Hasil untuk "Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"

Ene Ikpebe, Michael C. Seeborg

Abstract Although African immigration has increased rapidly in the United States in recent years, little research explores the labor market outcomes for married African immigrants. Using a large sample of married African immigrants from the American Community Survey, this paper explores the association of full-time employment and wages with gender, timing of migration relative to one’s spouse, and intermarriage with foreign nationalities. We use logistic and Poisson regression empirical models to estimate this relationship. Results suggest that married women experience a penalty relative to their married male counterparts in terms of both employment status and wages. We find that females who migrate after their husbands have a lower probability of working full-time relative to females who migrate before, and that African immigrants who intermarry with either US natives or foreigners from other countries of origin experience significantly higher annual earnings compared to those with spouses from their own country of origin. These findings suggest that immigration policy that influences the timing of spousal immigration and intermarriage has important labor market implications.

À partir de données de l’enquête longitudinale administrée auprès des ménages au Royaume-Uni, les auteurs utilisent des méthodes de panel et de régression quantile inconditionnelle pour étudier la pénalité à la maternité au Royaume-Uni. Les estimations issues des modèles de panel montrent qu’en moyenne la pénalité existe toujours. Toutefois, la régression quantile inconditionnelle révèle qu’elle est très variable selon le niveau de la distribution salariale: elle est plus élevée dans la moitié inférieure, demeurant statistiquement significative dans tous les quantiles jusqu’à la médiane. Au-delà, elle s’amenuise et se transforme même en prime au sommet de la distribution.

Benedita Sequeira

Lucília Regina de Souza Machado

O artigo oferece uma sistematização de reflexões acerca da inovação tendo como referência diversos autores clássicos e contemporâneos de perspectivas teóricas diferentes. As interpretações sobre inovação e suas associações a mudanças são evocadas e assim agrupadas: a inovação na tradição econômica; nas análises após a década de 1980 (abordagens a partir do conceito de translação, de redes sociais, com foco nos conhecimentos tácitos e em ambientes de inovação); e referidas a rupturas paradigmáticas. O eixo analítico toma a necessidade de superação da perspectiva linear, mecânica, determinista e quantitativa do fenômeno da inovação considerando a importância de se ter em vista o problema central da historicidade da realidade social e suas contradições. Palavras-chave: Inovação; Determinismo tecnológico; Mudança social.

MERIELLE MARTINS ALVES, Mário Borges Netto

Neste texto apresentam-se os resultados de um estudo sobre a implantação da modalidade de teletrabalho na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFU, segundo a Instrução Normativa Conjunta SEGES SGPRT/MGI nº 24, de 28 de julho de 2023. Da análise documental, cotejada com as reflexões teóricas sobre as mudanças no mundo do trabalho nas últimas décadas, conclui-se que a efetivação do referido programa impactará sobremaneira na qualidade do serviço prestado a população e nas condições de trabalho dos servidores, expondo-os, ainda mais, às consequências precarizantes da lógica neoliberal em seu cotidiano. Palavras-chave: Educação; Teletrabalho; Programa de Gestão e Desempenho – PGD; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFU.

Abu Bakkar Siddique

Abstract The article posits that the puzzles of stagnating poverty rates amidst high growth and declining unemployment in the United States can be substantially explained by polarized job markets characterized by job quality and job distribution. In recent decades, there has been an increased number of poor-quality jobs and an unequal distribution of jobs in the developed world, particularly in the United States. I have calculated measures of uneven job distribution indices that account for the distribution of jobs across households. A higher value of the uneven job distribution indices implies that there are relatively large numbers of households with multiple employed people and households with no employed people. Similarly, poor-quality jobs are those jobs that do not offer full-time work. Two-way fixed-effect models estimate that higher uneven job distribution across households worsens aggregated poverty at the state level. Similarly, good-quality jobs help households escape poverty, whereas poor-quality jobs do not. This paper suggests that eradicating poverty requires the government to direct labor market policies to be tailored more toward distributing jobs from individuals to households and altering bad jobs into good jobs, rather than merely creating more jobs in the economy. This paper contributes by elaborating on relations of employment and poverty, addressing employment quality and distribution, and providing empirical evidence.

Ralf Minor

Abstract This study examines the impact of the charging of tuition fees between 2006 and 2014 in several German federal states on the number of first-year student enrollments. Since Germany is known for a tuition-free education policy at public institutions, the fundamental question arises of whether, and if so, to what extent, the temporary tuitions influenced the number of first-year-student enrollments. In this regard, Becker’s human capital theory suggests that rising fees should be associated with declining enrollment rates. The analyses to test the hypothesis are based on a longitudinal administrative panel data set for 206 universities and universities of applied sciences from 2003 to 2018; this means there are 3296 observations before, during, and after the tuition treatment. While no previous study has covered the full period of the policy or undertook more aggregate-level analyses, this study applies an analytical research design that uses several panel-data models and robustness checks to examine causal relations based on a quasi-experimental setting. The results of Fixed effects regressions confirm the hypothesized negative impact and even reveal a persistent negative effect of the treatment. The comparison of higher education institutions with and without tuition fees shows that the former institutions lost approximately between 3.8 and 7 percent of their first-year student enrollments on average.

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Giovanna Marcelino

Resenha do livro "Educação de jovens e adultos trabalhadores: história, lutas e direito em risco", organizado por Sonia Rummert e publicado em 2019 pela Navegando Publicações.

Carl Cato Wadel

Artikkelen ser på erfaringer med delt lederskap i form av et samlederskap mellom pedagogiske ledere i barnehagen. Dette temaet har fått økt aktualitet i Norge med den nye pedagognormen som ble innført i 2018. Artikkelen er basert på intervjuer med styrere og pedagogiske ledere i tre barnehager med erfaringer med delt lederskap mellom pedagogiske ledere. Studien viser at pedagogiske ledere i et velfungerende delt lederskap opplever at det er lettere å drive utviklingsarbeid og heve det faglige nivået blant personalet. Den største utfordringen knytter seg til å få tid til nødvendig samsnakking og felles planlegging.

Raphael Duguay, Michael Minnis, Andrew Sutherland

We find that Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) had two significant effects on the audit market for nonpublic entities. The first short-run effect stems from inelastic labor supply coupled with an audit demand shock from public companies. As a result, private companies reduced their use of attested financial reports in bank financing by 12%, and audit fee increases for nonprofit organizations (NPOs) more than doubled. The second long-run effect was a transformation in the audit supply structure. After SOX, NPOs were less likely to match with auditors most exposed to public companies, whereas auditors increasingly specialized their offices based on client type. Audit market concentration for NPOs dropped by more than one-half within five years of SOX and remained at this level through the end of our sample in 2013, whereas the number of suppliers increased by 26%. Our results demonstrate how regulation directed at public companies generates economically important spillovers for nonpublic entities. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.

Mabel Abraham, Vanessa C. Burbano

Labor market scholars have made recent calls for moving beyond demand-side explanations for observed labor market outcomes and for uncovering supply-side processes and the interaction between these. One organizational characteristic that has been posited to influence job seeker preferences is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Mixed empirical results of the effects of CSR on firm performance more broadly, as well as increased inquiry into the contingencies of when CSR may benefit firms through stakeholders such as employees, point to the importance of examining how CSR interacts with other organizational characteristics. In this study, we examine how the gender composition of company leadership making CSR claims contributes to shaping the applicant pool. Specifically, since social responsibility is perceived to be female-typed, we examine whether congruence between an organization’s claims and the gender composition of leadership affect whether prospective employees apply for jobs. Addressing this research question poses a key empirical challenge: it is necessary to observe not only those who do apply to a job, but also the risk pool of those would could have applied. We address this challenge using a unique field experimental design and find that congruence between firm leadership gender composition and social responsibility is a key predictor of whether prospective applicants apply for an otherwise identical job vacancy.

Sigrid Elise Wik

Dette er en kvalitativ studie av unge med funksjonsnedsettelser (N=12) i lange avklaringsforløp på NAV (>3 år). Studien belyser problemstillingene: Hvordan brukes tiden i NAV-systemet og hvilke konsekvenser har dette for de unges tro på arbeid? Studien avdekker at noen kaster bort mye verdifull tid på venting og retningsløse tiltak, mens andre trenger å få lov å bruke tid til usikkerhet, sykdom og behandling. De unge mister ikke motivasjonen for arbeid, men ambisjonene senkes når helseutfordringene eller motgangen i NAV-systemet blir for mye. Arbeidsavklaringspenger fremstår ikke som rett ytelse for gruppen, grunnet denne ordningens korte varighet og fraværet av tett oppfølging.

M. Withers, Ji Youn Kim, Michael D. Howard

H. Bhandari, A. Mishra

M. H. Machado, F. R. G. X. Neto

Tsymbaliuk Svitlana O.

The importance of a quick response to changes taking place in the labor market, adaptation to them of the staff policy of enterprises is determined by the need to maintain their competitiveness in the labor market. It is reasonable to monitor main trends in the labor market with a view to adapting the staff policy to changes in order to strengthen the competitive position and attract competent specialists. The aim of the article is to identify the main trends in the labor market and estimate their impact on the staff policy of enterprises in Ukraine. It is determined that the decrease in the number of economically active population, reduction in the supply of workplaces and increase in unemployment are characteristics of the Ukrainian modern labor market. At the same time, there observed a disproportionality between the supply of and demand for representatives of different professional categories. It is determined that the high turnover indices negatively characterize the staff policy and demonstrate that employers neither pay due attention to the issues of forming the employees’ engagement, loyalty nor create appropriate conditions for the fulfillment of their labor potential. The revealed tends lead to increased competition among employers in the labor market for competent specialists, which finally stimulates them to use various instruments for enhancing the enterprises’ attractiveness and the formation of a positive employer brand.

Vitor Bemvindo

É comum notar, nos trabalhos do campo Trabalho-Educação, o conceito de educação politécnica ou politecnia associado à concepção marxista de educação. De fato, Marx elaborou esparsas ideias de uma pedagogia na qual a politecnia teria um papel central. No entanto, esse mesmo conceito já havia sido apropriado por distintos grupos, com diferentes sentidos políticos-pedagógicos, associados aos projetos de sociedade defendidos por cada um desses grupos. A tese “Por uma História da Educação Politécnica: Concepções, Experiências e Perspectivas” consiste em um esforço de pesquisa e análise histórica do processo de (re)construção do conceito de educação politécnica.

Gary N. Marks

Abstract In almost all developed countries there has been substantial growth in university education over the last half-century. This growth has raised concerns that the benefits of university education are declining and that university education is not appropriate for students who, without the expansion, would not have been admitted. For such students, vocational education or direct entry to the labour market may be more appropriate. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of university and vocational qualifications, net of other influences on a variety of labour market outcomes for Australian youths up to age 25; and if the benefits of university degrees differ across the achievement continuum. Achievement is measured by test scores in the OECD’s PISA assessments. The six labour market outcomes investigated are: occupational status, hourly and weekly earnings, employment, unemployment and full-time work. The study finds that university degrees provide substantially superior labour market outcomes which are not confined to high and average achievers, at least for this cohort in their formative years in the labour market.

Célia Cristina Pereira da Silva Veiga, José dos Santos Souza

O objeto de investigação deste artigo é o Curso de Formação de Soldados (CFSd) da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PMERJ), condicionado pelas mudanças na política de segurança pública a partir da reforma gerencial do Estado. O objetivo do texto é explicitar contradições existentes na configuração do CFSd determinadas pela atual política de segurança pública. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem afirmar que as mudanças ocorridas na política de segurança pública, a partir da Reforma do Estado, sofisticaram o discurso de mediação do conflito de classes propondo modelos de policiamento pautado na concepção de polícia cidadã, embora a formação dos policiais da PMERJ continue pautada na coerção.