The subject of this study is to develop an earthwork volume balance for future works related to the construction of a single-family housing estate. As part of the design and construction of a single-family housing estate, the earthwork balance is crucial, as it allows for effective earthworks management and appropriate cost calculation. Proper planning of earthworks reduces the need for soil transport and minimises operating costs. Two models were developed to conduct the earthworks budget: the current terrain model and the design terrain model. The current terrain model was created on the basis of an integration of geodetic measurements and data from the digital terrain model (DTM). Then, based on the design assumptions, a design terrain model was generated, taking into account the planned embankments, excavations, and the target foundation level of buildings and road infrastructure. Analysis of the differences between the current and design terrain models made it possible to determine the volume of earth masses to be removed, relocated, or managed on the project site. Geodetic methods and GIS tools were used in the calculation process, enabling precise determination of volumetric differences. The obtained results indicate the possibility of optimising earthworks management through appropriate distribution of embankments and reduction of the volume of soil requiring removal. The conclusions from the analysis can contribute to better planning of construction investments and reduce their environmental impact.
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) has revolutionized video generation, enabling systems ranging from proprietary pioneers like OpenAI's Sora, Google's Veo3, and Bytedance's Seedance to powerful open-source contenders like Wan and HunyuanVideo to synthesize temporally coherent and semantically rich videos. These advancements pave the way for building "world models" that simulate real-world dynamics, with applications spanning entertainment, education, and virtual reality. However, existing reviews on video generation often focus on narrow technical fields, e.g., Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) and diffusion models, or specific tasks (e. g., video editing), lacking a comprehensive perspective on the field's evolution, especially regarding Auto-Regressive (AR) models and integration of multimodal information. To address these gaps, this survey firstly provides a systematic review of the development of video generation technology, tracing its evolution from early GANs to dominant diffusion models, and further to emerging AR-based and multimodal techniques. We conduct an in-depth analysis of the foundational principles, key advancements, and comparative strengths/limitations. Then, we explore emerging trends in multimodal video generation, emphasizing the integration of diverse data types to enhance contextual awareness. Finally, by bridging historical developments and contemporary innovations, this survey offers insights to guide future research in video generation and its applications, including virtual/augmented reality, personalized education, autonomous driving simulations, digital entertainment, and advanced world models, in this rapidly evolving field. For more details, please refer to the project at https://github.com/sjtuplayer/Awesome-Video-Foundations.
Modern AI systems increasingly operate inside markets and institutions where data, behavior, and incentives are endogenous. This paper develops an economic foundation for multi-agent learning by studying a principal-agent interaction in a Markov decision process with strategic externalities, where both the principal and the agent learn over time. We propose a two-phase incentive mechanism that first estimates implementable transfers and then uses them to steer long-run dynamics; under mild regret-based rationality and exploration conditions, the mechanism achieves sublinear social-welfare regret and thus asymptotically optimal welfare. Simulations illustrate how even coarse incentives can correct inefficient learning under stateful externalities, highlighting the necessity of incentive-aware design for safe and welfare-aligned AI in markets and insurance.
<p>To understand and predict the formation of clouds and precipitation and their influence on our climate, it is crucial to know the characteristics and abundance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. As the ice-nucleating efficiency is a result of individual particle properties, detailed knowledge of these properties is essential. Here, an offline method for the comprehensive single-particle analysis of ambient INPs that benefits from the combination of two instruments already used for ice nucleation measurements is presented, focusing on the methodological description of the coupling, whereby strengths and weaknesses of the method are discussed.</p>
<p>First, the aerosol is sampled on silicon wafers. INPs are then activated at different temperature and humidity conditions in the deposition nucleation and condensation freezing mode using a static diffusion chamber. The positions of grown ice crystals are defined by a coordinate system, which allows for recovery and detailed analysis of the individual INPs by a scanning electron microscope. Based on their physico-chemical properties (elemental composition and morphology) the INPs can be classified into categories. In combination with the size information, a size-resolved distribution of the INP classes can be determined. Such results are useful for evaluating INP-type-specific parametrizations, e.g., for use in atmospheric modeling and in closure studies.</p>
<p>A case study from the high-altitude research station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland shows that the targeted INP analysis as obtained by this method is able to identify the main INP classes in reliable proportions. Most of the deposition-nucleation-mode and condensation-freezing-mode INPs activated at <span class="inline-formula">−30 °C</span>, indicating a geogenic mineral origin (mainly aluminosilicates <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="527256ea34e0af356380afd605ccefc0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-18-5223-2025-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="amt-18-5223-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> Al-rich particles but also carbonates and silica). Other major contributors were carbonaceous particles, consisting of both smaller soot particles and larger biological particles and mixed particles (mostly Al <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e653eaf840568ee76bb20ba3bf368ae0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-18-5223-2025-ie00002.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="amt-18-5223-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> C mixed particles). The INPs had projected area diameters ranging from 300 nm–35 <span class="inline-formula">µm</span>, with a distinct maximum at 1–2 <span class="inline-formula">µm</span>. Mineral particles were present throughout the entire size range, while mixed particles were identified in higher abundances at sizes of 3 <span class="inline-formula">µm</span> and above. Minor contributions were seen from sulfates and metal oxides, the latter with an increased proportion in the size range below 500 nm. During a Saharan dust event, a significant increase in mineral particles in the INP composition was detected.</p>
B. Puigdomènech Treserras, P. Kollias, P. Kollias
et al.
<p>The Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) mission, a joint effort between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), aims to advance our understanding of aerosols, clouds, precipitation, and radiation using a comprehensive payload of active and passive sensors. A key component of the payload is the 94 <span class="inline-formula">GHz</span> cloud profiling radar (CPR), which provides the first-ever Doppler velocity measurements collected from space. Accurate knowledge of the CPR antenna pointing is essential for ensuring high-quality CPR Doppler velocity measurements. This study focuses on the geolocation assessment and antenna mispointing corrections during EarthCARE's commissioning phase and beyond, using Earth's surface Doppler velocity measurements collected over the first 9 months of the mission. While the instrument footprint is proven to be properly geolocated within about 100 m, surface Doppler velocity observations reveal mispointing trends influenced by solar illumination cycles and thermoelastic distortions on the antenna. Correcting these effects significantly reduces biases, ensuring better Doppler velocity measurements, essential for understanding cloud microphysics and dynamics. The results, validated through the analysis of Doppler velocities in ice clouds, underline the critical role of pointing corrections for the success of the EarthCARE mission.</p>
We introduce a new categorical and constructive foundation for analytic approximation based on a Contextual Choice Principle (CCP), which enforces locality and compatibility in the construction of mathematical objects. Central to our approach is the Universal Embedding and Linear Approximation Theorem (UELAT), which establishes that functions in broad spaces -- including C(K), Sobolev spaces W^{k,p}(Omega), and distributions D'(Omega) -- can be explicitly approximated by finite-rank linear projections, each with a constructive, algorithmically verifiable certificate of accuracy. These constructions are governed categorically by a functorial adjunction between local logical probes and analytic models, making analytic existence both formally certifiable and programmatically extractable. As a key result, we prove a uniform certificate stability theorem, ensuring that approximation certificates persist under uniform convergence. The CCP avoids classical pathologies (e.g., non-measurable sets, Banach--Tarski paradoxes) by eliminating non-constructive choice and replacing it with a coherent, local-to-global semantic logic. Our framework strengthens the foundations of constructive analysis while contributing tools relevant to formal verification, type-theoretic proof systems, and computational mathematics.
Coopetition refers to simultaneous cooperation and competition among actors who "cooperate to grow the pie and compete to split it up." Modern socio-technical systems are characterized by strategic coopetition in which actors concomitantly cooperate to create value and compete to capture it. While conceptual modeling languages such as i* provide rich qualitative representations of strategic dependencies, they lack mechanisms for quantitative analysis of dynamic trade-offs. Conversely, classical game theory offers mathematical rigor but strips away contextual richness. This technical report bridges this gap by developing computational foundations that formalize two critical dimensions of coopetition: interdependence and complementarity. We ground interdependence in i* structural dependency analysis, translating depender-dependee-dependum relationships into quantitative interdependence coefficients through a structured translation framework. We formalize complementarity following Brandenburger and Nalebuff's Added Value concept, modeling synergistic value creation with validated parameterization. We integrate structural dependencies with bargaining power in value appropriation and introduce a game-theoretic formulation where Nash Equilibrium incorporates structural interdependence. Validation combines comprehensive experimental testing comprising over 22,000 trials across power and logarithmic value function specifications, demonstrating functional form robustness, with empirical application to the Samsung-Sony S-LCD joint venture (2004-2011). This technical report serves as the foundational reference for a coordinated research program examining strategic coopetition in multi-agent systems, with companion work addressing trust dynamics, collective action, and reciprocity mechanisms.
<p>The Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) on board the Fengyun (FY)-4A geostationary satellite has provided high-spatiotemporal-resolution visible reflectance data since 12 March 2018. Data assimilation experiments under the framework of observing system simulation experiments have shown the great potential of these data to improve the forecasting skills of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. To assimilate the AGRI visible reflectance in real-world cases, it is important to evaluate the quality and to quantify the observation errors in these data. In this study, the FY-4A AGRI channel 2 (0.55–0.75 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>m) reflectance data (<span class="inline-formula"><i>O</i></span>) were compared with the equivalents (<span class="inline-formula"><i>B</i></span>) derived from the short-term forecasts of the China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale (CMA-MESO) model using the Radiative Transfer for the Television Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV, v12.3). It is shown that the <span class="inline-formula"><i>O</i></span>–<span class="inline-formula"><i>B</i></span> biases could be used to reveal the abrupt change related to the measurement calibration processes. In general, the <span class="inline-formula"><i>O</i></span>–<span class="inline-formula"><i>B</i></span> departure was positively biased in most cases. Potential causes include the deficiencies of the NWP model, the forward-operator errors, and the unresolved aerosol processes. The relative biases of <span class="inline-formula"><i>O</i></span>–<span class="inline-formula"><i>B</i></span> computed from cloud-free and cloudy pixels were used to correct the systematic biases for the corresponding scenarios over land and sea surfaces separately. In general, the method effectively reduced the <span class="inline-formula"><i>O</i></span>–<span class="inline-formula"><i>B</i></span> biases. Moreover, the bias-correction method based on an ensemble forecast is more robust than a deterministic forecast due to the advantages of the former in dealing with uncertainties in cloud simulations. The findings demonstrate that analyzing the <span class="inline-formula"><i>O</i></span>–<span class="inline-formula"><i>B</i></span> biases has a potential to monitor the performance of the FY-4A AGRI visible instrument and to correct the systematic biases in the observations, which will facilitate the assimilation of these data in conventional data assimilation applications.</p>
<p>Low-cost optical particle sensors have the potential to supplement existing particulate matter (PM) monitoring systems and to provide high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, low-cost PM sensors have often shown questionable performance under various ambient conditions. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), and particle composition have been identified as factors that directly affect the performance of low-cost PM sensors. This study investigated whether NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, which creates PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> by means of chemical reactions in the atmosphere, can be used to improve the calibration performance of low-cost PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> sensors. To this end, we evaluated the PurpleAir PA-II, called PA-II, a popular air monitoring system that utilizes two low-cost PM sensors and that is frequently deployed near air quality monitoring sites of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). We selected a single location where 14 PA-II units have operated for more than 2 years, since July 2017. Based on the operating periods of the PA-II units, we then chose the period of January 2018 to December 2019 for study. Among the 14 units, a single unit containing more than 23 months of measurement data with a high correlation between the unit's two PMS sensors was selected for analysis. Daily and hourly PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> measurement data from the PA-II unit and a BAM 1020 instrument, respectively, were compared using the federal reference method (FRM), and a per-month analysis was conducted against the BAM-1020 using hourly PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> data. In the per-month analysis, three key features – namely temperature, relative humidity (RH), and NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> – were considered. The NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, called collocated NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, was collected from the reliable instrument collocated with the PA-II unit. The per-month analysis showed that the PA-II unit had a good correlation (coefficient of determination <span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup>>0.819</span>) with the BAM-1020 during the months of November, December, and January in both 2018 and 2019, but their correlation intensity was moderate during other months, such as in July and September 2018 and August, September, and October 2019. NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> was shown to be a key factor in increasing the value of <span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup></span> in the months when moderate correlation based on only PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> was achieved. This study calibrated a PA-II unit using multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) methods based on the same three features used in the analysis studies, as well as their multiplicative terms. The addition of NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> had a much larger effect than that of RH when both PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> and temperature were considered for calibration in both models. When NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, temperature, and relative humidity were considered, the MLR method achieved similar calibration performance to the RF method. In addressing the feasibility of utilizing distant NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> measurements for calibration in lieu of collocated data, the study highlights the effectiveness of distant NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> when correlated strongly with collocated measurements. This finding offers a practical solution for situations where obtaining collocated NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> data proves to be challenging or costly. We assessed the performance of different PA-II units to determine their efficacy. Our investigation reveals a significant enhancement in calibration performance across different PA-II units upon integrating NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>. Importantly, this improvement remains consistent even when employing models trained with different PA-II units within the same location. Overall, this investigation emphasizes the significance of NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> in improving calibration for low-cost PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> sensors and presents insights into leveraging distant NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> measurements as a viable alternative for calibration in the absence of collocated data.</p>
We propose a foundation model for soccer, which is able to predict subsequent actions in a soccer match from a given input sequence of actions. As a proof of concept, we train a transformer architecture on three seasons of data from a professional soccer league. We quantitatively and qualitatively compare the performance of this transformer architecture to two baseline models: a Markov model and a multi-layer perceptron. Additionally, we discuss potential applications of our model. We provide an open-source implementation of our methods at https://github.com/danielhocevar/Foundation-Model-for-Soccer.
<p>The fuel sulfur content (FSC) of ocean-going and inland vessels was measured simultaneously by eight different state-of-the-art and novel monitoring systems during a 6-week campaign at the Elbe River, at a distance of about 10 km to the port of Hamburg, Germany. Both stationary and airborne systems on unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) were operated by four participating partners in a side-by-side measurement setup to measure the emission factors of the same emission sources. A novel laser spectrometer, with significantly better-precision specifications as compared with the other instruments, was used for the first time for emission monitoring regarding the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI regulations.</p>
<p>The comparison took place in the North Sea sulfur emission control area (SECA), where the allowed FSC is limited to 0.10 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d46620e56e765fd38f9c8d14268791bf"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00001.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>. The unit %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b19afe73e57590c4b97c736eaf3bb8ca"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00002.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> relates to the percentage of mass sulfur per mass combusted fuel. In total, 966 plumes that originated from 436 different vessels were analysed in this study. At the same time, fuel samples obtained from 34 different vessels and bunker delivery notes (BDNs) from five frequently monitored vessels were used as a reference to assess the uncertainties of the different systems. Seven of the eight measurement systems tended to underestimate the FSC found from fuel samples and BDNs. A possible relation between underestimation and high relative humidities (above 80 %) was observed. The lowest systematic deviations were observed for the airborne systems and the novel laser spectrometer. The two UAV-borne systems showed total uncertainties of 0.07 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="12d9eb1e045e9dfbf3e43b362e1bac69"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00003.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and 0.09 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="64d1c2f2157ab0fae55f99226af90828"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00004.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (confidence level: 95 %). The novel laser spectrometer showed the lowest total uncertainty of 0.05 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f6a086359958896bd31e89ca64f333f0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00005.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> compared with other stationary sniffer systems, whose total uncertainties range from 0.08 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3933bf24559a5b385df23d2566053ef8"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00006.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> to 0.09 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5b5407bc33f1105224b11c2c0c09701d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00007.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>. It was concluded that non-compliant vessels, with an actual FSC of the combusted fuel above 0.15 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="497ee8ad7aecf72119e4d7e462f0cddd"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00008.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> to 0.19 %S<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><msub><mi/><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8ee6f6e31a799e6b3f6dd39aa9709da4"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00009.svg" width="21pt" height="11pt" src="amt-16-5883-2023-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, can be detected by the compared systems with 95 % confidence.</p>
C. N. Vasilakopoulou, C. N. Vasilakopoulou, K. Florou
et al.
<p>The offline aerosol mass spectrometry technique is
a useful tool for the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA) in areas
and periods during which an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) is not available. However, the technique is
based on the extraction of aerosol samples in water, while several
atmospheric OA components are partially or fully insoluble in water. In this work an improved offline technique was developed and evaluated in an effort to capture most of the partially soluble and insoluble organic aerosol material, reducing significantly the uncertainty of the corresponding source
apportionment. A major advantage of the proposed approach is that no
corrections are needed for the offline analysis to account for the limited
water solubility of some OA components. The improved offline AMS analysis
was tested in three campaigns: two during winter and one during summer.
Collocated online AMS measurements were performed for the evaluation of the offline method. Source apportionment analysis was performed separately for the online and the offline measurements using positive matrix
factorization (PMF). The PMF results showed that the fractional contribution of each factor to the total OA differed between the online and the offline PMF results by less than 15 %. The differences in the AMS spectra of the
factors of the two approaches could be significant, suggesting that the use
of factor profiles from the literature in the offline analysis may lead to
complications. Part of the good agreement between the online and the
offline PMF results is due to the ability of the improved offline AMS
technique to capture a bigger part of the OA, including insoluble organic
material. This was evident by the significant fraction of submicrometer
suspended insoluble particles present in the water extract and by the
reduced insoluble material on the filters after the extraction process. More than half of the elemental carbon (EC) was on average missing from the
filters after the water extraction. Significant EC concentrations were
measured in the produced aerosol that was used as input to the AMS during
the offline analysis.</p>
This work is the first in a series laying the foundations of derived geometry in the $C^{\infty}$ setting, and providing tools for the construction and study of moduli spaces of solutions of Partial Differential Equations that arise in differential geometry and mathematical physics. To advertise the advantages of such a theory, we start with a detailed introduction to derived $C^{\infty}$-geometry in the context of symplectic topology and compare and contrast with Kuranishi space theory. In the body of this work, we avail ourselves of Lurie's extensive work on abstract structured spaces to define $\infty$-categories of derived $C^{\infty}$-rings and $C^{\infty}$-schemes and derived $C^{\infty}$-rings and $C^{\infty}$-schemes with corners via a universal property in a suitable $(\infty,2)$-category of $\infty$-categories with respect to the ordinary categories of manifolds and manifolds with corners (with morphisms the $b$-maps of Melrose in the latter case), and prove many basic structural features about them. Along the way, we establish some derived flatness results for derived $C^{\infty}$-rings of independent interest.
Foundation models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), can respond to a wide range of format-free queries without any task-specific data collection or model training, creating various research and application opportunities for the modeling and operation of large-scale power systems. In this paper, we outline how such large foundation model such as GPT-4 are developed, and discuss how they can be leveraged in challenging power and energy system tasks. We first investigate the potential of existing foundation models by validating their performance on four representative tasks across power system domains, including the optimal power flow (OPF), electric vehicle (EV) scheduling, knowledge retrieval for power engineering technical reports, and situation awareness. Our results indicate strong capabilities of such foundation models on boosting the efficiency and reliability of power system operational pipelines. We also provide suggestions and projections on future deployment of foundation models in power system applications.
Christel Baier, Clemens Dubslaff, Holger Hermanns
et al.
Bayesian networks (BNs) are a probabilistic graphical model widely used for representing expert knowledge and reasoning under uncertainty. Traditionally, they are based on directed acyclic graphs that capture dependencies between random variables. However, directed cycles can naturally arise when cross-dependencies between random variables exist, e.g., for modeling feedback loops. Existing methods to deal with such cross-dependencies usually rely on reductions to BNs without cycles. These approaches are fragile to generalize, since their justifications are intermingled with additional knowledge about the application context. In this paper, we present a foundational study regarding semantics for cyclic BNs that are generic and conservatively extend the cycle-free setting. First, we propose constraint-based semantics that specify requirements for full joint distributions over a BN to be consistent with the local conditional probabilities and independencies. Second, two kinds of limit semantics that formalize infinite unfolding approaches are introduced and shown to be computable by a Markov chain construction.
Prior to the construction of most engineering projects, earthwork is a complex and time-consuming task, requiring iterative operations in civil engineering. The effectiveness of earthworks determines the cost of many AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) projects (e.g., road, embankment, railway, and slope engineering). As a result, creating effective earthwork planning is critical. The earthwork allocation problem is simplified in this study to the vehicle route problem (VRP), which is often studied in the field of transportation and logistics. An optimization model for the earthwork allocation path based on the modified genetic algorithm with a self-adaptive mechanism is developed to work out the global optimal hauling path for earthwork. The findings of the study are also used to shape the basic topographic shape of the Winter Olympic Skiing Course Project. Furthermore, a comparative study with the former methods is conducted to validate the performance of our proposed method on tackling such a multidepot two-echelon vehicle routing problem. Because of its flexibility, this optimization model is extremely compatible with various evolutionary methods in many fields, making future development viable and practicable.
<p>Characterizing the chemical composition of ambient particulate matter (PM)
provides valuable information on the concentration of secondary species and
toxic metals and assists in the validation of abatement techniques. The
chemical components of PM can be measured by sampling on filters and
analyzing them in the laboratory or using real-time measurements of the
species. It is important for the accuracy of the PM monitoring networks that
measurements from the offline and online methods are comparable and biases
are known. The concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions
(NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span>, SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></span>, NH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span>, and Cl<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−</sup>)</span> in PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> measured from 24 h filter samples using ion chromatography (IC) were
compared with the online measurements of inorganics from an aerosol mass
spectrometer (AMS) with a frequency of 2 min. Also, the concentrations of
heavy and trace elements determined from 24 h filter samples using
inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were compared with the
online measurements of half-hourly heavy and trace metal concentrations
from an Xact 625i ambient metal mass monitor. The comparison was performed over
two seasons (summer and winter) and at two sites (Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi (IITD) and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Delhi (IITMD)) which
are located in the Delhi National Capital Region (NCR), India, one of the most heavily polluted urban areas in
the world. Collocated deployments of the instruments helped to quantify the
differences between online and offline measurements and evaluate the
possible reasons for positive and negative biases. The slopes for
SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></span> and NH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span> were closer to the <span class="inline-formula">1:1</span> line during winter
and decreased during summer at both sites. The higher concentrations on the
filters were due to the formation of particulate (NH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span>SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>.
Filter-based NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span> measurements were lower than online
NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span> during summer at IITD and winter at IITMD due to the volatile
nature of NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span> from the filter substrate. Offline-measured
Cl<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−</sup></span> was consistently higher than AMS-derived Cl<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−</sup></span> during summer
and winter at both sites. Based on their comparability characteristics,
elements were grouped into three categories. The online element data were
highly correlated (<span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup>>0.8</span>) with the offline measurements
for Al, K, Ca, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ba, and Pb during summer at IITD and winter
at both the sites. The higher correlation coefficient demonstrated the
precision of the measurements of these elements by both the Xact 625i and
ICP-MS. Some of these elements showed higher Xact 625i elemental
concentrations than ICP-MS measurements by an average of 10 %–40 % depending
on the season and site. The reasons for the differences in the concentration
of the elements could be the distance between two inlets for the two
methods, line interference between two elements in Xact measurements,
the sampling strategy, variable concentrations of elements in blank filters, and the
digestion protocol for ICP-MS measurements.</p>
Проведено шосту міжнародну науково-практичну конференцію Transfer of Innovative Technologies 2020, присвячену 90-річчю від дня заснування Київського національного університету будівництва і архітектури. Особливістю цьогорічного форуму було те, що він відбувався дистанційно на платформі Cisco Webex за участі науковців з Польщі, Франції, Австралії, Іраку, Лівії, Бразилії, Китаю. Фахівці в галузях будівництва і архітектури, інженерії та екології, інформаційних технологій та ін. традиційно ділились своїм досвідом. Роботу було спрямовано на інтеграцію українських і закордонних фахівців і наукових шкіл у розробці теорії проведення досліджень, створення нових методів і техніки, практичне застосування енергоощадних, екологічно безпечних технологій та засобів.
Мета конференції – спілкуваня з фахівцями різних галузей для вирішення глобальних проблем ресурсного та енергетичного забезпечення виробництва, передачі інноваційних технологій у різні сфери людської діяльності. Офіційними мовами конференції є українська, російська, англійська, польська і французька. Було отримано понад сотню заявок від 140 учасників з наукових та освітніх закладів, промисловості, недержавних установ, студентів, магістрантів та аспірантів. Було представлено понад три десятки інноваційних проектів в галузях архітектури, інженерії споруд, інформаційних технологій, кібербезпеки тощо. Обговорено результати дослідження двох докторських та кількох кандидатських дисертацій. За результатами оголошенних конкурсів в номінаціях Інноваційний проект, Презентація, Публікація визначено переможців 2020 року, які були нагороджені дипломи. Найактивніші учасники з числа фахівців та студентської молоді отримали Подяки і Сертифікати. Результати роботи та препринти найкращих презентацій авторів опубліковано у Збірнику матеріалів конференції (online) та журналі Transfer of Innovative Technologies.
КНУБА налагодив співпрацю зі спеціалістами Університету науки і техніки Цзянсу (Китай), Університету прикладних наук та мистецтв (Fachhochschule Dortmund, Germany), IT університету Астани (Казахстан) у галузях досліджень досліджень та видавничої справи. Учасники конференції підтримали Петицію керівництва Міжнародного центру інтегральної екології CEI Laudato Si (Варшава) до Папи Римського і Президента США про антропогенний вплив на світове середовище і захист від академічного насилля та тиску.