Hasil untuk "Geography (General)"

F. Lindgren, H. Rue

The principles behind the interface to continuous domain spatial models in the RINLA software package for R are described. The integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) approach proposed by Rue, Martino, and Chopin (2009) is a computationally effective alternative to MCMC for Bayesian inference. INLA is designed for latent Gaussian models, a very wide and flexible class of models ranging from (generalized) linear mixed to spatial and spatio-temporal models. Combined with the stochastic partial differential equation approach (SPDE, Lindgren, Rue, and Lindstrom 2011), one can accommodate all kinds of geographically referenced data, including areal and geostatistical ones, as well as spatial point process data. The implementation interface covers stationary spatial models, non-stationary spatial models, and also spatio-temporal models, and is applicable in epidemiology, ecology, environmental risk assessment, as well as general geostatistics.

Yu Zheng, L. Capra, O. Wolfson et al.

R. Parisi, D. Symmons, C. Griffiths et al.

The worldwide incidence and prevalence of psoriasis is poorly understood. To better understand this, we performed a systematic review of published population-based studies on the incidence and prevalence of psoriasis. Three electronic databases were searched from their inception dates to July 2011. A total of 385 papers were critically appraised; 53 studies reported on the prevalence and incidence of psoriasis in the general population. The prevalence in children ranged from 0% (Taiwan) to 2.1% (Italy), and in adults it varied from 0.91% (United States) to 8.5% (Norway). In children, the incidence estimate reported (United States) was 40.8/100,000 person-years. In adults, it varied from 78.9/100,000 person-years (United States) to 230/100,000 person-years (Italy). The data indicated that the occurrence of psoriasis varied according to age and geographic region, being more frequent in countries more distant from the equator. Prevalence estimates also varied in relation to demographic characteristics in that studies confined to adults reported higher estimates of psoriasis compared with those involving all age groups. Studies on the prevalence and incidence of psoriasis have contributed to a better understanding of the burden of the disease. However, further research is required to fill existing gaps in understanding the epidemiology of psoriasis and trends in incidence over time.

C. Bita, T. Gerats

Global warming is predicted to have a general negative effect on plant growth due to the damaging effect of high temperatures on plant development. The increasing threat of climatological extremes including very high temperatures might lead to catastrophic loss of crop productivity and result in wide spread famine. In this review, we assess the impact of global climate change on the agricultural crop production. There is a differential effect of climate change both in terms of geographic location and the crops that will likely show the most extreme reductions in yield as a result of expected extreme fluctuations in temperature and global warming in general. High temperature stress has a wide range of effects on plants in terms of physiology, biochemistry and gene regulation pathways. However, strategies exist to crop improvement for heat stress tolerance. In this review, we present recent advances of research on all these levels of investigation and focus on potential leads that may help to understand more fully the mechanisms that make plants tolerant or susceptible to heat stress. Finally, we review possible procedures and methods which could lead to the generation of new varieties with sustainable yield production, in a world likely to be challenged both by increasing population, higher average temperatures and larger temperature fluctuations.

F. Bonomi, R. Milito, Jiang Zhu et al.

L. Anselin

M. Barber, Cristina Drenkard, T. Falasinnu et al.

P. Buckley, L. Jérémy, Clegg et al.

G. Polanczyk, M. S. de Lima, B. Horta et al.

Steven J. Phillips, R. Anderson, R. Schapire

R. Stull

Jeffrey A. Smith, Petra E. Todd

H. Andersson, G. Ejlertsson, I. Leden et al.

L. Capron, J. Hulland

Ghina Bani Azifah, Teuku Faisal Fathani, Hendy Setiawan

Abstract Background There were more than 700 earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 5.0 over the past 100 years in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Due to the high intensity of seismic activities, it is essential to perform seismic hazard analysis by considering local site effects. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the peak ground acceleration (PGA) value based on the earthquake scenario of May 27, 2006, with a magnitude of 6.3, which occurred on the eastern side of the Opak Fault. Methods The study was conducted in the southern part of the Progo River, the Special Region of Yogyakarta, using 31 boreholes and 18 microtremor measurement points. The analysis was carried out using four methods: Kanai (In: Proceeding of Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium 1–4, 1966) equation using microtremor data, deterministic equations with Ground Motion Prediction Equations Next Generations Attenuation West 2 (GMPE NGA West 2), Kanno et al (Bull Seismol Soc Am 96:879–897, 2006) attenuation equation, and probabilistic method referring to the Indonesian Seismic code. Results Results indicated that the highest value of PGA was obtained using the deterministic GMPE NGA West 2 weighted attenuation equation, which varied from 0.475 to 0.549 g. Meanwhile, Kanno et al (Bull Seismol Soc Am 96:879–897, 2006) attenuation equation resulted in values ranging from 0.266 to 0.394 g. In contrast, PGA values obtained through microtremor measurement resulted in a smaller value, in the range of 0.126–0.214 g. Probabilistic analysis in the study area produces values ranging from 0.373 to 0.450 g. Conclusion The location on the central side of the Progo River shows a lower PGA value than the other sides. PGA values will tend to be higher at locations near the earthquake source. The low PGA value that resulted from microtremor analysis was due to the consideration of local site effects in determining earthquake parameters in the study area. Determining the seismic hazard analysis method in infrastructure planning requires a comprehensive analysis by considering various parameters, such as the planning and design objectives, the location proximity to earthquake sources, historical seismic conditions, and the presence of the local site effects.

Praveen Kumar Dhankar, Safiqul Islam, Saibal Ray et al.

In this study we explore the cosmic holographic principle, as proposed by Fischler and Susskind~\cite{Fischler}, within the framework of $(2 + 1)$-dimensional cosmological models. A generalized equation of state is employed, given by $p = (ζ- 1)(ρ+ ρ_0)$, where $ζ$ and $ρ_0$ are treated as two free parameters. The analysis confirms the validity of the holographic principle in all flat and open universes. However, for a $(2 + 1)$-dimensional closed universe, we apply the method proposed by Kaloper and Linde~\cite{Kaloper}, and observe that the holographic principle is generally not satisfied. Furthermore, we examine the stability of the proposed model using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, and estimate the best-fit values for the model parameters based on observational Hubble data sets.

I. Olsson, A. Mykletun, A. Dahl

BackgroundGeneral practitioners' (GPs) diagnostic skills lead to underidentification of generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) and major depressive episodes (MDE). Supplement of brief questionnaires could improve the diagnostic accuracy of GPs for these common mental disorders.The aims of this study were to examine the usefulness of The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (HADS) for GPs by: 1) Examining its psychometrics in the GPs' setting; 2) Testing its case-finding properties compared to patient-rated GAD and MDE (DSM-IV); and 3) Comparing its case finding abilities to that of the GPs using Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) rating.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey study 1,781 patients in three consecutive days in September 2001 attended 141 GPs geographically spread in Norway. Sensitivity, specificity, optimal cut off score, and Area under the curve (AUC) for the HADS and the CGI-S were calculated with Generalized Anxiety Questionnaire (GAS-Q) as reference standard for GAD, and Depression Screening Questionnaire (DSQ) for MDE.ResultsThe HADS-A had optimal cut off ≥8 (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.75), AUC 0.88 and 76% of patients were correctly classified in relation to GAD. The HADS-D had by optimal cut off ≥8 (sensitivity 0.80 and specificity 0.88) AUC 0.93 and 87% of the patients were correctly classified in relation to MDE. Proportions of the total correctly classified at the CGI-S optimal cut-off ≥3 were 83% of patients for GAD and 81% for MDE.ConclusionThe results indicate that addition of the patients' HADS scores to GPs' information could improve their diagnostic accuracy of GAD and MDE.

Denise Camargo Marcelino, Neusa de Fátima Mariano

A Festa de Santos Reis, uma manifestação da cultura caipira e do catolicismo popular, é realizada anualmente no município de Juquitiba-SP, no bairro rural dos Camargos. A partir dos conceitos de território e de territorialidade, busca-se compreender e refletir sobre a permanência de elementos da cultura caipira, tal como a Festa de Santos Reis, diante do avanço do processo de urbanização. O trabalho de campo para o registro de relatos orais de seus moradores, bem como a obtenção de demais informações durante a festividade, foi fundamental para a realização da pesquisa. É possível considerar, com a investigação, que apesar de a expansão urbana ter incidido sobre os modos de vida tradicionais, as diferentes apropriações do espaço se refletem na formação de territórios simbólicos que sustentam práticas da cultura caipira, tal como a Festa de Santos Reis, o que lhe confere o caráter de resistência.

Melik Onur Güzel, Eşref Ay, Ozan Çatir

Uzungöl is a popular natural route and a major tourist attraction in Turkey, but recently overtourism has become a major problem. With the increase in the number of visitors, rapid construction, concreting and various forms of pollution have had a negative impact on the destination of Uzungöl and its environment. The aim of this study is to reveal the evidence for the existence of overtourism in Uzungöl through visitors’ reviews on online platforms and to determine in which areas overtourism is effective. In this study, which was conducted using an exploratory approach, it was observed that many visitors reviewed on overtourism in Uzungöl using TripAdvisor. These reviews were analysed using content analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that visitors’ reviews focused on three themes related to overtourism in Uzungöl. These are environmental, economic, and socio-cultural themes. As a result of the study, it was determined that environmental concerns are more prominent in terms of overtourism. In addition, it was understood that tourists visiting the region have a negative image in terms of overbuilding, concretisation, and unplanned urbanisation.

Atli Jasonarson, Hinrik Hafsteinsson, Bjarki Ármannsson et al.

This paper presents the submission of the Árni Magnusson Institute's team to the WMT24 General translation task. We work on the English->Icelandic translation direction. Our system comprises four translation models and a grammar correction model. For training our models we carefully curate our datasets, aggressively filtering out sentence pairs that may detrimentally affect the quality of our system's output. Some of our data are collected from human translations and some are synthetically generated. A part of the synthetic data is generated using an LLM, and we find that it increases the translation capability of our system significantly.