The article explores the concept of the administrative agencies’ activities during martial law through the prism of combination of security expediency and the requirements of the rule of law. It is emphasized that martial law transforms both the normative and legal and actual conditions of the public administration functioning, changing the limits of its discretion and priorities of activity. It is emphasized that administrative agencies receive expanded powers for an strategic response to threats to national security, however, this does not mean the removal from the functioning of the general principles of administrative law – legality, proportionality, good governance, transparency and accountability. It is emphasized that even in emergency conditions, administrative activity must retain its legal character and be carried out within the framework of a modified but valid legal order. The essence of the transition from the usual regulatory model to the mobilization model, characterized by the centralization of management processes, the reduction of procedural elements and the strengthening of the executive vertical, is revealed. Attention is drawn to the risks associated with the concentration of power, which may lead to administrative bodies going beyond the limits of legal legitimacy. In this context, the necessity of effective mechanisms of parliamentary and judicial control, capable of ensuring a balance between the speed of decision-making and compliance with legal standards, is substantiated. It is noted that parliamentary control is aimed at maintaining the political and legal accountability of the executive branch, while judicial control performs a stabilizing function, preventing arbitrary interference by the administration in the sphere of human rights. It is emphasized that administrative agencies remain the bearers of state legitimacy, and their activities during the period of martial law are a form of legal governance in conditions of limited law and order. It is concluded that the strategic goal of administrative activity during this period is not only to ensure the viability of the state, but also to preserve its legal identity and return to the full rule of law regime after the end of the state of emergency.
The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional and legal nature of technical qualifications. The work provides a general description of technical qualifications in constitutional law. The focus is on their individual varieties, in particular: age limit, the introduction of which pursues the goal of granting a citizen the right to participate in the management of state affairs at the optimal age, when the person has formed as a personality and has fully realized civic positions; citizenship qualification, which means that the right to participate in state governance, in referendums, in the formation of representative bodies of government is granted only to citizens of this state; capacity qualification, which pursues the goal of admitting to the processes of state building citizens who are able to properly realize the significance of their actions; health qualification, the essence of which is that the right to participate in state governance belongs only to those citizens who have a satisfactory state of physical health; the residency requirement, the purpose of which is that the condition for citizens' admission to state-building processes, including elections, is their residence within the period established by law on the territory of either the state or its separate locality (electoral district). A separate group of technical qualifications in constitutional law consists of language qualifications, literacy (education) qualifications, and professionalism (competence) qualifications, the essence of which is that a person can apply for a certain position only if he or she has the appropriate level of education, professional experience and competence, thanks to which a person is able, within the limits of the powers defined by the position, to apply special skills, knowledge, abilities, and demonstrate appropriate moral and business qualities for the proper performance of established professional tasks and duties. The paper concludes that the presence of technical qualifications contributes to the formation of a high-quality mechanism of public power in the state, which increases the efficiency of the functioning of the state itself. Also, the use of technical qualifications in the processes of state formation contributes to their streamlining in terms of clearly defining the conditions and professional requirements for candidates for representative bodies of public power. It is important that their implementation is balanced to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, is not excessive, and does not lead to their transformation into a tool for discriminating against individual citizens or certain social groups.
Статтю присвячено вивченню особливостей проведення допиту неповнолітніх, зокрема визначенню переліку спеціалістів, які повинні бути присутні під час допиту в обов’язковому порядку. Здійснено аналіз чинного кримінального процесуального законодавства, а також наукових праць вітчизняних дослідників, які займалися вивченням цієї проблематики. Висвітлено авторське бачення щодо конкретизації окремих норм кримінального процесуального законодавства та запропоновано можливі шляхи його вдосконалення, зокрема в частині, що регулює участь спеціаліста під час допиту неповнолітніх.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Falar sobre Juarez Tavares é uma tarefa agradável, por muitas razões: a descrição de sua personalidade sugere substantivos fortes e adjetivos dignificantes, que tornam o discurso fácil e fluente. E, na comemoração dos seus 80 anos, rodeado por amigos e admiradores, é importante destacar as dimensões filosófica, política e científica de sua personalidade carismática e comunicativa, que produzem profunda impressão em todos os que o conhecem ou com ele convivem, de uma forma ou de outra.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a aplicação da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) nos cartórios de protesto, com ênfase na importância da transparência e proteção dos dados pessoais no contexto dessas instituições. Para alcançar esse propósito, serão discutidos diversos aspectos relacionados à coleta, tratamento, compartilhamento e direitos dos titulares de dados no ambiente dos cartórios de protesto. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, trazendo a compreensão da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados e a compreensão das serventias extrajudiciais. Por fim, constatou-se como se dá a aplicação da LGPD nos casos de Cartório de Protesto.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Civil law
До ктр и на неп о ср ед ст в ен но го (фа кти ч еско го ) р о ди т ель ст ва ... 209 и правовой ресурс, нежели это традиционно принято считать. Впоследствии она вполне может быть вовлечена в научный дискурс в качестве адаптивной, позволяя предложить законодателю инструменты для краткого внедрения в пространство права фактов со- циального родительства. Выводы: следование идеалу малой нуклеарной семьи как осно- вополагающему нормативному образу, хранимому законодательствами абсолютного большинства стран, не исключает точечного нормативного реагирования на случаи не- посредственного родительства, претендующего на роль социального. По итогам анали- тики правовых систем законодательств разных стран выделены три вида законода- тельных стратегий в регулировании такого родительства: радикальная (США), либе- рально-консервативная (Англия), консервативная (страны Западной Европы). Концепции фактического родительства, существующие в разных странах, не являются ни едины- ми, ни однозначными. Российская юриспруденция пока не готова к учету новых социаль- ных и медицинских событий, выступающих катализаторами для создания полномерной теории родительства в праве. Одним из условий ее создания является принятие роди- тельства в праве не только в качестве того порогового явления, за которым начинают свой отчет родительские права и обязанности, но и явления динамического, претерпе- вающего многообразные видоизменения, касающиеся существования семьи и воспитания ребенка. Ключевые слова: родство; происхождение ребенка; супружеская презумпция; нуклеарная семья; биологическое родство; генетические основания родительства; социальное родительство; законное родительство; родительские презумпции; распад брака; права и обязанности родителей; перестроенные семьи; родительство отчима; сводное родительство; приемное родительство THE DOCTRINE OF DE FACTO PARENTHOOD IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN FAMILY LAW E. G. Komissarova Perm State University E-mail: eg-komissarov@yandex.ru Rece iv e d 3 De c 2 0 2 1 Introduction: there is no integral theoretical concept of parenthood in law, and the ques- tion of a possible positive differentiation of this type of status is not discussed. Some aspects of parental theory are sporadically covered in the literature, but, not being embedded in the gen- eral concept of parenthood, they only remain individual judgements. The current situation in Russia can be characterized by high rates of socio-cultural dynamics that entail changes in the forms of family; the intervention of jurisprudence in the established systems of origin of child- ren, Russia’s leading position in the world by the number of divorces. In this context, the legal problems of parenthood are gaining new points of academic interest, going beyond the known formulations of parental rights and responsibilities. Purpose: using interdisciplinary knowledge from sociology, anthropology, and psychology, to substantiate theoretical and methodological guidelines significant for the creation of the theory of parenthood in law; to investigate the con- cept of de facto parenthood as a type that is not based on biological and legal prerequisites; to clarify the relationship of the terms kinship, origin, parenthood, bringing up, used to describe this subject area; to formulate theoretical arguments in favor of referring de facto parenthood to social parenthood. Methods: the method of comparative law study; the inductive method; the method of analysis; the method of legal dogmatics; the phenomenological method; the general scientific method of dialectics. Results: the Russian legislator’s attitude to the phenomenon be- hind the legal concept of ‘de facto raising of a child’ is hopelessly outdated. The strong trace of socialist ideology does not allow one to see the fact that the theory of de facto parenthood carries a much greater social and legal resource than is traditionally assumed. With its subsequent development, it may well be involved in scientific discourse as an adaptive one, making it possi- ble to offer the legislator some tools for introduction of the facts of social parenthood into the legal space. Conclusions: following the ideal of a small nuclear family as a fundamental nor- mative image enshrined in the legislations of the absolute majority of countries, does not ex- clude a selective normative response to cases of de facto parenthood claiming to be social pa- renthood. The analysis of the legislations of different countries have identified three types of legislative strategies in the regulation of such parenthood: radical (USA), liberal-conservative (England), conservative (Western European countries). The concepts of de facto parenthood that exist in different countries are neither uniform nor unambiguous. Russian jurisprudence is not yet ready to take into account new social and medical events that act as catalysts for the creation of a full-scale theory of parenthood in law. One of the conditions for its creation is the acceptance of parenthood in law not only as the threshold phenomenon beyond which parental rights and obligations arise but also as a dynamic phenomenon undergoing diverse modifica- tions concerning the existence of a family and raising children.
Criminal procedure is a complex type of legal relationship that is coercive in nature. At the same time, the trend of liberalisation and humanisation of criminal and criminal procedure law leads to a differentiation of the criminal procedure form, including through the expansion of incentive procedures.
At present, the law of criminal procedure in most States provides for certain types of proceedings which have the effect of encouraging a person accused of an offence by exempting him or her from criminal responsibility or by minimizing the amount of the criminal penalty. As a means of legal regulation, the rules on incentives impose legally binding obligations.
Being strictly regulated by its form the procedure of procedural actions of the court and other professional participants of the process, involves the implementation of incentive rules, provided by the legislation in force, in the framework of the incentive form of criminal proceedings. The study has shown that the incentive form of proceedings can be implemented in criminal proceedings under the general procedure of court proceedings (implementation of restorative justice, reconciliation of the parties, termination of the criminal case on other non-rehabilitative grounds). The incentive form of legal proceedings is implemented directly in the context of simplified or accelerated court proceedings (when considering a criminal case under a special procedure, when entering into a pre-trial cooperation agreement, etc.).
The analysis shows that encouragement in criminal proceedings is provided by the state in the form of relevant substantive rules providing grounds for exemption from punishment or grounds for preferential calculation of punishment. However, the state does not guarantee the implementation of such encouragement due to the discretionary powers of the authorised subjects and the plurality of persons involved in the incentive criminal procedure relations and their interests.
The author concludes that the current state of the institution of incentives in criminal proceedings indicates its dynamism and transformation into a more complex procedural form, which is widely spread and implemented in the criminal process of many states.
At the same time, we believe that the incentive form of legal proceedings in view of its mutual benefit acquires the features of universality, since the simplified and accelerated procedures for resolving criminal cases in most cases allow to take into account the interests of all parties involved in the case. Therefore, the incentive form of criminal proceedings is characterized by such features as universality, mutual benefit, efficiency.
Under the current criminal procedural law, the incentive form of proceedings can include a special procedure for taking a judicial decision when the accused agrees to the charges, a special procedure for taking a judicial decision when the accused signs a pre-trial agreement on cooperation, the institution of release from criminal responsibility on assessable grounds (including restorative justice).
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
O princípio da presunção de inocência com princípio de inspiração jusnaturalista iluminista como fundamento da sociedade assenta na dignidade da pessoa humana e na defesa da posição individual do arguido, enquanto pessoa concreta que se encontra numa especial situação de vulnerabilidade processual, perante a omnipotência do Estado no domínio do ius puniendi.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
State, church and freedom of religion are undeniably among the most important matters of the society, without which one cannot imagine modern life. The relationship between the state and the church represents a centuries-old form of coexistence of the two institutions. Their position in the society, degree of mutual interdependence and influence on one another have changed throughout the history. They have almost always existed one next to another and, in the present times, their relationship can be very diverse, largely dependent on the country under analysis, its history, as well as its social, cultural and moral circumstances. If we look at the state as some form of institutionalized power, which has a monopoly of legitimate coercion on its territory, we will certainly not see the church as the body of Christ, or as a building in which religious ceremonies are performed, nor as a community of Christian believers, but as a subject of religious freedom, because this study elaborates the whole matter through legal analyses and legal interpretations, and relies strictly on legal texts. In the first part of this study, the relationship between state and the church is presented, through a theoretical, historical and, finally, a comparative analysis. Due to the complexity of the state-church relations, only certain models of organisation of state-church relations systems will be analysed. It is immediately apparent that there are no pure models of such relationships and that they are all more or less mixed models, which differ as much as they resemble each other. That is why all the classifications of models of state-church relations are rather theoretical, and in a way even artificial, and their purpose solely is to make it easier to see certain issues in different countries. That is why the study adopts a classification of the model of relationship between state and church which seems to be the most unpretentious, which comprises: a) states with a national church, b) states that rely on a secular approach, and c) states where there is a separation between church and state authorities, but at the same time there are also present, to a greater or lesser extent, certain forms of their cooperation. Under each of these three models of system of state-church relations, several states are analysed. The given analysis is undertaken with the aim to fully depict the legal situation in the selected countries. The underlying assumption is that the state’s attitude towards religion is primarily a matter of a political choice, and is the result, to a large extent, of the historical tradition and the social, moral and cultural circumstances of each country. The first part of the study aims to serve as an introduction for the second part, which deals with the right to and freedom of religion as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The right to and freedom of religion is an inalienable segment of human life, and in the Convention this right and this freedom are defined in such a way as to protect believers and those who are not belivers. Freedom of religion includes the freedom, either alone or in community with others, in public or in private, to practice one’s religion or belief, whether through worship, observance of religious customs or teaching. Freedom of religion also includes the right not to have a religion or belief, and to change one’s religion. The international protection of the freedom of religion advanced significantly during the second half of the twentieth century. In order for this protection to be complete, the European Court of Human Rights was established. In essence, a large part of the text refers to the way in which the Court perceives and judges cases in which individuals complain about the threat to their freedom of religion. Freedom of religion is one of the oldest and the most controversial of all human rights and has been the object of international concern from the very beginnings of modern judicial protection. The analysis of the relevant jurisprudence also shows the main tendencies in the Court’s understanding of what constitutes and what does not constitute a violation of the freedom of religion according to the provisions of the Convention. Although the Convention does not deal with the definition of religion or freedom of religion, it greatly influences the definition of the concept of religion, especially the distinction between churches, religious communities and unrecognized religious sects. In this context, the Court supplements, elaborates and explains the rights and freedoms laid down in the Convention. However, in some situations, the decisions of the Court come in contradiction with the legislation of individual countries. When the state ratifies parts of the Convention on the basis of which the Court has reached its decision in an individual case, the state is also obliged to align its legislation with the Court’s recommendations. It is important to note that Article 9 is not aimed at imposing any particular uniform model of relations between state and religion. This is where the problem usually arises because no country is willing to give in easily to the Court’s requests to change the national laws, upon the order of the Court. It is precisely these types of situations that the Court wants to avoid, so some of its judgments may not fit into the view of fairness and principle, because it chooses to adhere to the positions of national legislation and judicial instances. This is only a general view of the protection of freedom of religion within the framework of the European Union given that it is not possible to go into a detailed analyses of individual cases or of the Court’s case-law, about which numerous books and articles have been already written. The intention is to highlight all the important segments of the matters related to the state, the church and freedom of religion.
Introduction: the article intends to draw the attention of the scientific legal community, especially scientists in the area of civil law, to the status of methodological elaboration of conceptual apparatus of the basis of civil law science. Authors accepted the term “disciplinary matrix”, which is proposed by T. Kuhn, to designate a system of such concepts and a system of scientific knowledge objectified in the concepts. Goal: to substantiate the development of a disciplinary matrix of civil law as one the main aims of the present science. Methods: authors used general scientific and special scientific methods including method of logic, intersectoral and functional methods. Results: legal literature shows the absence of special researches dedicated to comprehensive consideration of the disciplinary matrix of civil law as an essential conceptual basis although Russian scientists analyzed certain aspects of the problem. The current status of the disciplinary matrix of civil law is characterized by the spontaneity of formation, which results in the absence of a clear and uniform civil law conceptual apparatus among graduates of law schools, as well as among representatives of other branches of jurisprudence which use civil law concepts. Conclusions: the main aims of civil law in this area are involvement in science and rooting of term “disciplinary matrix of civil law”; determination of concepts which can be used in such matrix; achievement of unanimity in understanding the “matrix” civil concepts by members of the civil law community. The accomplishment of these aims is significant for creating a fundamental foundation of legal education and worldview. It is also necessary for the unification of interpretation and application of civil law concepts by specialists of all branches of national law, which is relevant for expanding of inter-branch ties, as well as by representatives of various legal orders (in the context of comparative legal research). It is the deal of civil law society which scientific pluralism transforms the aim of forming the disciplinary matrix of civil law into one of the existing problems.
The relevance of the reconstruction and interpretation of a prominent Russian lawyer Ivan Trofimovich Tarasov’s (1849–1929) theoretical legacy is due to the theoretical and practical significance of the questions regarding the search for answers to topical issues of building a legal state in modern Russia, in which individual rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest value. The mechanisms for protecting these rights and freedoms that have been formed during various stages of Russian history do not always allow achieving the desired result, and therefore the search for ways to improve them is an urgent problem of theoretical and practical jurisprudence. An important contribution to solving the problems of our time can be made by the ideas of Russian scientists of the late XIX – early XX centuries, which still retain the potential of constructive influence on the regulation of public relations in Russia. The article is devoted to one of the problems that have been comprehended by I. T. Tarasov – the problem of determining the nature and purpose of administrative justice, which should be an effective means of ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical-materialistic, general scientific (historical, systemic) and special (historical-legal, comparative-legal) methods of legal research. Of great importance was the method of reconstruction and interpretation of legal ideas. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the pluralism of scientists' ideas about administrative justice was reflected in the identification of various approaches to understanding its essence and organization: administrative justice – justice in administrative and administrative matters; administrative justice - a system of public institutions for the consideration of public law disputes; administrative justice – a special procedural procedure for the consideration of disputes in the field of public administration. In the absence of a uniform approach to understanding the institution of administrative justice in modern Russia, the work of I. T. Tarasov is becoming increasingly relevant, which not only revealed the essential problems of the organization and functioning of administrative justice, but also made an attempt to solve them; determined the presence in Russia of all the necessary structural elements and tools for creating administrative justice, formulated specific proposals for the creation of administrative justice in Russia.
K. A. Grigorian, A. I. Volchkov, V. P. Dyganov
et al.
Objective: to assess the compliance of traditional approaches to IT projects legal maintenance with the modern methods of organizing the process of digital products development, to identify the existing problems in this area and suggest possible ways to resolve them. Methods: the research used the logical method and the method of analyzing judicial practice, the inductive method, the method of comparison, and the method of scientific abstraction. Results: digitalization facilitated the development of the services market for IT projects and their maintenance. Legal maintenance of such projects often faces a significant discrepancy between the positions of the customer and the contractor, especially when part of the project is accomplished. Based on the analysis of judicial practice of IT projects using the Agile methodology, the most significant and problematic legal aspects of implementation were identified, and conflict situations between customers and performers of IT projects were analyzed.Scientific novelty: five key problems of IT projects legal maintenance that use flexible management methods are identified. A universal model for implementing legal functions in Agile projects is proposed.Practical significance: the proposed scheme of legal maintenance of IT projects can be used to regulate the legal relationships of their participants and may help to reduce the conflict level and speed up the process of digital products development using the Agile methodology.
Economics as a science, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article proposes a new focus in the interpretation of the access to justice clause aimed not only to an improvement in the judicial service quality but also as a result of the constitutional principle of solidarity. In this way, no one can be given the right to waste time or resources of others unjustifiably through misuse (but tacitly and day-to-day admitted use) of the judiciary. Concepts and ideas are adopted in the European Union and Colombia that there is no violation of the universal access to justice clause when a prior attempt at conciliation or mediation is required. Far from hampering access to justice, it serves to characterize and demonstrate a real justification for suing from now on exposed by the impossibility of resolving the conflict between plaintiff and defendant. At least, a brief interpretation of the justification for suing based on the doctrine of mandatory conciliation and mediation for the rational use of the judiciary machine is given.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El fracaso de la lucha contra las drogas ilícitas en Colombia en las últimas décadas, el aumento en los índices de consumo y la relativa tendencia de algunos países a legalizar ciertas sustancias, hacen relevante retomar el análisis de las políticas públicas encaminadas a enfrentar ese fenómeno, desde enfoques no tradicionales. En ese sentido, este artículo aborda esa problemática desde el enfoque del Marco de Coaliciones Promotoras y busca determinar los sistemas de creencias que han incidido en el diseño y desarrollo de la política de drogas en Colombia, desde el 2000, momento en que se inició el Plan Colombia, hasta que se completó su tercera fase en 2015. El estudio hace uso de la revisión documental como principal método de análisis, enfocándose en los discursos de las élites de la política pública de drogas en el país.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
L’article aborde la problématique de l’équivalence entre les termes principaux du droit cambiaire dans la langue polonaise et française. D’abord, on présente les origines des effets de commerce et l’évolution du droit cambiaire à partir des temps anciens jusqu’au XXe siècle où les règles relatives à cette branche du droit ont été unifiées au niveau international, dans la convention conclue à Genève le 7 juin 1930. Après, on analyse quelques notions liées aux effets de commerce dans les deux versions linguistiques de la convention pour créer le mini-dictionnaire de quelques termes du droit cambiaire. Puis on compare ces résultats avec les équivalents proposés dans les dictionnaires traditionnels. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier si les dictionnaires sont une source valable pour le traducteur des textes juridiques par rapport au corpus composé des textes de droit international, rédigés dans les plusieurs langues.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Comparative law. International uniform law
El derecho de propiedad sobre inmuebles en el Paraguay representa
en la actualidad un fenómeno social que enfrenta a varios sectores del ámbito: privado, público e institucional. En un contexto social bajo presión por el constante crecimiento de la masa poblacional, los hechos de incursiones ilícitas en
extensiones de tierras, demanda una intervención especial de los órganos de investigación y judicial. Los hechos punibles de invasión de inmuebles enfrentan a intereses sensibles que exigen una persecución penal minuciosa contra los
responsables y, que eventualmente pudiera pone en duda la legitimidad de lactuación del Ministerio Público como órgano representativo de las víctimas ante tales eventos. Este supuesto inspira el desarrollo del presente trabajo. Para ello se realiza un análisis legal minucioso que determine una figura legal en
el que los agentes fiscales pueden amparar jurídicamente sus actuaciones ante las posibles coyunturas generadas por las investigaciones penales de este tipo
de delitos de acción pública, que en los últimos años se registra como un hecho controvertido y sensible.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence