در جوامعی که همبستگی اجتماعی براساس قوانین (همبستگی ارگانیک) صورت میگیرد، فردگرایی اغلب بهعنوان ماحصل تغییر تولید اقتصاد کشاورزی به اقتصاد صنعتی و تخصصگرایی بررسی میشود. بااینحال در جوامعی مانند ایران که مدرنیته را از طریق ورود فناوری و تغییر سبک زندگی تجربه کردهاند، فردگرایی وضعیت دیگری دارد. مقالۀ حاضر با تحلیل نوشتارها، گفتگوها و مصاحبه با متخصصان حوزۀ اجتماعی-فرهنگی، چگونگی شکلگیری فردگرایی را مطالعه و وضعیت ناهنجاری و نابسامانی آن را تحلیل میکند.یافتهها نشان میدهد افراد در خانوادۀ هستهای یاد میگیرند با تکیه بر ارزشهای زندگی اقتصادی یا با درنظرگرفتن هدف بقای زندگی یا پیشرفت، از ارزشهای جمعی وابسته به زندگی سنتی و خانوادۀ گسترده و حتی ارزشهای دینی وابسته به زندگی جمعی عبور کنند. مفهوم پیشرفت اقتصادی در جهان امروز بهگونهای میتواند اذهان را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد که افراد «دیگری» را رقیب یا مانع پیشرفت بدانند. در اینجا افراد در صورتی به ارزشهای اجتماعی-دینی بها میدهند یا در کنار دیگری قرار میگیرند که آن ارزش یا فرد، ابزاری برای سودرسانی باشد. افراد در دنیای مدرن در صورت اجرای قوانین، در هنگام مشارکت اقتصادی، خواهناخواه برای همبستگی اجتماعی ارگانیک و زندگی اجتماعی همراه با شکلبخشیدن به فردیت خود تلاش میکنند. در صورت نبود مشارکت برای تولید اقتصادی نیز با نادیدهگرفتن قوانین اجتماعی، فردگرایی حالت ناهنجار و نابسامان پیدا خواهد کرد
Researching world development is probably the most delicate and difficult task for any researcher. In this respect, it is relatively easier to study the past than to project a complex and very demanding future world development, which must be based on the foundations of sustainable sustainable development. Nevertheless, despite this difficulty, the study of future world sustainable development was bravely chosen as the subject of this theological-scientific work, because it has so far been poorly researched in an integral manner, with the aim of contributing to the successful application of such and such future development of the world. At the same time, to help in the preparation of this work, its author used the Auroski-protected texts of his three-part Compendium of Monographs on Sustainable Development (Belgrade, 2025) prepared for publication. In this context, this work is directed towards the identification of the basic values of sustainable development, which was done by comparative use of causality between religious and scientific teachings on the development of humanity - on the basis of which these common values of further sustainable development of humanity were identified in this work. Accordingly, in this paper, the character of sustainable development with its carriers (faith and science) is first discussed, then the transition of the world to sustainable development and its application, and finally the effects and duration of that development are projected. All this is presented here with a note that the results of this research will first be verified by an adequate theological and scientific public, and then it will be finally evaluated by future social practice.
Beekeeping holds significant potential for enhancing rural livelihoods, increasing agricultural productivity, and conserving biodiversity in Nepal. Although honey production in the country has grown notably between 2012/13 and 2022/23, the sector continues to face persistent challenges in both production and marketing. Nepal still imports more honey than it exports, revealing a substantial gap between its potential and actual performance. This study critically examines key policies, including the Bee Promotion Policy 2017, National Agriculture Policy 2004, Agribusiness Promotion Policy 2007, and the Agriculture Development Strategy (2015-2035), using a descriptive-analytical approach to assess their effectiveness in supporting the beekeeping sector. Qualitative data were collected from 12 respondents representing government agencies, research institutions, and farming communities. The analysis focuses on eight key areas: institutional development, species conservation, infrastructure and financing, information dissemination, capacity building, product quality, market access, and research advancement. Findings indicate that while supportive policies exist, their implementation remains weak due to institutional overlap, poor coordination, inadequate funding, limited research emphasis, a shortage of technical publications, insufficient technical support, and low awareness and capacity among grassroots beekeepers. The study concludes that a more integrated, farmer-centric, and evidence-based policy approach is essential to fully realize the potential of beekeeping in Nepal. It recommends enhancing policy coherence, investing in innovative technologies, and improving market competitiveness to promote beekeeping as a sustainable and profitable enterprise.
محمد شمشیری نیری, حمید عباداللهی چنذانق, رضا صفری شالی
این مطالعه با رویکردی انتقادی، تحلیلهای رایج دربارۀ اخلاق کار در ایران را بررسی و مفهوم «روح سرمایهداری رانتی» را بهعنوان چارچوبی نوآورانه برای فهم اقتصاد سیاسی در بستر توسعۀ محلی معرفی میکند.پژوهش بهصورت کاربردی-توسعهای و با روش گردآوری دادهها بهصورت پیمایشی مقطعی و طرح آمیختۀ تبیینی (کمی-کیفی) انجام شده است.یافتهها بر پایۀ تلفیق نظریۀ «اقتصادهای ثروت» بولتانسکی و تئوری دولت رانتی نشان میدهد رفتارهای اقتصادی در بنگاههای ایرانی عمدتاً در قالب «نظام توجیهی رانتی-ارتباطی» شکل میگیرد. در این نظام، ملاحظات رانتجویی، اعتماد به شبکههای ارتباطی و منطق گروهی حاکم است. دادههای کمی از ۲۸۳ کارگر و مصاحبههای کیفی با مدیران ۹ کارخانه در اردبیل نشان میدهد هرچند اخلاق کار در بنگاههای خانوادگی کمی بالاتر است، این تفاوتها معنادار نیست و همۀ بخشها تحت تأثیر ذهنیت رانتجویی و وابستگی به شبکههای ارتباطاتی قرار دارند.مفاهیم کلیدی بولتانسکی مانند «انگیزش»، «امنیت» و «انصاف» در فضای اقتصادی ایران، بهویژه در میان گروهها و شبکههای گروهمحور معنا یافتهاند. پژوهش بر ضرورت عبور از چارچوبهای وارداتی، مانند اخلاق کار پروتستانی، تأکید میکند و پیشنهاد میدهد که تحلیل توسعهنیافتگی در ایران نیازمند توجه به منطق درونی «روح سرمایهداری رانتی» است. این رویکرد بومی میتواند شکاف میان نظریههای جهانی توسعه و واقعیتهای اقتصادی ایران را پر کند و راهکارهای بومیسازی راهبردهای توسعه را تبیین کند.
This study investigates the district-based rental value coefficients for shopping malls in Istanbul, a city with significant commercial real estate activities. The research focuses on identifying regional and district variations in rental income values, crucial for urban retail investment success. Data were collected from 101 active shopping malls across 39 districts and analyzed using arithmetic mean and proportional rate methods. The findings indicate that districts such as Bakırköy, Beşiktaş, and Kadıköy have the highest rental values, while Esenyurt, Arnavutköy, Sultanbeyli, and Sancaktepe rank lowest. These insights provide valuable guidance for investors during the feasibility phase of shopping mall projects, highlighting the importance of location in achieving financial success. The study emphasizes the role of socio-economic conditions and accessibility in rental value determination, offering a detailed analysis that contributes to the socio-economic dimension of urban studies. The results guide retail investors in utilizing district-based coefficients for more accurate feasibility assessments, ultimately supporting sustainable commercial real estate development and urban improvement.
In the city of Messina, the multiplicity of vulnerable situations is a distinctive feature and is representative of the pervasiveness of the risk conditions present in the Italian territory. The critical residential tissues are part of an extended geography in which, to the conditions of seismic and hydro geomorphological vulnerability, are added additional criticalities including altered natural resources, abandoned infrastructure, brownfields, quarries, and unregulated landfills, etc. Despite this, for Messina, there is still no urban planning tool capable of interpreting in an integrated way the risks present, which instead continue to be addressed on an emergency basis and individually, without considering the interactions that are generated and of further damage. For these reasons, Messina was chosen as a prototypical case study, at the national level, to start an experimentation aimed at developing an urban planning tool capable of a new integrated approach to risk interpretation and management. In this process, a decisive role was aimed at building an updated knowledge of the territory through the identification of widespread critical conditions using multiple GIS tools and thanks to the interaction of some analytical-specialist readings from different sources. The results of this process are represented in a system of maps that are strongly integrated with each other and constitute a working document for the interdisciplinary group drafting the General Urban Plan.
Dyutiman Choudhary, Narayan Prasad Khanal, Naba Raj Pandit
et al.
The Agriculture Development Strategy of the Government of Nepal (2015-2035) has identified maize as one of the key commodities for commercialization. Maize constitutes at least 50% of the total ingredients in poultry feed, with approximately 3,000 tons of poultry feed consumed daily in Nepal. However, while the demand for feed is increasing at about 10.0% per annum, maize production is only growing at 2.5% per annum. The low productivity with inferior grain quality and a lack of value chain coordination mechanisms starting from inputs (seeds) to output (grains) have hindered the commercialization of the domestic maize sector. Because of the inefficient market mechanism and competitive market structure, farmers are not able to pursue commercial maize production. To address this issue, action research on the value chain was conducted by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), focusing mainly on Sudurpaschim and Lumbini provinces, to implement the maize commercialization model (MCM) between 2020 and 2022. Results demonstrate that public-private partnership approach can increase maize production, improve farm gate prices and farmers’ incomes, improve value chain coordination; improve access to services to farmers and enhance information flow among stakeholders. The study recommends that policies aimed to streamline commercial maize production should adopt a value chain approach, with a focus on chain upgrading and governance and promote coordination among actors to scale up commercial maize production throughout the maize-growing areas of Nepal.
This paper explores the motivations behind urban climate governance in eight Swedish municipalities. The study demonstrates that political consensus among, and willingness of, urban political leaders is of importance for motivating climate actions. Municipalities are moreover motivated by the accomplishments of other cities, national and subnational policies, and an increasing climate concern in society. In line with previous research, individual policy entrepreneurs have been important for local climate action; however, with the adoption of national and subnational policies, local climate policies are becoming increasingly institutionalised. Although some of the conclusions of the study confirm the significance of a polycentric governance approach, little relevance was attributed to citizen participation. The institutionalisation of urban climate governance deserves further attention so as to better understand how the dynamics of polycentric governance can be affected, and what implications this may have on climate policy-making process, and the engagement and support of urban residents.
The present paper examines the gendered impact of financial inclusion on climate change adaptation among rural rice farmers across seven Nepalese districts through an odds-ratio-based binary logistic regression analysis. Primarily the study indicates that the availability of loans makes female farmers 7.6 times (significant) more likely to adopt climate change adaptation, whereas, in the case of male farmers, access to loans does not have a significant impact; and access to phone plays a significant role (odd ratio of 1.9) in encouraging female farmers to undertake climate change adaptation. Thus, from a policy perspective, there is need to increase loan availability to rural Nepalese female rice farmers to facilitate climate change adaptation. Specific schemes targeting this section need to be formulated and implemented. Moreover, mobile phone-based innovative applications could be used as a potent tool by banks for achieving financial inclusion along with significant associated positive externalities for the environment.
Based on case studies in Dublin, Ireland, this paper examines the motives for individuals to establish community gardens therein. The paper also outlines the capacities required for community groups to successfully establish and sustain community gardens in Ireland. These capacities include the involvement of individuals with a range of expertise, the presence of supportive community groups/organisations and state agencies, and access to resources, including land. The research findings, detailed in this paper, indicate that community gardens in urban settings encounter a number of challenges, including the absence of a mechanism for community groups to access land. The article provides a framework for community groups and community organisations to develop community gardens.
Since the early 2010s, sub-divided flats have been proliferating in Hong Kong—one of the world’s most compact and expensive cities to live in. The growth of informal housing in the city has long been attributed to the shortage of housing supply. Apart from developing new land for housing, one possible approach to deal with the land supply constraint is to speed up the redevelopment of old buildings in the city centre in order to maximise the land use potential. Yet, this approach brings about many socio-economic issues that drive up the transaction costs for its implementation. To get around the hurdles of urban redevelopment, a land management technique called land readjustment (LR) has been recommended, but its use has never been institutionalised in the city. Using declassified archival documents and maps, this article argues that LR was already implemented—albeit informally—in Hong Kong during the 1960s–70s within the Kowloon Walled City. With the historical experience of the City of Darkness, the aim of this article is to shed light on the in situ resettlement of original site residents—very much at the heart of land readjustment—as a means to bring down the transaction costs of deep urban redevelopment.
Tohid Ali Nejad, Siamak Panahi, Hasan Ebrahimi Asl
et al.
The aim of this research is the comparative analysis of relationships and arrangement (syntax) of space in the perception of the spatial configuration of housing in Pahlavi period and contemporary houses in Urmia city. The present research method, due to the extraction of measurable and quantifiable criteria, is a combination of quantitative and qualitative strategies, which was carried out by syntactic analysis of six examples of house plans of the Pahlavi period and contemporary plans of Urmia. The findings of the research show that the spatial depth in the contemporary plans is more than the relative depth of the three plans of the Pahlavi period. The amount of connection in contemporary plans is low, in the sense that these buildings are dense. The spaces in the three sets of the Pahlavi period have a higher connection and in the three samples of the plan of the contemporary period, the difference between the spaces and the system is more. The spaces in the three sets of the Pahlavi period have a higher connection and in the three examples of the plan of the contemporary period, the difference between the spaces and the system is greater, and the level of control of the entire set in the 6 study samples is almost at the same level, except for the example of the contemporary plan 1, which has a higher level of control.
Nepal is endowed with vast natural and human resources, collectively called "Asta-Ja" resources. Asta-Ja means eight Ja, Nepali letter "Ja", Jal (water), Jamin (land), Jungle (forest), Jadibuti (medicinal and aromatic plants), Janashakti (human resource), Janawar (animals), Jarajuri (crop plants), and Jalabayu (climate). Sustainable management of Asta-Ja resources constitutes the major goal of the government of Nepal. Governance of Asta-Ja resources must enhance accelerated economic growth and fast-paced socio-economic transformation of the society while addressing the issues of social and climate justice, inclusion, and other inequalities. A step-by-step, theoretically grounded, inclusive, participatory, and comprehensive Asta-Ja Governance Framework (Asta-Ja GF) are proposed for the best governance of Asta-Ja resources in Nepal. The Asta-Ja GF consists of seven steps, 1) status and linkages of Asta-Ja resources, 2) resources ownership, 3) policies and practices, 4) community engagement, 5) incentives and revenue sharing, 6) infrastructure investment, and 7) monitoring, evaluation, and reporting are proposed. Institution building at the local, regional, and national levels for effective governance of Asta-Ja resources is emphasised. This paper thus studies the Asta-Ja Framework in the purview of laws, policies and plans adopted by the country for the sustainable development and utilisation of natural resources. The paper also enlists the reasons why there is a need for effective governance of Asta Ja.
E-scooters have recently emerged as an alternative means of transportation in cities. It remains unclear whether e-scooters compete for users with bicycles – another mode of shared micromobility. Their relationship to public transport can be complementary or substitutionary, and it has not been ascertained which effect prevails. This paper contributes to answering these questions using empirical trip-level data on Warsaw. We find that there is little difference between e-scooters’ and bicycles’ speed and that placement of bicycle docks influences number of e-scooter trips, which is an indication that they compete for the same market. E-scooters’ trip data shows that they are more complementary to rapid public transport and may contribute to solving the last-mile problem. We discuss the importance of results for optimal policy promoting environmentally friendly transportation and identify further research directions.
Ayslane Costa da Silva, Jose Eneas Montenegro Dutra, Lidenilza Soares de Lima
et al.
O desenvolvimento de pesquisas no campo do turismo, possibilita o aprimoramento do conhecimento deste fenômeno. Este trabalho acadêmico visa analisar peculiaridades de pesquisas quantitativas em estudos de turismo. O artigo tem como objetivo perceber a relevância em abordagem quantitativa de pesquisas em turismo do programa de pós-graduação em turismo da UFRN. A análise de 19 dissertações de mestrado disponíveis nos repositórios da UFRN, possibilitou uma reflexão sobre as abordagens quantitativas adotadas pelos discentes do programa (PPGTUR-UFRN). O trabalho tem ênfase qualitativa, utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de conteúdo das dissertações com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ. Os resultados do estudo revelarem que a pesquisa quantitativa em turismo constroem-se a partir de um conjunto de técnica de pesquisa e análise bem definidas e que podem contribuir para a compreensão funcionalista do turismo no aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de pesquisa em diálogo com realidade nos locais de pesquisa.
Glaubia Santos, Rosiane Mesquita Gomes Ricci, Camila Belli Kraus
et al.
O presente artigo apresenta o estado da arte relativa ao marketing sustentável, bem como o turismo em áreas naturais. Baseado neste contexto, o trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre a importância do marketing sustentável como ferramenta que possa fortalecer a competitividade da atividade turística em áreas naturais. Foi realizado por meio de revisão bibliográfica sobre o marketing e turismo sustentável. Nesse contexto, foi possível identificar a correlação entre os temas abordados, pois os princípios da sustentabilidade prezam pela conservação dos fatores culturais, sociais e ambientais e o marketing sustentável surge como um potencial de integração de ações voltadas para a disseminação dos valores ambientais.
Abstract Purpose The chapter aims to discuss the social housing history and urban renewal experiences in Turkey while pointing out similarities to and variegations from the urban policy trends in the global north in the postwar era. To carry out these discussions, the chapter focuses on the Karapınar Project in Eskişehir. Methodology/approach The chapter is built on an anthropological case study and a self-funded video documentary research that includes insights from local inhabitants, projects’ authorities, urban experts, and planners in order to show contesting claims and views about the renewal, new housing conditions, and economic consequences. Findings The Karapınar Renewal Project is a Mass Housing Administration (TOKİ) project which claimed to be a ‘welfare oriented’, ‘renewal on-site’, ‘social housing project’ aiming to turn gecekondu – squatter settlements – into a healthy neighborhood. Yet, these claims fail to meet their promises and only appear to mask the actual rent-seeking motivations of the project. Social implications The chapter shows that large economic profits of the authorities create a significant contrast with economic burdens and dispossessions of the poor residents. The locals’ fears about the payments and concerns about changing living conditions are in sharp contradiction with the welfare claims of the state institutions. Originality/value The Karapınar Project uses the concepts of ‘social housing’ and ‘welfare state’ which are normally associated with policies of social democratic ideology. Yet, when looking into the reality, it becomes clear that the Karapınar Project shifted the meanings of these concepts and utilized them to create a space for legitimacy.