Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Polina Ivanova

In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century, the widespread destruction and population displacements caused by the Ottoman-Safavid wars and the Celali revolts plunged Armenian communities of Anatolia and the Caucasus into a profound crisis. The crisis extended to manuscript production, as the devastation of monastic scriptoria resulted in a severe shortage of books. Yet the same period also witnessed the proliferation and growing affluence of Armenian merchant communities, along with merchants’ increasing involvement in book production. This article examines the experience of Step‘anos of Tokat, a refugee priest, poet, and manuscript-maker with strong links to Tokat’s trade community, to explore the social history of Armenian manuscript production and the transformation of the ‘scribe’ from a copyist-artisan working as part of a monastic scriptorium to a mobile expert-entrepreneur serendipitously placed in a privileged position by the crisis in book production.

Hanti Lin

The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.

Benjamin Weineck

Annie Yang

Extended reality can weave together the fabric of the past, present, and future. A two-day design hackathon was held to bring the community together through a love for history and a common goal to use technology for good. Through interviewing an influential community elder, Emile Pitre, and referencing his book Revolution to Evolution, my team developed an augmented reality artifact to tell his story and preserve on revolutionary's legacy that impacted the University of Washington's history forever.

Francisco Calderón

Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) puts forward three "causal axioms" that aim to characterize the theory as one that implements relativistic causation: the spectrum condition, microcausality, and primitive causality. In this paper, I aim to show, in a minimally technical way, that none of them fully explains the notion of causation appropriate for AQFT because they only capture some of the desiderata for relativistic causation I state or because it is often unclear how each axiom implements its respective desideratum. After this diagnostic, I will show that a fourth condition, local primitive causality (LPC), fully characterizes relativistic causation in the sense of fulfilling all the relevant desiderata. However, it only encompasses the virtues of the other axioms because it is implied by them, as I will show from a construction by Haag and Schroer (1962). Since the conjunction of the three causal axioms implies LPC and other important results in QFT that LPC does not imply, and since LPC helps clarify some of the shortcomings of the three axioms, I advocate for a holistic interpretation of how the axioms characterize the causal structure of AQFT against the strategy in the literature to rivalize the axioms and privilege one among them.

Anastasiia Latonova

In the autumn of 1815, Alexander I created the Holy Alliance, a unique political entity that immediately attracted the attention of the foreign press. The authors of various media put forward many hypotheses as to what was behind the vague formulations of the Act of the Holy Union, what political goals this association had and how they changed. The purpose of this work is to analyze the assessments of the Holy Alliance and Alexander I as its head in English newspapers. The chronological framework of the study – 1816-1825 – is determined by the period of the existence of the Holy Alliance during the life of Alexander I. The article analyzes the perception of the Act of the Holy Union itself by British newspapermen. The reaction of English publications to the conservative policy pursued by the Holy Alliance at the turn of the 1810s-1820s is investigated, the appearance of the "black myth" about Alexander I in the British press is investigated. The article analyzes publications from all British publications that existed at that time. A comparison of publications in liberal and conservative publications was carried out. Conclusions in the article are drawn about the perception of the actions of Alexander I, as the head of the Holy Union, through the prism of the national interests of Great Britain. Conclusions are also given on how the attitude of British authors to the Holy Alliance and to Alexander I personally was changing.

Hüseyin Halil

The earlier encounter of three monotheistic religions (Christianity, Judaism and Islam) dates back to the first quarter of the 7th century AC when the Qurʾān was revealed to Muḥammad, the prophet of Islam, so that he could warn the polytheistic tribes and the people of the book who had allegedly corrupted Abraham’s belief system. In the understanding of this new religion that is based on the same religious and cultural roots as the previous two religions (Christianity, Judaism), Qurʾānic theological perspective and narrative are final revisions made by God and revealed to the prophet Muḥammad. So, the first meetings between them began under the shadow of these sorts of challenges. These encounters caused a contention as to which side has more coherent, reasonable and divine understanding of God, rather than providing agreeable, inclusive and egalitarian dialogue. Therefore, in this article, we will firstly examine the role played by the Qur'ānic verses and major exegetes who have represented the interpretative tradition in Islamic culture for centuries. Secondly, with the concept of the human-centrism, we will bring a new approach to the God-centred dialogue which was almost restricted to the theological competition, to sort out the challenges caused by this contention.

Sedat Sağdıç

Bilindiği gibi istiare bir lügavî mecazdır. Doğal olarak bir istiare türü olan istiare-i mekniyyenin de mecaz içermesi gerekmektedir. Belâgat kitaplarında istiare-i mekniyye ile ilgili getirilen örneklerin hemen hepsinde müstear leh/müşebbeh hakiki anlamda kullanılmaktadır. Bu istiare türünde müstear leh/müşebbehin hakiki anlamda kullanılması, dahası zikredilmesi problem teşkil etmektedir. Buradaki kapalılığa istiare tanımındaki karışıklığın da etki ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Klasik olsun modern olsun hemen hemen bütün çalışmalarda Sekkâkî’nin (öl. 626/1229) istiare-i mekniyye tanımının benimsenip aynen sürdürüldüğü görülmektedir. Bu belâgat kitaplarında, bazı sözlerin mecaz ihtiva etmemesine rağmen istiare-i mekniyye başlığı altında örnek olarak getirilmesinin sebeplerinden birinin de beliğ teşbihin bir türü olan teşbih-i meknînin ayrı bir teşbih başlığı altında incelenmemesi olduğu söylenebilir. Bu makalede istiare-i mekniyyenin yeni bir tanımına dikkat çekilip mevcut tanım ve örneklerdeki problemlere işaret etmek hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada bu sorun, neredeyse bütün belâgat kitaplarında istiare-i mekniyye örneği olarak yer alan şair sahâbî Ebû Ẕü’eyb el-Hüẕelî’nin (öl. 28/648-49) meşhur beyti merkeze alınarak değerlendirilecektir.

Grzegorz Bukal, Agnieszka Kowalska

Obowiązująca Ustawa z dnia 19 lipca 2019 r. o zapewnianiu dostępności osobom ze szczególnymi potrzebami zawiera formułuje wymagania dotyczące wszystkich budynków, bez różnicowania ich pod względem wartości zabytkowych. Celem tekstu jest zwrócenie uwagi na problem niespójności między wymaganiami zawartymi w Ustawie, a współczesnymi zasadami ochrony zabytków. Przyjęty w tekście ogólny podział budynków zabytkowych pod względem ich podatności na usuwanie barier skonfrontowano z przykładem Zamku Wysokiego w Malborku, stanowiącego część kompleksu zamkowego (Muzeum Zamkowego w Malborku), wpisanego na listę dziedzictwa światowego UNESCO.

Nazan Yeşilkaya

Yapay zekâ ile ilgili önemli felsefi argümanları içeren bu makalede, yapay zekânın felsefi bir sorun olarak ele alınmasının gerekliliği konu edilmektedir. Makalenin amacı, hayatımızın her alanında etkisini hissettiren yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin beraberinde getirmiş olduğu gücün kontrolden çıkmamasını sağlamada, felsefenin rolüne dikkat çekmektir. Teknolojideki yapay zekâ devriminin felsefe disiplininde yeni bir paradigmanın doğmasını gerektirdiği tezinden hareketle yapay zekâ, algoritmalar, sanal gerçeklik ve büyük veri gibi teknolojilerin geliştirilmesinin felsefeye yeni zorluklar ve fırsatlar getirdiği savunulmaktadır. Yapay zekânın mümkün olup olmadığına odaklanan konuları içeren yapay zekâ felsefesinin olanağını, tarihsel süreç içerisinde temellendirmek bu çalışmanın kapsamı dâhilindedir. Sorunun takdiminin akabinde ilk bölümde Hobbes, Leibniz ve Descartes gibi düşünürlere dayanan yapay zekânın felsefi kökenine kısaca değinilmiş, ikinci bölümde yapay zekâ üzerine üç klasik tartışmaya yer verilmiştir. Ardından Diderot ve Ayer'in yapay zekânın gerçekleşmesi için gerekli gördükleri kriterler özetlenmiş, dördüncü bölümde ise insanlardan bağımsız akıllı sistemlerin oluşturulmasını tetikleyen başlangıç noktasına ışık tutan fiziksel sembol sistemi hipotezi açıklanmıştır. Yapay zekânın felsefi bir sorun olarak tanımlandığı son bölümde, yapay zekânın felsefe ile etkileşimi tartışılmakta, yapay zekânın temelleri, sınırları ve kapsamının araştırılmasında felsefe disiplini ciddi olarak yer almakta ve yapay zekânın neden felsefi bir sorun olduğu tartışılmaktadır.

Alexander Polunov

The article analyses the interrelation between the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th — early 20th centuries, changes in the attitude of Russian ruling circles and the conservative elite towards the remote peoples which were seen as the objects of Russia’s protection. The failure of the plans to convene the national representative body (Zemsky Sobor) proposed by N. P. Ignat’ev and I. S. Aksakov in 1882 was a symptom of a serious shift in this sphere. From now on, the foreign peoples who possessed the well-developed national consciousness and struggled to achieve the political autonomy or independence were not treated as the main object of Russia’s patronage. Instead, the main attention was paid to the “peopleschildren” which struggled for physical survival, for maintaining the basic elements of their ethno-cultural distinctiveness. An important place among these peoples occupied the Orthodox Arabs of Palestine and Syria where activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society were concentrated. The Arabs’ patriarchal way of life, their simplicity and religiosity attracted attention of Russian conservatives, as did their veneration of the “White Tsar”, the ruler of Russia and protector of the oppressed ethnic groups across the world. In the same way, the Russian conservatives perceived other remote peoples, such as Ethiopians, Assyrians, and various ethnic groups of the Far East. All these peoples applied to the “Empire of Tsars” for the help which was to strengthen the notion of Russia’s special mission in the international stage. Russia’s defeat in the war with Japan and the revolution of 1905–1907 struck a serious blow to these views and undermined the international authority and infl uence of the empire.

Inna Yurganova

Using various types of sources — ego-documents, investigative materials and periodicals — this article provides previously unknown data on the stay of Bishop Sofroniy (Arefi ev) at Yakut see in 1919–1921. It shows the signifi cance of his activities which were characterised as the “beginning of the rise” in the religious attitudes of churchgoers and as the revival of diocesan life. The fate of the last bishop of Yakutia and Viliuy Sofroniy refl ects all the vicissitudes in the history of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, the hostages of which were representatives of the clergy: he was transferred from one see to another, tried to survive and preserve his clerical rank, did not avoid arrests, exile, temporary fall into Renovationism and, in the end, execution by shooting. The Yakut period in his life was short and lasted only two years. It was a difficult time in the life of the diocese, churchgoers and the archpriest. The article shows that during this period, he managed to gain respect of local residents, which triggered his arrests and the subsequent exile. It is emphasised that the bishop in conditions of the first years of the Soviet state made eff orts to revitalise church activity: he made pastoral trips, supported the structuring of life in monasteries, arranged congregational meetings, readings, discussions, lectures in churches and educational institutions. He organised church singing events, made choirs, ran several church cocerts. Of interest is the information about the desire of the diocesan archbishop to infl uence revolutionary tribunals; F.G. Sivtsev in his diary mentions that local Soviet authorities made executions during periods of his absence. The data gathered in this article are supposed to complement and make more precise our information about Bishop Sofroniy (Arefi ev) and, on the whole, the information about archpriests of the Russian Orthodox Church, about victims of political repression in the fi rst half of the 20th century.

Raphael Watschinger, Michal Merta, Günther Of et al.

We present a novel approach to the parallelization of the parabolic fast multipole method for a space-time boundary element method for the heat equation. We exploit the special temporal structure of the involved operators to provide an efficient distributed parallelization with respect to time and with a one-directional communication pattern. On top, we apply a task-based shared memory parallelization and SIMD vectorization. In the numerical tests we observe high efficiencies of our parallelization approach.

Nilamber Chhetri

Ivan Macut, Petar Macut

The paper examines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Jewish community in a particularly important and traumatic time for Jews, i.e. during the establishment and consolidation of the new Ustasha government in the Independent State of Croatia in 1941. As the Catholic daily newspaper Hrvatski Glas (Croatian Voice) was published regularly from January to the end of August 1941, we will look for the answers to the following questions by analyzing newspaper contents: How does this Catholic newspaper deal with the Jewish question which became particularly relevant with the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia? Is anti-Semitism present in this newspaper and to what extent? Is it something imposed or can one conclude that the newspaper editorial team and the Ustasha authorities worked together in an informal manner? The comparative analysis will compare the anti-Semitic content of Hrvatski Glas with other Catholic media in order to find similarities and differences on the subject in a broader context. If we look at anti-Semitism within the scope of the entire Catholic press in the area of the Independent State of Croatia, we can see a multitude of possible reactions to the official anti-Semitism of the Ustasha authorities. This investigation shows that Hrvatski Glas belonged to the circle of newspapers that actively and unreservedly supported the anti-Semitic policies of the Ustasha government.

Kristof Petrovay

The first determination of the surface temperature of stars other than the Sun is due to the Hungarian astrophysicist Béla Harkányi. Prompted by the recent unprecedented increase in the availability of stellar temperature estimates from Gaia, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Harkányi's birth, this article presents the life and work of this neglected, yet remarkable figure in the context of the history of stellar astrophysics.

Kuan Wang, Yao-Yuan Mao, Andrew R. Zentner et al.

The concentration parameter is a key characteristic of a dark matter halo that conveniently connects the halo's present-day structure with its assembly history. Using 'Dark Sky', a suite of cosmological $N$-body simulations, we investigate how halo concentration evolves with time and emerges from the mass assembly history. We also explore the origin of the scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. We show that the evolution of halo concentration has two primary modes: (1) smooth increase due to pseudo-evolution; and (2) intense responses to physical merger events. Merger events induce lasting and substantial changes in halo structures, and we observe a universal response in the concentration parameter. We argue that merger events are a major contributor to the uncertainty in halo concentration at fixed halo mass and formation time. In fact, even haloes that are typically classified as having quiescent formation histories experience multiple minor mergers. These minor mergers drive small deviations from pseudo-evolution, which cause fluctuations in the concentration parameters and result in effectively irreducible scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. Hence, caution should be taken when using present-day halo concentration parameter as a proxy for the halo assembly history, especially if the recent merger history is unknown.

Aqil Şirinov

Radikallaşma prosesində, xüsusilə də insanların zorakı radikalizmə yönəlməsində psixoloji amillərin roluna dair elmi ədəbiyyatda yüzlərlə tədqiqat mövcuddur. Bu tədqiqatlarda zorakılığa meyilin insan xarakterində mövcud olub-olmaması, radikallığa meyil edən şəxslərin müştərək psixoloji xarakterə malik olmasının mümkünlüyü, sosial mühitin və ideologiyaların insan şəxsiyyətinə təsiri kimi mövzular müzakirə obyektinə çevrilmişdir. Bu məqalədə ilk olaraq, zorakılığa meylin insan təbiətində mövcud olub-olmamasına dair müxtəlif nəzəriyyələr təhlil olunur və nəticədə insanı zorakılığa sövq edən faktorların tək bir mənbədən bəslənmədiyi qeyd edilir. Zorakılığın yaranmasına təsir edən amillər arasında insanın təbiəti ilə əlaqəli olanlarla yanaşı, uşaqlıq təcrübələri, insanlararası ictimai əlaqələr, eyni zamanda, sərt və radikal dünyagörüşü ilə əlaqəli faktorların olduğu da vurğulanır. Məqalənin ikinci hissəsində dini motivli zorakı radikalizmin psixoloji zəmini müzakirə olunur, nəticədə, radikal qruplara qoşulma prosesinin çoxyönlü bir xarakterə malik olduğu qeyd edilir. Həmçinin radikallaşma prosesini təkcə fərdi psixoloji xüsusiyyətlərlə açıqlamağa çalışan reduksionist nəzəriyyələrin mövzunu tam açıqlaya bilmədiyi vurğulanır. Müəllifə görə, psixoloji baxımdan tək radikal şəxsiyyət tipindən bəhs etmək mümkünsüzdür. Məqalədə qeyri-stabil psixoloji xarakterə malik olan fərdlərin radikallığa qarşı daha həssas olduğu vurğulansa da, radikallaşma və radikal qruplara qoşulma prosesinə psixoloji aspektlə yanaşı, ictimai-siyasi və ideoloji aspektdən də yanaşmağın labüdlüyü qeyd olunur.

Elvin Rəcəbov

Yeniyetməlik və gənclik dövrü öz xüsusiyyətlərinə görə insan həyatının digər yaş dövrlərindən xeyli fərqlənir. Həmçinin yeniyetmə və gənclərin dini düşüncə və davranışlarında da fərqliliklər mövcuddur. Bu məqalədə yeniyetmə və gənclərdə dini düşüncə və davranışlar qeyd olunmuşdur. Məqalədə islami aspektdə yeniyetmə və gənclərin dini düşüncə və davranışları da tədqiq olunmuşdur. Məqalənin ilk hissəsində yeniyetmə və gənclik dövrlərinə xas olan psixi hallar təhlil olunur. Nəticədə, yeniyetmə və gənclərin çox həssaslıqla, şahidi olduqları hadisələrə hissi yanaşdıqları qeyd edilir. Bu dövrdə zehnin inkişaf etməsi nəticəsində yeniyetmələrin mücərrəd mövzular haqqında tez-tez düşündüyü, təhlil etdiyi və təqlidçilikdən uzaqlaşdıqları bildirilir. Məqalənin ikinci hissəsində yeniyetmələrin və gənclərin dini düşüncə və davranışlarından bəhs edilir. Nəticədə, yeniyetmələrin dini mövzularda dərindən düşündüyü, təhlil etdiyi və uşaqlıq dövründəki təqlidçilikdən tamamilə uzaqlaşdığı bildirilir. Həmçinin yeniyetmənin uşaqlıq dövründəki antropomorfik Allah düşüncəsində olmadığı, hər şeydən münəzzəh, bənzəri və şəriki olmayan Allah düşüncəsinə sahibliyi vurğulanır. Bu dövrün digər xüsusiyyəti dini mövzularda şübhəyə düşməsi və uşaqlıq çağında təqlidi şəkildə qəbul edilən, dini düşüncələrin yenidən təhlil olunması bildirilir. Yeniyetməlik dövrünün digər xüsusiyyəti olaraq tövbə, peşmançılıq və dinəqayıdış vurğulanır. Məqalənin üçüncü hissəsində islami baxımdan yeniyetmə və gənclərin dini düşüncə və davranışları təhlil olunur. Gənclik dövründəki dini düşüncələr İslamın əsas mənbələri olan Qurani-Kərim və hədislərdən nümunələrlə açıqlanmışdır. Nəticədə, islami mənbələrə görə gənclərin dini mövzularda çox həssas və meyilli olduqları vurğulanır, gənclər dini mövzularda izah axtardıqlarından, onlara dini mövzuların düzgün qaydada çatdırılması bildirilir.

Mustafa Yıldız

Avusturya 1912 yılında İslam Yasasını kabul etmiş bir Batı Avrupa ülkesidir.Bosna-Hersek Osmanlı Devletinden ayrılmak zorunda kaldığında, oradaki Müslüman tebaa için yürürlüğe geçirilmiş olan bu yasa, aradan yüz yıl geçtikten sonra Batı Avrupa'ya çalışmak için farklı Müslüman ülkelerden gelmiş olan kimselerin, dini inançlarını yaşayabilmeleri maksadıyla yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Avrupa'daki diğer ülkeler için de örnek teşkil edecek yasa bu tercüme ile Türkçe dilimize kazandırılmıştır.