Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Necat Keskin, Yahya Yavuz

Hikayetên gelêrî beşek ji cureyên vegêranê yê edebiyata gelêrî ne ku heta niha li ser wan kêm xebat hatine kirin. Wekî cure hikayetên gelêrî vegêranên dirêj in û bi piranî bo mezinan, li dîwan û odeyan tên vegêran. Hikayeta gelêrî ji aliyê vegêrana serpêhatî û bûyeran ve nêzîkî cureyên wek çîrok, destan û efsaneyan dibe. Lê ji hêla din ve xwedî taybetiyên xwe yên xweser e jî. Li gor lêkolînerên vê qadê hikayetên gelêrî wekî cure piştî destanan derketine holê û wekî form têkel in bi pexşan-helbestê. Herwiha hikayet li gorî rewşa civakî-çandî ji vegêranên din jî û ji yên olî jî hinek hêmanan werdigirin. An jî ji aliyê lehengan ve bi vegêranên olî re têkel dibin. Hikayeta Ferx û Stî yek ji wan hikayetan e ku di nav kurdan de tê vegêran, gelekî tê hezkirin û di erdnîgariyeke fireh de em rastî varyant û versiyonên wê yên ji hev cihê tên. Hikayet bi motîfên xwe yên derasayî û olî cuda dibe ji hikayetên din ên bi vî rengî. Em dê di vê xebatê de bi nimûneya hikayeta Ferx û Stiyê li ser hikayetên gelêrî bisekinin. Herwiha em dê hikayeta Ferx û Stîyê ji aliyê leheng û hêmanên têkildarî leheng ve bi hindek vegêranên olî re berawird bikin ku tevî hikayetê bûne.

کتایون افضلی, فائزه شمس

تأثیر نئولیبرالیسم بر آموزش باعث شده است تمرکز آموزش و یادگیری از پرورش همه‌جانبه افراد و بهبود جامعه فاصله گرفته و بیشتر به اهداف بازارمحور مانند کارایی، پاسخگویی و سودآوری معطوف شود. با توجه به این تأثیرات، هدف مطالعه کیفی حاضر بررسی راهبردهای مدرسان زبان انگلیسی در مقاومت در برابر تأثیرات نئولیبرالی در آموزش زبان انگلیسی به‌عنوان زبان خارجی می‌باشد. در این پژوهش، با بررسی مصاحبه‌ها و مشاهدات کلاس‌های سه استاد دانشگاه، راهبردهای مدرسان ایرانی در به چالش کشیدن سیاست‌های نئولیبرالی، مثل تبدیل آموزش به کالا، یکسان‌سازی شیوه‌ها، و تأکید بر نتیجه‌محوری مشخص گردید. درحالی‌که شرکت‌کنندگان از فشارهای نهادی به سوی آموزش مبتنی بر نتایج و تجاری شدن آنها خبر دادند، آن‌ها همچنین به مقاومت در برابرآنها از طریق راهبردهای جایگزین اشاره کردند. این راهبردها شامل ارزیابی‌های غیراستاندارد، روشهای تدریس مشارکتی و دانش‌آموزمحور، و تأکید بر تفکر انتقادی و عدالت اجتماعی بودند. رویکردهایی که با آموزش انتقادی و بازتابی که در زمینه‌های مشابه مستند شده‌اند، هم‌راستا هستند. این مطالعه نارضایتی مدرسان از تجاری‌سازی آموزش و تلاش‌های آن‌ها برای غیرتجاری سازی آموزش زبان انگلیسی از طریق شیوه‌های منعطف و فراگیررا نشان می‌دهد. پیامدهای این تحقیق، نیاز به توسعه حرفه‌ای را نشان می‌دهد که از عاملیت مدرسان در شرایط نئولیبرالی حمایت می‌کند و به گفتمان روشهای تدریس جایگزین در آموزش زبان انگلیسی در بسترهای غیرغربی کمک می‌نماید. پژوهش‌های آینده بهتر است تعداد شرکت‌کنندگان را افزایش دهند و واکنش دانشجویان و تأثیرات بلندمدت را بررسی کنند.

Mohammad Hajitaghi, Behzad Ahmadi

تصوف در کُردستان را می‌توان در ورای نگاه روحانیت فردگرا سنجید، زیراکه طریقت نقشبندیه یک پدیده اجتماعی نیز هست، کارکردهای سیاسی آن هویداست و با اقتصاد هم رابطه تنگاتنگ داشته است. جنبش‌های سیاسی از تکیه و خانقاه عبور کرد و شیوخِ طریقت، رهبر و پشتیبان آن شدند. پرداختن به این سئوال که شیوخِ طریقت نقشبندیه به چه طریق، از ظرفیت خود در موزائیک سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی کُردستان بهره گرفتند و آنرا به یک جنبش سیاسی در نهضت بارزان تبدیل کردند، محور بحث این نوشتار است. این نوشتار به روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی تلاش خواهد کرد با نمایاندن گزارشی تاریخی، لایه‌ها و ابعاد اجتماعی، فرهنگی، فکری، سیاسی و اقتصادی طریقت نقشبندیه در شکل‌گیری نهضت مشایخ بارزان را واکاوی نماید.

Mutlu Can

Na xebate de bawerîya Elewîtîya Dêrsimî û bawerîya Yarsanîye (Ehl-î Heq) yo ke mensûbê aye sînoranê fermîyan yê Îran û Îraqî de ciwîyenê, hetê bawerî, îbadet û organîzebîyayîşî ra pêvero ronîyenê. Na xebate de ame kerdene ke bi hawayê pêroyî cewabanê persanê sey Yarsanî kam ê? Seba înan kamcîn nameyî ênê xebitnayene? Yarsanî bi xo, xo senî name kenê û bawerîya xo bi çi şekilî pênas kenê? Bawerîyanê Elewîyanê Dêrsimî û Yarsanan mîyan de kamcîn xususê muşterekî û yê cîyayî estê? bêrê dayene. Melzemeyê ke na xebate de ci ra ame îstîfadekerdene xebatê ke her di bawerîyan ser o ameyê kerdene yê. Metodê cigêrayîşî, tagêrayîşê çimeyanê literaturê cigêrayîşan o ke ê derheqê her di bawerîyan de bîyê yo. Peynîya xebate de ame kerdene ke mabênê Elewîtîya Dêrsimî û Yarsanîye de hetê bawerî, îbadet û organîzebîyayîşî ra kîşta cîyayîyan de estbîyayîşê pêmendişanê girîngan zî bêrê tesbîtkerdene.

Zahra Alizadeh Birjandi, Zahra Hamedi, Somayeh Poursoltani

In addition to the role of textbooks in conveying information and understanding the curriculum, they can effectively socialize and institutionalize social values. Textbooks and their illustrations have a lasting effect on learners’ attitudes and behavioral patterns by inducing content and concepts. One of the categories worth studying to understand these functions is how gender is reflected in textbook images. Therefore, in the present study, the images of elementary school books of the Pahlavi period have been examined in terms of gender and gender roles. This descriptive-analytical study aims to evaluate the role of textbook images in redefining gender roles and gender modeling of learners. The findings of this study show the effect of the presence of gender stereotypes in terms of the role and position of the two sexes in the family and the social system. The gender structure of the textbook images of the Pahlavi period indicates the limitation of the presence of women in the historical, political, scientific, and intellectual fields.

Aysu Akcan

نوروز نیمروزی

پژوهش حاضر از نوع پژوهش بینارشته ای ( ادبیات، تاریخ و جامعه شناسی) است. پرسش این نوشتار این است که براساس داده های منتج از منابع ادبی (سیاحتنامه ابراهیم بیگ، کتاب احمد و تمثیلات آخوندزاده) و تاریخی (حقایق الاخبار ناصری و شرح زندگانی من) عصر قاجار، نظام اداری این دوره تا چه حد تناسبی با مولفه های مدل سالا ریگز دارد؟ روش تحقیق، روش توصیفی-تحلیلی منابع ادبی و تاریخی در زمینه ساختار نظام اداری عصر قاجار و تکنیک جمع آوری داده ها فیش برداری از متون است. بررسی اجمالی منابع ادبی و تاریخی این عصر نشان می دهد که با توجه به تاخیر در شکل گیری دولت ملی در ایران و در نتیجه تاخیر در توسعه نظام اداری به مثابه ابزار و ماشین اداری دولت، مولفه های مدرن مدل سالا ریگز حضور تاریخی لازم را در نظام اداری ایران عصر قاجار ندارد بلکه با تلفیقی از حضور مولفه های سنتی و مدرن ضمن غلبه مولفه های سنتی مواجه هستیم. نتیجه نهایی اینکه، با مرور آثار ادبی و تاریخی عصر قاجار می توان گفت که وضعیت نظام اداری در ایران بویژه در دوره قاجار با توجه به پیشینه فرهنگی، اجتماعی و تاریخی جامعه ایران و حضور دو قدرت خارجی روس و انگلیس که مداخله گران موثری در نظام ترتیبات حکومتی و اداری ایران بودند انطباق بیشتری با مولفه های آسیب شناسانه مدل سالا ریگز دارد.

Yaghoob Maharati, Fatemeh Beygi Nasrabadi

Theory analysis and critique is the first step in a thorough and in-depth understanding of the theory and the entry into the theorizing in a particular field. This study aims to emphasize the extension of criticism culture in the organization and management literature. In this article, Bryson’s strategic planning theory select for the critic as a sample of theory criticism. Since Bryson's strategic planning model is one of the most well-known studies in the field of strategic planning in the world and a large number of research and practices have used this model. This study used a combined criticism method to analyze and critic this theory, based on content, methodology, historical point of view, and also the personal and professional life of the theorist. The results discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the theory, especially in terms of content and methodology, and explain the impact of the theoretical, intellectual, social, and historical context of the theory and discuss the application of the theory in Iranian organizations.

Zohreh Mohammadi

در طول قرن گدشته برخی زبان شناسان غربی مانند مکنزی زبان بخشهایی از مردم کردستان مانند کندوله¬ای در شمال غربی کرمانشاه، باجلانی در اطراف سرپل¬زهاب ، ماچو درقصر¬شیرین و گرمیان، گویش شبک، صارلی و باجوران در موصل، زازا در برخی استان¬های جنوب شرق ترکیه و هورامانی در استان¬های کرمانشاه و کردستان را به نام گورانی و مستقل از زبان کردی معرفی کردند. مسٲله اصلی این پژوهش آن است که دیدگاه مکنزی و زبان شناسان غربی پیرو او تا جه اندازه بر نویسندگان و زبان شناسان متخصص کرد تٲثیر گذاشته است. آیا زبان شناسان کرد همانند بیشتر زبان شناسان غربی و ایرانی دیدگاه او را پذیرفته اند یا به نقد آنها پرداخته اند؟ کدام یک از دیدگاههای مکنزی بیشتر از بقیه دیدگاههای او مورد انتقاد زبان شناسان کرد قرار گرفته است؟ افزون بر این رویکرد زباشناسان هورامی و ساکن هورامان در برابر دیدگاههای مکنزی چه بوده است؟ . در این پژوهش با مرور برخی پژوهشهای غربی و فارسی مرتبط با تصریف در هورامی نشان داده شده است که زبان مردم هورامان تفاوت چندانی با دیگر شاخه های کردی ندارد و باورمندان به نظریه مکنزی در میان زبانشناسان کرد اندک بوده و بیشتر آنها گورانی/هورامی را جزوی از خانوادۀ زبانهای کردی دانسته اند. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهد که تقریبا همه زبان شناسان کرد غیر هورامی دیدگاه مکنزی درباره مستقل بودن زبان هورامی، ردەبندی آن ذیل گورانی و عدم تعلق آن به زبان کردی را نقد کرده اند. همچنین به استثنای چند نفر اکثریت قریب به اتفاق پژوهشگران زبان شناس هورامان هم نظریه مکنزی مبنی بر غیر کردی بودن هورامی را نقد کرده و با استناد به داده های زبانی و بررسی تطبیقی آنها با دیگر گویشهای کردی نشان داده اند که شباهتهای هورامی به آنها از میزان تفاوتها بیشتر است.

Zolfaghar Allami, Faezeh Waezzadeh

Today, the stylistic study of literary works based on linguistics has expanded. Paul Simpson is one of the contemporary theorists who has provided practical and methodological strategies in the field of stylistics. The "transitivity" is one of his precise and methodical models, which is based on Halliday's "functional grammar". Transitivity is a special grammatical tool used to visualize experience in language and include the three elements of the process, the participants, and the circumstances. Therefore, in the stylistic analysis of texts with the model of transitivity, the above linguistic elements are emphasized.Moreover, research in the field of Persian mystical literature has often been done on the internal structures such as conceptual content and intellectual areas of the authors and less attention has been paid to the external structure and linguistic levels of these works; while evaluating them with new criteria is very effective in further understanding this precious heritage.Tamhidat is one of the richest writings of Sufis in expressing the principles of the path and mystical secrets and the result of personal experiences of Ein al-Qozat Hamedani, which has been conceptually analyzed and interpreted many times but has been less evaluated in terms of external and linguistic structures. The present study, using Paul Simpson's "transitivity" analysis model, analyzes the text and evaluates the components of that model, including phrases and verbal groups, nominal groups, circumstances (adverbial group and Preposition groups) and has dealt with all the frequent elements that have given this work a stylistic specificity in various forms.According to the results of the research, Ein al-Qozat, depending on the subject, has quoted 493 Quranic verses and 98 narrations of the Prophet. In addition, he has quoted in his work the words of 8 other prophets, the four caliphs, and 46 great men of religion and Sufism in his work. Apart from ideological sources, Ein al-Qozat has used 267 verses of Persian poetry and 11 verses of Arabic poetry in his book to emphasize various topics. For this study, some parts of Tamhidat have been selected that show the thought and art of Ein al-Qozat. A stylistic study of the transitivity in Tamhidat suggests that Ein al-Qozat, through the intellectual or experimental function of language, has used mental actions and processes (relations of the outside and inside world) in the service of the educational and doctrinal content of his work. He also used the interpersonal function more than any other type of language function in which language regulates the relationships between participants through indication, command, and interrogation in the form of verbal actions. Therefore, in Tamhidat in general, the use of relational and verbal processes is much more than other types. Material, behavioral, existential, and to some extent mental processes have not received much attention from Hamedani and are much less present in the Tamhidat.The relational processes of Tamhidat (how a phenomenon or a situation is reported) are expressed in the form of indicative sentences, which make up about 89%  of the total sentences and are used to report and teach. This feature introduces the Tamhidat as a news and reporting work. In the verbal process, which has the second place of application, some examples of stylistic features have been found:1-Using different types of “vocative sentence" and especially the call "O friend!" and "Dear!" with high frequency. This feature indicates the sincere communication of  Hamedani with the audience. 2- The use of "verbs" with first and secondary meanings, especially the specific use of "be" which is not used in the true sense of "being", but evangelism and in a way encouraging to be patient and carries a kind of definite prediction.3- Using "interrogative propositions" with secondary purposes such as denial questioning, denial of the subject, bowing and glorifying the subject, a small number of the audience and even blaming the audience.These characteristics show that the Ein al-Qozat has recognized and used different ways and methods of dialogue. Although the mental process is not used in high-frequency, the specific use of "sounds", especially with the implications of "sorry!", is a stylistic aspect. Ein al-Qozat has used it 177 times in various states, such as the inability to be puzzled, the intensity of the onslaught of meanings in his mind, pettiness, and regret. This feature shows the author's extreme pain (consciously).The high use of superhuman contributors and spiritual worlds introduces the Tamhidat as a spiritual book; on the other hand, the high frequency of employing human participants, as well as the high rate of use of emotions, positive and negative human actions make this book dedicated to human beings and the human world. Therefore, according to the research data, it can be said that the Tamhidat of Hamedani is a work in which the man has been depicted in a spiritual world.

Hamed Vahdati Nasab

Carlton Stevens Coon is one of the most prominent figures in the Prehistoric Archaeology of Iran. He conducted the first systematic field expeditions in the Iranian Archaeology 70 years ago. For many years his works have been taught in the Iranian universities. Now and after almost seventy years, a need for critical review of his works sounds inevitable. In this research, such review was performed based on five categories: theoretical approaches of the field works, degree of specialty, fieldwork approaches, data collecting methods, and data processing procedures. The results indicate that his theoretical and practical approaches have suffered from many weaknesses. Coon’s main concern was to find human remains (Neanderthals in particular) rather than conducting clean archaeology excavations. On the other hand, his horrifyingly racist publications, rumors about his employment as an intelligence operative by the CIA during the WW II and the Cold War, plus countless unanswered questions concerning the sites he chose to excavate in Iran, all support this hypothesis that Archaeology was not his first priority in Iran.

زهرا امیریان

پیشرفت های روزافزون در فناوری وابسته به وب، پژوهشگران حوزه آموزش زبان دوم را بر آن می دارد که ببینند چگونه می توان این فناوری را به طور موثر در تسهیل فرایند یادگیری و تدریس زبان انگلیسی به کار گرفت. به منظور تسهیل فرایند تدریس نگارش مقالات پژوهشی و با تکیه بر مدل تحلیل سیاقی کلام (سوایلز 1990/2004)، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی این نکته پرداخت که آیا هایپرلینکهای مقالات ابرمتنی با حرکات و گام های ساختاری انطباق مکانی یا مفهومی دارند یا خیر. بدین منظور، سی مقاله ابرمتنی رشته زبانشناسی کاربردی، از لحاظ ساختار ژانری و محل هایپرلینکها مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. تحلیل مقالات ابرمتنی نشان داد که ارتباط مکانی یا مفهومی خاصی میان حرکات ساختاری و هایپرلینکها در دو بخش مقدمه و بحث وجود نداشت. بعبارت دیگر، هایپرلینکها در محل حرکتها و گام های ساختاری قرار نگرفته اند. نتایج این تحقیق می تواند راهکارهایی برای تلفیق فناوری وابسته به وب و مدل سیاقی کلام سوایلز در جهت تدریس شیوه نگارش مقالات پژوهشی انگلیسی ارائه نماید.

Morteza Ataei

Among the arts of the Islamic era, pottery is one of the most diverse and attractive arts, which has always been considered by archaeologists and Islamic art researchers. Therefore, many specialized books and catalogs have been published in various languages about this art and its introduction in a variety of ways, many of which have been compiled based on the works of a private collection or museum. The present paper seeks to review the translation of one of these books, which is actually a volume of a multi-volume collection dedicated to the introduction of Islamic artworks in Nasser Khalili collection. A careful review of the translation of the mentioned book, which has been published under the title of "Islamic Pottery", indicates that this work, despite its remarkable print quality and the fluency of the text in some parts, has some serious deficiencies and weaknesses in its translation and edition. From among the most significant weaknesses, serious and numerous problems in recording proper nouns, especially the geographical names and the names of ancient sites, the translator’s unfamiliarity with the technical terms and vocabulary of Islamic pottery and art, errors and ambiguities in translation, and ultimately the editor’s biased and erroneous explanations can be mentioned.

Reza Mirabolhassani, Rreza Shokrani

Extended Abstract  One of the basic conditions for understanding the Quran is comprehending the language of the time of revelation. Then, only referring to the interpretations or translations of the Quran, which are based on such an understanding, is acceptable. Accordingly, among the conditions of understanding, interpreting, and translating the Quran, attention should be paid to its syntactic implications. Without having proper knowledge of syntactic implications, the process of understanding, interpretation, and translation may not be completed. Hence, the semantics of the syntactic construction of the Quran and finding their equivalents in various languages, including Persian, are the prerequisites of understanding, interpreting, and translating the Quran. The present study aims at investigating the syntactic semantics of the structure of ‘Aṣbaḥa + the present verb’ in the Holy Quran and its equivalent in Persian. Therefore, the study reviews the verb ‘Aṣbaḥa’ in Arabic as well as the structure of ‘Aṣbaḥa + the present verb’ in Quranic exegeses and translations. Finally, through examining about 150 exegeses and more than 50 translations, this construction is modeled in two positive and negative aspects in Persian. The verb ‘Asbaha’ is one of the semi-mutisarrif verbs. This verb and its similar verbs (adhha, zalla, amsa, and bat) have two functions in Arabic grammar: 1) Tamma (complete): when it means entering one of these five times (morning, noon, during the day, evening or the beginning of the night, and during the night), in this case, it suffices to take the subject and does not need a noun and a predicate; 2) Naqisah (incomplete): when these verbs are incomplete, they have two states (i.e. attribution of the predicate to the subject in one of the five tenses, and attribution of the predicate to the subject without indicating the five tenses). In the second and third cases, these verbs are considered as linking or attributive verbs and are translated as ‘became, made, turned’, with the difference that in the third case, they no longer have the meaning of time. The verb ‘Asbaha’ before the present verb is an auxiliary (definite) verb. This structure is used 3 times in the Holy Quran. In two verses, the present verb, which is the predicate of ‘Asbaha’, are positive and in one verse is negative. Through the grammatical analysis and the study of the interpretive context (combination), the present study proves that when ‘Asbaha’ is used as an auxiliary verb and its predicate is a verbal sentence (fi'liyah) accompanied by a present verb, it is emptied of the concept of time and has only the meaning of becoming (sayrourat). Also, the Quranic applications of this syntactic structure by examining the context of the verses show that ‘Asbaha’ in these cases lacks the meaning of time. There is no indication of the combination of the verses. It concludes that the special event happened in the morning. Most interpretations are silent about the time of occurrence of these verses. Among 150 interpretations, only a few have specified their occurrence in the morning, of which one or two interpretations have suggested the existence or non-concept of time as a probability. By examining the translations of the Holy Quran, in general, the translation of the verb ‘Asbaha’ in these verses may be divided into 4 categories based on their frequency including the concept of time, the concept of becoming, the scattered concepts, and the equivalent. As there is no reason in the interpretations for the existence of the concept of time. It seems that the adverb ‘digar’ (no longer) is an appropriate equilibrium for the verb ‘Asbaha’ in this structure, which indicates the concept of becoming and evolution and is used for both positive and negative aspects.

علی عباس حیاتی

قانون مسئولیت مدنی که مواد آن عمدتاً از قانون تعهدات سویس اقتباس شده، در سال 1339 تصویب شد. بعد از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی به دلیل تغییر رویکرد و نگرشها به قواعد راجع به ضمانات قهری در لازم‌الاجراء بودن بعضی از مواد قانون مسئولیت مدنی تردید حاصل شد. این تردید ایجاب نمود به نقد و بررسی جایگاه کنونی قانون اخیر‌الذکر پرداخته شود تا معلوم گردد، اولاً کدام مواد این قانون منسوخ است. ثانیاً موادی که همچنان لازم‌الاجراء است با چه ضعفها و یا کاستی‌هایی روبرو است. ثالثاً نوع نگرش محاکم به قواعد و مقررات این قانون چگونه است. روش تحقیق به صورت کتابخانه‌ای است و از نتایج این تحقیق به اجمال می‌توان گفت: آنچه در خصوص جبران خسارات کمانه کرده و جبران هزینه‌های کفن و دفن متوفی در مادۀ 6 بیان شده است منسوخ است. قائل شدن به مسئولیت تضامنی در مادۀ 12 برای کارگرانی که مجتمعاً خسارتی به بار آورده‎اند فاقد توجیه منطقی است و رویۀ قضایی در اجرای مقررات راجع به جبران خسارات معنوی و همچنین اجرای مقررات مذکور در مادۀ 4 و 5 تعلل نشان می‌دهد.

Parvin Samadi

One of the basic functions of the education system is to pay attention to the principles of education, and in this regard, teaching is an art, so teachers need to how to teach with quality. The compilation of the book Teaching Methods and Techniques is one of the scientific endeavors that this research aims to criticize. This study was carried out by the method of critical philosophical exploration in the critique of the mentioned book, compiled by Manouchehr Vakilian, 16th edition, in 2016. The study tool was a review of academic textbooks and reviews of the Humanities Textbook Council. Based on the findings, the benefits of book’s format analysis include cover design, typography, good print, and book quality. The strengths of the content analysis include content fit for the course objectives, good coverage of approved subject headings, and book-level fit. Academic students of Payam-e Noor are partly responsive to scientific and applied needs, paying attention to theoretical foundations and subjective assumptions, observing scientific and ethical principles, and adapting to religious and Islamic principles and principles. Formal and substantive deficiencies in the work include inadequate referral status, weak criticism and analysis, outdated sources, and data.

Marzenna Czerniak-Drożdżowicz

Esmaeil Sangari

In the studies related to Ancient Iran, the lack of data including classical historians’ texts, parchments, inscriptions, as well as thearcheological and literary evidence documents make the historians face problems in analyzing precisely. Translation of a classical work related to a special period has an importance that the historical data will be interpreted in other ways. Thus, it is clear that translation of classical Greek and Latin works have double importance. In addition to a complete focus on the historical period of the text, it is worthwhile to see that the translator tries to be completely loyal to the text with a full knowledge of author’s style. In this research, it aims to give the ways in order to prevent translator and researcher’s mistakes by comparative studies of two ancient historians from ancient Greece and Rome, Herodotus Halicarnassus and Plutarchus Chaeronea.

Hooshang Khosrobeigi

The rapid generalization of educational technology can be seen as a revolution in education. Accordingly, the forthcoming, not too distant, in the "Council for the Study of Texts and Textbooks" seems to be the focus on examining the content of electronic textbooks along with printed books. The initial step in criticizing electronic content is identifying features, functions, and requirements of an electronic syllabus.The purpose of this research is to review the requirements and the production of academic electronic content in the field of history. This is an attempt to get an idea of how these works are appropriately criticized. A part of these studies is about how to use multimedia facilities in electronic content to teach history at the university. Based on this, the main issue of this study is how to align history teaching with the capabilities, methods, and tools of education in the electronic education system and electronic content. This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method. This study showed that the nature and content of the history courses are very much aligned with e-learning. The data from this research can be a useful tool for developing a critique of electronic content, especially in the field of history.

hasan haidary, ali sabbaghi

Rudaki is one of the greatest figures Persian poetry in the third and fourth century AH. From Rudaki’s poems remaind about thousand Verses for us, these verses were obtained among other works. Lack of original manuscript, the duration, changes Persian language, various recordings in secondary sources ... were caused that the reading and concept of Rudaki&#39s poetry be difficult. In this essay, Has been investigated various readings from a famous couplet of Rudaki.This study is based on historical grammar and Persian stylistics, the textual evidence, and extra-textual evidence show that reading of the poetry of Rudaki is incorrect. Finally, this research has proposed a edition of the poem, and describes its meaning and its interpretation.