту Garak для ідентифікації та аналізу вразливостей у великих мовних моделях. Результати дослідження: проаналізовано декілька критичних вразливостей, серед яких ін’єкції запитів, небезпечна обробка виводів, отруєння навчальних даних, розкриття конфіденційної інформації та інші. Навіть найсучасніші моделі, зокрема GPT-4, не забезпечують повної захищеності від цих загроз. Теоретична цінність дослідження: дослідження поглиблює розуміння безпекових ризиків, пов’язаних з використанням великих мовних моделей, і пропонує нові підходи до їх аналізу. Це може стати основою для подальших теоретичних розробок у галузі кібербезпеки стосовно LLM. Практична цінність дослідження: дослідження пропонує рекомендації для розробників, науковців і організацій, які використовують LLM. Впровадження безпечних практик розробки та постійний аудит моделей можуть суттєво підвищити захист використання LLM. Цінність дослідження: використано інноваційний підхід для тестування безпеки LLM через імітацію різноманітних атак, зокрема ін’єкції запитів, отруєння даних, галюцинації та витоки інформації, що дозволяє виявити потенційні слабкі місця у функціонуванні моделей. Майбутні дослідження: у подальших дослідженнях планується розширення спектра моделей і методів, що спрямовані на оптимізацію безпеки. Це сприятиме формуванню більш комплексного розуміння проблеми та вдосконаленню стратегій забезпечення безпеки. Тип статті: Концептуальне дослідження.

Xianjie Li, Yinger Luo, Di Ji et al.

Abstract Background Extensive production and usage of commercially available products containing TiO2 NPs have led to accumulation in the human body. The deposition of TiO2 NPs has even been detected in the human placenta, which raises concerns regarding fetal health. Previous studies regarding developmental toxicity have frequently focused on TiO2 NPs < 50 nm, whereas the potential adverse effects of large-sized TiO2 NPs received less attention. Placental vasculature is essential for maternal–fetal circulatory exchange and ensuring fetal growth. This study explores the impacts of TiO2 NPs (100 nm in size) on the placenta and fetal development and elucidates the underlying mechanism from the perspective of placental vasculature. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to TiO2 NPs by gavage at daily dosages of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg from gestational day 0.5–16.5. Results TiO2 NPs penetrated the placenta and accumulated in the fetal mice. The fetuses in the TiO2 NP-exposed groups exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in body weight and length, as well as in placental weight and diameter. In vivo imaging showed an impaired placental barrier, and pathological examinations revealed a disrupted vascular network of the labyrinth upon TiO2 NP exposure. We also found an increase in gene expression related to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) -SNAIL pathway and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers, accompanied by a reduction in endothelial markers. In addition, TiO2 NPs enhanced the gene expression responsible for the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, whereas SNAIL knockdown attenuated the induction of EndMT phenotypes. Conclusion Our study revealed that maternal exposure to 100 nm TiO2 NPs disrupts placental vascular development and fetal mice growth through aberrant activation of EndMT in the placental labyrinth. These data provide novel insight into the mechanisms of developmental toxicity posed by NPs.

Karl Marx

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Antonio León-Jiménez, José M. Mánuel, Marcial García-Rojo et al.

Abstract Background Engineered stone silicosis is an emerging disease in many countries worldwide produced by the inhalation of respirable dust of engineered stone. This silicosis has a high incidence among young workers, with a short latency period and greater aggressiveness than silicosis caused by natural materials. Although the silica content is very high and this is the key factor, it has been postulated that other constituents in engineered stones can influence the aggressiveness of the disease. Different samples of engineered stone countertops (fabricated by workers during the years prior to their diagnoses), as well as seven lung samples from exposed patients, were analyzed by multiple techniques. Results The different countertops were composed of SiO2 in percentages between 87.9 and 99.6%, with variable relationships of quartz and cristobalite depending on the sample. The most abundant metals were Al, Na, Fe, Ca and Ti. The most frequent volatile organic compounds were styrene, toluene and m-xylene, and among the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene and naphthalene were detected in all samples. Patients were all males, between 26 and 46 years-old (average age: 36) at the moment of the diagnosis. They were exposed to the engineered stone an average time of 14 years. At diagnosis, only one patient had progressive massive fibrosis. After a follow-up period of 8 ± 3 years, four patients presented progressive massive fibrosis. Samples obtained from lung biopsies most frequently showed well or ill-defined nodules, composed of histiocytic cells and fibroblasts without central hyalinization. All tissue samples showed high proportion of Si and Al at the center of the nodules, becoming sparser at the periphery. Al to Si content ratios turned out to be higher than 1 in two of the studied cases. Correlation between Si and Al was very high (r = 0.93). Conclusion Some of the volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals detected in the studied countertop samples have been described as causative of lung inflammation and respiratory disease. Among inorganic constituents, aluminum has been a relevant component within the silicotic nodule, reaching atomic concentrations even higher than silicon in some cases. Such concentrations, both for silicon and aluminum showed a decreasing tendency from the center of the nodule towards its frontier.

Mariana Fernandes Pereira, Gustavo Faria

O livro Torto Arado, de Itamar Vieira Junior, é um fenômeno da literatura contemporânea no Brasil. Sua importância está não apenas em uma escrita fluida e interessante, mas também na temática atual a que se dedica. Uma questão social que aparece na narrativa é a construção de uma escola na comunidade de Água Negra e a partir dali duas questões se colocam: Bibiana vê na educação uma possibilidade de alcançar as melhorias necessárias para seu povo e deseja se tornar professora. Por outro lado, Belonísia enxerga na educação formal uma perda de tempo, pois não se enxerga inserida nas atividades escolares guiadas por dona Lourdes, a professora que vem ensinar em Água Negra. As duas formas de enxergar a educação podem ilustrar a importância da teoria freiriana e a necessidade de uma educação inclusiva e libertadora. Para este trabalho, buscou-se encontrar no enredo da obra, ilustrações para a educação bancária e para a educação humanista, conforme a teoria de Freire. Para isso, foram feitos recortes do texto do livro que pudessem ser analogias para a aplicação da teoria em questão. O que se encontra é um retrato da mudança social teorizada por Freire e que se opera na narrativa.

Nikola Dorofeev, Svyatoslav Sus

The article deals with the main issues of implementation of the main trends in the development of artillery weapons. Its increase in the efficiency of the use of artillery shell fragmentation shells by introducing the latest technological developments in the means of correction of the trajectory. The situation that occurred during the Military Operation of the Joint Forces in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts of Ukraine in 2014 required the use of not only light weapons but also more powerful weapons, namely artillery weapons, against illegal armed groups with high spectacular capabilities, maneuverability, clear control system. The experience of fighting in the area of modern military conflicts (the civil war in Syria) confirms the urgency of using high-precision weapons, namely high-precision artillery shells, since major hostilities occur in settlements.

Maria Ciavatta

Neste texto busquei refletir sobre dois termos, trabalho e educação, ambos substantivos, que têm sido assumidos como campo de pesquisa, nos últimos trinta anos, no Brasil. Semanticamente, independentes, têm, no entanto, servido aos pesquisadores para o estudo da relação trabalho e educação, como uma unidade semântica. Discuti alguns argumentos sobre sua unidade também do ponto de vista epistemológico, histórico e educacional, incluindo a distinção o trabalho como princípio educativo e o princípio educativo do trabalho.

Irada Dzhalladova, Nina Batechko, Evhenia Kolomiyets-Ludwig

У статті обґрунтовано методологічні засади застосування системного підходу до аналізу нормативно-правового забезпечення інформаційної безпеки. Вказано на необхідність створення єдиного термінологічного поля, яке б стало основою для формування теоретико-методологічного підґрунтя інформаційної безпеки та її нормативно-правового супроводу. Доведено динамічний характер інформаційних загроз та відставання законодавчої сфери від розвитку інформаційного суспільства в Україні та світі. Запропоновано інтерпретацію структури нормативно-правового забезпечення інформаційної безпеки у вигляді багаторівневої моделі, компоненти якої знаходяться у певній ієрархії та взаємодіють між собою. Систематизацію об’єктів дослідження здійснено з урахуванням таких властивостей систем, як цілісність, структурність, ієрархічність, а також і з точки зору динамічної системи зі зворотними зв’язками та наявністю нелінійних ефектів. Доведено, що багаторівневий підхід дозволяє впорядкувати нормативно-правове регулювання відносин у сфері законодавчого забезпечення інформаційної безпеки між суспільством, його членами та державою, між фізичними та юридичними особами з урахуванням міжнародних тенденцій.

Per Nerdrum, Amy Østertun Geirdal, Per Andreas Høglend

Psychological distress have been found to be high and influence negatively nurses’ and teachers’ work. In this nine-year project, we present the first longitudinal study comparing psychological distress from 1467 students and young professionals in nursing and teaching. Psychological distress was measured with GHQ 12 at the start and the end of their studies and three and six years after graduation. Both descriptive statistics and estimated models were used to assess psychological distress over time. Psychological distress increased significantly in both groups during education. The reduction of psychological distress was significant among the nurses, and they clearly showed a “healthy worker effect” when coming into clinical work. The teachers had a small and non-significant reduction in the same period and did not show a positive effect after starting pedagogical work.

Kaisa Perko, Ulla Kinnunen, Asko Tolvanen et al.

This study contributes to the literature on the supervisors’ role in employee well-being by drawing on two separate lines of research: transformational leadership and organizational justice. The purpose of the study was to investigate the unique contributions of transformational and fair leadership (justice behaviours of supervisors) on work engagement and exhaustion among employees within the framework of the Job Demands-Resources model (Bakker and Demerouti, 2007). In determining the unique contributions, we additionally acknowledged the role of work characteristics. A questionnaire study was conducted among Finnish municipal employees in a variety of occupations (N = 333, 87% women). The analyses comprised fixed-order regression models with latent variables using Cholesky decomposition (de Jong, 1999) to examine unique contributions of highly correlating latent factors. The results showed no additive effects of transformational leadership above fair leadership in relation to work engagement, that is, fair leadership explained work engagement equally well. However, unfair leadership explained incremental variance in exhaustion beyond low levels of transformational leadership. Thus, our results suggest that transformational and fair leadership are interchangeable with respect to positive well-being, while concerning health impairment, unfair leadership is more detrimental than a lack of transformational leadership. Both forms of leadership demonstrated relationships with employee well-being that were partly independent from work characteristics (role clarity, autonomy and workload), thereby corroborating the specific role of leadership. Implications of the high empirical overlap between transformational and fair leadership are discussed from the point of view of leadership measurement and interpersonal affect within it.

B. Bitencourt, Fernanda Mitsue Soares Onuma, Valmíria Carolina Piccinini et al.

M. Magliari

S. J. Sánchez

Maria Gabriela Faiçal Parenti

Equipe NETE